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1988 Giro d'Italia

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1988 Giro d'Italia
Race details
Dates23 May – 12 June
Stages21, including 2 split stages
Distance3,579 km (2,224 mi)
Winning time97h 18' 56"
Results
Winner  Andrew Hampsten (USA)

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  Second  Erik Breukink (NED)

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  Third  Urs Zimmermann (SUI)

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Points  Johan van der Velde (NED) (GIS - Ecoflam - Jolly)
Mountains  Andrew Hampsten (USA)

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Youth  Stefano Tomasini (ITA) (Fanini - Seven Up)
Combination  Andrew Hampsten (USA)

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  Team

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← 1987
1989 →

The 1988 Giro d'Italia was the 71st edition of the Giro d'Italia, one of cycling's Grand Tours. The Giro started off in Urbino on 23 May with a 9 km (5.6 mi) individual time trial. The race concluded in Vittorio Veneto with a 43 km (26.7 mi) individual time trial on 12 June. Twenty teams entered the race, which was won by American Andrew Hampsten of the You have called {{Contentious topics}}. You probably meant to call one of these templates instead:

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  • {{Contentious topics/list}} and {{Contentious topics/table}} show which topics are currently designated as contentious topics. They are used by a number of templates and pages on Wikipedia. team. Second and third respectively were the Dutchman Erik Breukink and the Swiss rider, Urs Zimmermann. It was the third time – and for the second year in succession – in the history of the Giro, that the podium was occupied solely by non-Italian riders.[1] Breukink had been part of the non-Italian podium in 1987, behind Ireland's Stephen Roche and Great Britain's Robert Millar.[2]

Hampsten first gained the race lead after the famed fourteenth stage, through the Gavia Pass and to Bormio, where the riders battled a snowstorm and horrid conditions.[3] The race's overall classification had been headed for several days beforehand by Massimo Podenzana, who participated in a breakaway during stage 4a,[4] which won him sufficient time to hold the race leader's pink jersey for more than a week. Franco Chioccioli briefly wore the maglia rosa for a two stage period, before Hampsten took the lead after stage 14.[3] After gaining the race lead, Hampsten began to build up a solid two-minute barrier against the second-placed rider, Breukink. Hampsten's two-minute buffer would prove to be sufficient enough to win him the race, while losing around twenty seconds in the final two stages.[5]

Andrew Hampsten became the first American, and non-European, to win the Giro d'Italia.[6][7] Hampsten also won the secondary mountains and combination classifications, as well as the special sprints classification.[8] In the race's other classifications, Fanini - Seven Up rider Stefano Tomasini of Italy finished as the best rider aged 25 or under in the general classification, finishing in ninth place overall; Johan van der Velde of the GIS - Ecoflam - Jolly team was the winner of the points classification, with You have called {{Contentious topics}}. You probably meant to call one of these templates instead:

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  • {{Contentious topics/list}} and {{Contentious topics/table}} show which topics are currently designated as contentious topics. They are used by a number of templates and pages on Wikipedia. finishing as the winners of the Trofeo Fast Team, ranking each of the twenty teams contesting the race by lowest cumulative time.[8]

Teams

A total of 20 teams were invited to participate in the 1988 Giro d'Italia.[9] Each team sent a squad of nine riders, so the Giro began with a peloton of 180 cyclists.[9] Out of the 180 riders that started this edition of the Giro d'Italia, a total of 125 riders made it to the finish in Vittorio Veneto.

The 20 teams that took part in the race were:[4]

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Route and stages

This edition of the Giro contained four time trial events, three of which were individual and one a team event. There were a total of fourteen stages that contained categorized climbs; seven of which contained climbs of higher categories, while the other seven stages held only categorized climbs of lesser degree. The remaining five stages contained no categorized climbs.

The eleventh stage was cancelled due to protests in the streets of the stage's route.[10] The fifteenth stage was originally intended to be 132 km (82.0 mi) and to start in Bormio. However, due to very poor weather conditions[9] the start was moved to Spondigna, and the stage was shortened to 83 km (51.6 mi). The route originally had the riders crossing the Passo dello Stelvio, but it was not crossed due to snowdrifts that had developed on the pass. Excluding the stage finish on the Merano 2000, the stage was relatively flat after the adjustments.[11]

Of the seven higher mountain stages, four ended with summit finishes: stage 6 to Campitello Matese,[12] stage 12 to Selvino,[9][13] stage 13 to Chiesa in Valmalenco,[14] and stage 15 to Merano 2000.[15] One other stage had a summit arrival, the demanding stage 18 climbing time trial to Valico del Vetriolo.[9][16] It was hoped that the number of time trials, including one on the race's last day, would keep the race hotly contested to the end.

