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{{short description|Species of bird}}
{{Taxobox
{{Use American English|date=November 2022}}
| image = RallusAntarcticusSmit.jpg

{{speciesbox
⚫
| image = Rallus antarcticus.jpg
| status = VU
| status = VU
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref>{{IUCN|id=22692486 |title=''Rallus antarcticus'' |assessors=[[BirdLife International]] |version=2013.2 |year=2013 |accessdate=26 November 2013}}</ref>
| status_ref = <ref name=IUCN>{{cite iucn |author=BirdLife International |date=2021 |title=Austral Rail ''Rallus antarcticus'' |volume=2021 |page=e.T22692486A197497364 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22692486A197497364.en |access-date=23 November 2022}}</ref>
| regnum = [[Animalia]]
| genus = Rallus
| phylum = [[Chordata]]
| species = antarcticus
⚫
| authority = [[Phillip Parker King|King]], 1828
| classis = [[Aves]]
⚫
| synonyms =
| ordo = [[Gruiformes]]
⚫
| range_map = Rallus antarcticus map.svg
| familia = [[Rallidae]]
}}
| genus = ''[[Rallus]]''

⚫
| species = '''''R. antarcticus'''''
The '''austral rail''' ('''''Rallus antarcticus''''') is a [[Vulnerable species]] of [[bird]] in subfamily Rallinae of family [[Rallidae]], the rails, gallinules, and coots. It is found in [[Argentina]] and [[Chile]].<ref name=IOC12.2>{{cite web |url=https://www.worldbirdnames.org/bow/flufftails/ |title=Finfoots, flufftails, rails, trumpeters, cranes, Limpkin |website=IOC World Bird List |version =v 12.2 |editor-last1=Gill |editor-first1= F. |editor-last2=Donsker|editor-first2=D.|editor-last3=Rasmussen |editor-first3=P. |date=August 2022 |access-date=August 9, 2022 }}</ref><ref name=HBW2021>HBW and BirdLife International (2021) Handbook of the Birds of the World and BirdLife International digital checklist of the birds of the world. Version 6. Available at: http://datazone.birdlife.org/userfiles/file/Species/Taxonomy/HBW-BirdLife_Checklist_v6_Dec21.zip retrieved August 7, 2022</ref><ref name=IUCN/>
⚫
| binomial = ''Rallus antarcticus''

⚫
| binomial_authority = [[Phillip Parker King|King]], 1828
==Taxonomy and systematics==
⚫
| synonyms = }}

The '''austral rail''' (''Rallus antarcticus'') is a species of [[bird]] in the [[Rallidae]] family.
Some authors have considered the austral rail as [[conspecific]] with the [[Virginia rail]] (''R. limicola'') but their treatment has not been widely accepted. The species is [[monotypic]].<ref name=IOC12.2/><ref name=HBW2021/><ref name=Clements2022>Clements, J. F., T. S. Schulenberg, M. J. Iliff, T. A. Fredericks, J. A. Gerbracht, D. Lepage, S. M. Billerman, B. L. Sullivan, and C. L. Wood. 2022. The eBird/Clements checklist of birds of the world: v2022. Downloaded from https://www.birds.cornell.edu/clementschecklist/download/ retrieved November 10, 2022</ref><ref name=SACClist>Remsen, J. V., Jr., J. I. Areta, E. Bonaccorso, S. Claramunt, A. Jaramillo, D. F. Lane, J. F. Pacheco, M. B. Robbins, F. G. Stiles, and K. J. Zimmer. Version 24 July 2022. A classification of the bird species of South America. American Ornithological Society. https://www.museum.lsu.edu/~Remsen/SACCBaseline.htm retrieved July 24, 2022</ref>
It is found in [[Argentina]] and [[Chile]].

Its natural [[habitat]]s are [[swamp]]s, freshwater [[lake]]s, and freshwater [[marsh]]es.
==Description==
It is threatened by [[habitat loss]].