Stage Date Course[17][18] Distance[19] Type Winner
1 23 May Urbino 9 km (6 mi) Individual time trial  Jean-François Bernard (FRA)
2 24 May Urbino to Ascoli Piceno 230 km (143 mi) Hilly stage  Guido Bontempi (ITA)
3 25 May Ascoli Piceno to Vasto 184 km (114 mi) Hilly stage  Stephan Joho (SUI)
4a 26 May Vasto to Rodi Garganico 123 km (76 mi) Plain stage  Massimo Podenzana (ITA)
4b Rodi Garganico to Vieste 40 km (25 mi) Team time trial Del Tongo
5 27 May Vieste to Santa Maria Capua Vetere 260 km (162 mi) Hilly stage  Guido Bontempi (ITA)
6 28 May Santa Maria Capua Vetere to Campitello Matese 137 km (85 mi) Stage with mountain(s)  Franco Chioccioli (ITA)
7 29 May Campitello Matese to Avezzano 178 km (111 mi) Hilly stage  Andreas Kappes (FRG)
8 30 May Avezzano to Chianciano Terme 251 km (156 mi) Hilly stage  Jean-François Bernard (FRA)
9 31 May Pienza to Marina di Massa 235 km (146 mi) Plain stage  Alessio Di Basco (ITA)
10 1 June Carrara to Salsomaggiore Terme 190 km (118 mi) Hilly stage  Paolo Rosola (ITA)
11 2 June Parma to Colle Don Bosco 229 km (142 mi) Plain stage Stage Cancelled
12 3 June Novara to Selvino 205 km (127 mi) Stage with mountain(s)  Andrew Hampsten (USA)
13 4 June Bergamo to Chiesa in Valmalenco 129 km (80 mi) Stage with mountain(s)  Tony Rominger (SUI)
14 5 June Chiesa in Valmalenco to Bormio 120 km (75 mi) Stage with mountain(s)  Erik Breukink (NED)
15 6 June Spondigna to Merano 2000 83 km (52 mi) Stage with mountain(s)  Jean-François Bernard (FRA)
16 7 June Merano to Innsbruck (Austria) 176 km (109 mi) Stage with mountain(s)  Franco Vona (ITA)
17 8 June Innsbruck (Austria) to Borgo Valsugana 221 km (137 mi) Hilly stage  Patrizio Gambirasio (ITA)
18 9 June Levico Terme to Valico del Vetriolo 18 km (11 mi) Individual time trial  Andrew Hampsten (USA)
19 10 June Borgo Valsugana to Arta Terme 223 km (139 mi) Stage with mountain(s)  Stefano Giuliani (ITA)
20 11 June Arta Terme to Lido di Jesolo 212 km (132 mi) Plain stage  Alessio Di Basco (ITA)[N 1]
21a 12 June Lido di Jesolo to Vittorio Veneto 73 km (45 mi) Plain stage  Urs Freuler (SUI)
21b Vittorio Veneto 43 km (27 mi) Individual time trial  Lech Piasecki (POL)
Total 3,579 km (2,224 mi)

Race overview

Passo di Gavia
Jean-François Bernard won three stages and held overall lead for the first three stages.

The Giro began with a short 9 km (5.6 mi) time trial in the city of Urbino. Jean-François Bernard won the stage by a three-second margin over Tony Rominger. Bernard would hold the maglia rosa for a total of three days, before losing it to Massimo Podenzana.[21] Guido Bontempi won the stage and moved into third overall, while Bernard gained a five-second buffer over the second place rider, Rominger.[22] In stage 4a Massimo Podenzana soloed to victory in Rodi Garganico, he finished five minutes before the second place finisher.[4] His stage victory and time gains allowed him to gain the maglia rosa, which he held until stage 12. Stage 4b was a team time trial that stretched 40 km (24.9 mi). Del Tongo won the stage by eleven seconds over You have called {{Contentious topics}}. You probably meant to call one of these templates instead:

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  • {{Contentious topics/list}} and {{Contentious topics/table}} show which topics are currently designated as contentious topics. They are used by a number of templates and pages on Wikipedia.. Podenzana's lead shrunk to a little over two minutes after his team, Atala - Ofmega, finished two minutes and thirty-six seconds slower than Del Tongo.[4]

The eleventh stage was run without a problem until the final mile, where environmentalist protestors occupied the finish; the stage was then cancelled.[10] The next stage saw the start of the major mountains and the maglia rosa change hands from Pondenzana to Franco Chioccioli.[23] The next few stages saw the general classification shift due to the intensity of the mountains and the fatigue that set in.[23]

The fourteenth stage was memorable for its extreme weather, most notably on the final climb of the Gavia Pass. Overnight over a foot of snow had accumulated on the Gavia, but the roads were cleared in time for the riders. The patron, Vincenzo Torriani, despite the cold and adverse weather forecast, decided to go through with the stage.[3] Erik Breukink made a last minute attack to blow by Andrew Hampsten and take the stage victory. Although Breukink won, Hampsten made the bigger story by becoming the first American to don the maglia rosa in the history of the Giro d'Italia.[24][25] Due to snow being present on the Passo dello Stelvio the fifteenth stage's start was rearranged from Bormio to Spondigna, while the finishing climb in Merano stayed put.[26] As soon as the climb started Jean-François Bernard, Urs Zimmermann, and Franco Chioccioli jumped off the front. Bernard eventually shook the other two riders and won the stage; however his time gain was minimal.[11] The sixteenth stage was marked by rain and since the rain turned to snow as the peloton went higher up, the stage experienced two protests while climbing the Passo dello Rombo. Near the summit of the last climb, the General classification contenders and a few others formed an attack group. The group rolled into Innsbruck, while Franco Vona made a last minute attack that won him the stage.[11]

Passo di Gavia
The treacherous Gavia Pass, without snow.

The eighteenth stage would prove to be critical in deciding the overall winner of the Giro d'Italia, as it was an 18 km (11.2 mi) individual time trial that lead up a mountain. The route started off with 5 km (3.1 mi) of flat roads, before starting the climb to the finish at the Vetriolo Terme ski station. Hampsten was the race leader going into the stage and he was up by 42 seconds over Erik Breukink. Hampsten won the stage by a 32-second margin and he distanced himself between his rivals.[27] The nineteenth stage featured three categorized climbs. Urs Zimmermann attacked on the first climb, the Passo Duran, and remained out in front for the whole stage; however, he was later joined by Stefano Giuliani, who bridged the gap from a chase group to Zimmermann on the descent of the Duran. Although Giuliani won the stage, Zimmermann moved into second place overall, by gaining over three minutes on the General Classification contenders.[27]

The twentieth stage came down to a sprint finish that Paolo Rosola won. Rosola was later disqualified as the stage winner, as his teammate, Roberto Pagnin, was found to have pushed Rosola during the sprint finish. As a result, Alessio Di Basco was awarded the stage victory.[20] The penultimate stage was completely flat and ultimately culminated in a bunch sprint, which was won by Urs Freuler. Just hours later the final stage took place; it was a rather hilly 43 km (26.7 mi) individual time trial.[20] The weather was fine for the majority of the riders, but as the general classification contenders were on the course, lightning began to strike and rain began to pour.[9] There was a tricky descent about 18 km into the stage, and the addition of rain only made it harder. Both Flavio Giupponi and Urs Zimmermann crashed on the aforementioned descent. The time that Zimmermann lost from the time trial cost him second place overall. Lech Piasecki, who rode the course when dry, won the stage by a wide margin. Andrew Hampsten lost twenty seconds to Breukink, but that time loss did not prevent him from becoming the first American to win the Giro d'Italia.[9][28]

Andrew Hampsten
Andrew Hampsten, the winner of two stages and the 1988 Giro d'Italia.