The austral rail is about {{convert|20|cm|in|abbr=on}} long. Adults have dull brown upperparts with buff-edged black centers to the back feathers. Their face and throat are gray, their breast olive brown, and their flanks barred with black and white. Juveniles are similar with the addition of sooty tips on the breast feathers and a white throat.<ref name=AURA-BOW>Taylor, B., P. F. D. Boesman, E. de Juana, and C. J. Sharpe (2020). Austral Rail (''Rallus antarcticus''), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.ausrai1.01 retrieved November 23, 2022</ref>

==Distribution and habitat==

The austral rail is patchily distributed in southern Chile's [[Magallanes Region]] and in southern Argentina between the departments of [[Río Negro Province|Río Negro]] and [[Santa Cruz Province, Argentina|Santa Cruz]]. It formerly occurred as far north as [[Santiago]], Chile, and [[Buenos Aires]], Argentina. It has also been recorded as a [[Vagrancy (biology)|vagrant]] on the [[Falkland Islands]]. It is found mostly near the coast where it inhabits wet fields and meadows, rushy lake shores, and reedbeds.<ref name=AURA-BOW/><ref name=SACCcountries>Remsen, J. V., Jr., J. I. Areta, E. Bonaccorso, S. Claramunt, A. Jaramillo, D. F. Lane, J. F. Pacheco, M. B. Robbins, F. G. Stiles, and K. J. Zimmer. Version 24 July 2022. Species Lists of Birds for South American Countries and Territories. https://www.museum.lsu.edu/~Remsen/SACCCountryLists.htm retrieved July 24, 2022</ref>

==Behavior==
===Movement===

Some of the southernmost populations appear to move north during the austral autumn.<ref name=AURA-BOW/>

===Feeding===

Little is known about the austral rail's foraging behavior and diet. Both are assumed to be similar to that of the [[Ecuadorian rail]] (''R. aequatorialis''), which has an eclectic diet.<ref name=AURA-BOW/><ref name=VIRA-BOW>Conway, C. J. (2020). Virginia Rail (''Rallus limicola''), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (A. F. Poole and F. B. Gill, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.virrai.01 retrieved November 23, 2022</ref>

===Breeding===

The austral rail's breeding biology is almost unknown. It appears to breed during October and November in Chile and November in Argentina. What is thought to be its nest was on the ground under a bramble; it was a depression in the ground lined with grass and rushes and held eight eggs.<ref name=AURA-BOW/>

{{birdsong|url=https://xeno-canto.org/species/Rallus-antarcticus |species=austral rail}}
===Vocalization===

The austral rail's main vocalization is "a series of high-pitched notes 'pee', 'peeree', 'peek' etc." which is often given in duet. It also makes "low booming sounds or grunts" and "a rather drawn-out single squeal."<ref name=AURA-BOW/>

==Status==

The [[IUCN]] originally assessed the austral rail in 1988 as Threatened, then in 1994 as Critically Endangered, and since 2000 as Vulnerable. There were no documented records between 1959 and 1998 and is currently known from a limited number of locations. It has an estimated population of between 2500 and 10,000 mature individuals though the number might be as low as 1000, and the population is believed to be declining. The principal threat is grazing in its habitat but water diversion and introduced American mink (''Neogale vison'') also contribute to its decline.<ref name=IUCN/> It is found in five formally protected areas and some de facto protected private lands.<ref name=AURA-BOW/>


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist}}
*{{cite journal |author=Edgardo Daniel Soave, Guillermo Enrique Soave, Carlos Aquiles Darrieu & Lucas Marti |year=2009 |title=New record of Austral Rail ''Rallus antarcticus'' in Argentina |journal=[[Cotinga (journal)|Cotinga]] |publisher= |volume=31 |issue= |pages=87 |url=http://www.neotropicalbirdclub.org/pages/journal.asp?IssueID=31&Article_Link=Soave |doi= |pmid= |pmc= }}


{{Taxonbar|from=Q666847}}
==External links==
*[http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/search/species_search.html?action=SpcHTMDetails.asp&sid=2869&m=0 BirdLife Species Factsheet.]


[[Category:Rallus]]
[[Category:Rallus]]
[[Category:Birds described in 1828]]

[[Category:Taxonomy articles created by Polbot]]

{{Gruiformes-stub}}

Latest revision as of 17:16, 29 June 2024

Austral rail
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Gruiformes
Family: Rallidae
Genus: Rallus
Species:
R. antarcticus
Binomial name
Rallus antarcticus
King, 1828

The austral rail (Rallus antarcticus) is a Vulnerable species of bird in subfamily Rallinae of family Rallidae, the rails, gallinules, and coots. It is found in Argentina and Chile.[2][3][1]

Taxonomy and systematics

[edit]

Some authors have considered the austral rail as conspecific with the Virginia rail (R. limicola) but their treatment has not been widely accepted. The species is monotypic.[2][3][4][5]

Description

[edit]

The austral rail is about 20 cm (7.9 in) long. Adults have dull brown upperparts with buff-edged black centers to the back feathers. Their face and throat are gray, their breast olive brown, and their flanks barred with black and white. Juveniles are similar with the addition of sooty tips on the breast feathers and a white throat.[6]

Distribution and habitat

[edit]

The austral rail is patchily distributed in southern Chile's Magallanes Region and in southern Argentina between the departments of Río Negro and Santa Cruz. It formerly occurred as far north as Santiago, Chile, and Buenos Aires, Argentina. It has also been recorded as a vagrant on the Falkland Islands. It is found mostly near the coast where it inhabits wet fields and meadows, rushy lake shores, and reedbeds.[6][7]

Behavior

[edit]

Movement

[edit]

Some of the southernmost populations appear to move north during the austral autumn.[6]

Feeding

[edit]

Little is known about the austral rail's foraging behavior and diet. Both are assumed to be similar to that of the Ecuadorian rail (R. aequatorialis), which has an eclectic diet.[6][8]

Breeding

[edit]

The austral rail's breeding biology is almost unknown. It appears to breed during October and November in Chile and November in Argentina. What is thought to be its nest was on the ground under a bramble; it was a depression in the ground lined with grass and rushes and held eight eggs.[6]

Dickcissel male perched on a metal pole singing, with neck stretched and beak open.

Songs and calls
Listen to austral rail on xeno-canto

Vocalization

[edit]

The austral rail's main vocalization is "a series of high-pitched notes 'pee', 'peeree', 'peek' etc." which is often given in duet. It also makes "low booming sounds or grunts" and "a rather drawn-out single squeal."[6]

Status

[edit]

The IUCN originally assessed the austral rail in 1988 as Threatened, then in 1994 as Critically Endangered, and since 2000 as Vulnerable. There were no documented records between 1959 and 1998 and is currently known from a limited number of locations. It has an estimated population of between 2500 and 10,000 mature individuals though the number might be as low as 1000, and the population is believed to be declining. The principal threat is grazing in its habitat but water diversion and introduced American mink (Neogale vison) also contribute to its decline.[1] It is found in five formally protected areas and some de facto protected private lands.[6]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c BirdLife International (2021). "Austral Rail Rallus antarcticus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021: e.T22692486A197497364. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22692486A197497364.en. Retrieved 23 November 2022.
  2. ^ a b Gill, F.; Donsker, D.; Rasmussen, P., eds. (August 2022). "Finfoots, flufftails, rails, trumpeters, cranes, Limpkin". IOC World Bird List. v 12.2. Retrieved August 9, 2022.
  3. ^ a b HBW and BirdLife International (2021) Handbook of the Birds of the World and BirdLife International digital checklist of the birds of the world. Version 6. Available at: http://datazone.birdlife.org/userfiles/file/Species/Taxonomy/HBW-BirdLife_Checklist_v6_Dec21.zip retrieved August 7, 2022
  4. ^ Clements, J. F., T. S. Schulenberg, M. J. Iliff, T. A. Fredericks, J. A. Gerbracht, D. Lepage, S. M. Billerman, B. L. Sullivan, and C. L. Wood. 2022. The eBird/Clements checklist of birds of the world: v2022. Downloaded from https://www.birds.cornell.edu/clementschecklist/download/ retrieved November 10, 2022
  5. ^ Remsen, J. V., Jr., J. I. Areta, E. Bonaccorso, S. Claramunt, A. Jaramillo, D. F. Lane, J. F. Pacheco, M. B. Robbins, F. G. Stiles, and K. J. Zimmer. Version 24 July 2022. A classification of the bird species of South America. American Ornithological Society. https://www.museum.lsu.edu/~Remsen/SACCBaseline.htm retrieved July 24, 2022
  6. ^ a b c d e f g Taylor, B., P. F. D. Boesman, E. de Juana, and C. J. Sharpe (2020). Austral Rail (Rallus antarcticus), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.ausrai1.01 retrieved November 23, 2022
  7. ^ Remsen, J. V., Jr., J. I. Areta, E. Bonaccorso, S. Claramunt, A. Jaramillo, D. F. Lane, J. F. Pacheco, M. B. Robbins, F. G. Stiles, and K. J. Zimmer. Version 24 July 2022. Species Lists of Birds for South American Countries and Territories. https://www.museum.lsu.edu/~Remsen/SACCCountryLists.htm retrieved July 24, 2022
  8. ^ Conway, C. J. (2020). Virginia Rail (Rallus limicola), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (A. F. Poole and F. B. Gill, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.virrai.01 retrieved November 23, 2022
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