Success in stages was limited to eleven of the competing teams, seven of which achieved multiple stage victories, while four individual riders won multiple stages. The riders that won more than once were Jean-François Bernard in stages 1,[21] 8,[29] and 15,[30] Guido Bontempi in stages 2[22] and 5,[31] Andrew Hampsten in stages 12[23] and 18,[32] and Alessio Di Basco in stages 9[33] and 20.[20] You have called {{Contentious topics}}. You probably meant to call one of these templates instead:

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  • {{Contentious topics/list}} and {{Contentious topics/table}} show which topics are currently designated as contentious topics. They are used by a number of templates and pages on Wikipedia. won two stages, with Erik Breukink in stage 14[11] and Urs Freuler in stage 21a.[5][8] You have called {{Contentious topics}}. You probably meant to call one of these templates instead:

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Selca - Conti, Ariostea - Gres, Gewiss-Bianchi, and Atala - Ofmega each won one stage apiece. Ariostea - Gres' rider Stephan Joho took stage 3[40] in a sprint finish, as did Gewiss-Bianchi rider Paolo Rosola in stage 10[41] and Selca - Conti's Patrizio Gambirasio in stage 17.[11] Atala - Ofmega rider Massimo Podenzana won stage 4a[4] by means of a solo breakaway.

Classification leadership

In the 1988 Giro d'Italia, five different jerseys were awarded. For the general classification, calculated by adding each cyclist's finishing times on each stage, and allowing time bonuses for the first three finishers on mass-start stages, the leader received a pink jersey. This classification was considered the most important of the Giro d'Italia, and the winner was considered the winner of the Giro.[42]

Additionally, there was a points classification, which awarded a purple, or cyclamen jersey. In the points classification, cyclists got points for finishing in the top 15 in a stage. In addition, points could be won in intermediate sprints.[42]

Some of the 48 hairpin turns near the top of the eastern ramp of the Passo dello Stelvio

There was also a mountains classification, the leadership of which was marked by a green jersey. In the mountains classifications, points were won by reaching the top of a climb before other cyclists. Each climb was categorized as either first, second, or third category, with more points available for the higher-categorized climbs. The Cima Coppi, the race's highest point of elevation, awarded still more points than the other first-category climbs. The Cima Coppi for this Giro was supposed to be the Passo dello Stelvio. The day the Giro was supposed to cross the Stelvio, it was covered in snow and the Stelvio was not climbed.[11][42]

The fourth jersey represented the young rider classification, marked by a white jersey. This was decided the same way as the general classification, but only riders born after 1 January 1964 were eligible.[42]

The fifth jersey represents the leader of the combination classification, marked by a blue jersey. The combination classification was calculated by adding up the rider's points in each of the classifications; with the rider that has the lowest total of points being the leader.[43][44]

There was also one classification for the teams. The classification was the Trofeo Fast Team. In this classification, the times of the best three cyclists per team on each stage were added; the leading team was the team with the lowest total time.[42]

The rows in the following table correspond to the jerseys awarded after that stage was run.

Classification leadership by stage
Stage Winner General classification
Pink Jersey
Points classification
Purple Jersey
Mountains classification
Green Jersey
Young rider classification
White Jersey
Combination classification
Blue Jersey
Trofeo Fast Team
1 Jean-François Bernard Jean-François Bernard Jean-François Bernard not awarded Bruno Hürlimann not awarded You have called {{Contentious topics}}. You probably meant to call one of these templates instead:

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2 Guido Bontempi Guido Bontempi Stefano Giuliani
3 Stephan Joho Renato Piccolo Stephan Joho
4a Massimo Podenzana Massimo Podenzana Rolf Sørensen Massimo Podenzana
4b Del Tongo Del Tongo
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6 Franco Chioccioli Franco Chioccioli
7 Andreas Kappes Johan van der Velde
8 Jean-François Bernard
9 Alessio Di Basco
10 Paolo Rosola
11 Stage Cancelled
12 Andrew Hampsten Franco Chioccioli Franco Vona Andrew Hampsten Del Tongo
13 Tony Rominger
14 Erik Breukink Andrew Hampsten Stefano Tomasini You have called {{Contentious topics}}. You probably meant to call one of these templates instead:

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15 Jean-François Bernard Del Tongo
16 Franco Vona You have called {{Contentious topics}}. You probably meant to call one of these templates instead:

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17 Patrizio Gambirasio
18 Andrew Hampsten Andrew Hampsten You have called {{Contentious topics}}. You probably meant to call one of these templates instead:

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19 Stefano Giuliani
20 Alessio Di Basco[N 1]
21a Urs Freuler
21b Lech Piasecki
Final Andrew Hampsten Johan van der Velde Andrew Hampsten Stefano Tomasini Andrew Hampsten You have called {{Contentious topics}}. You probably meant to call one of these templates instead:

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Final standings

Legend
  Pink jersey   Denotes the winner of the General classification[8][45]   Green jersey   Denotes the winner of the Mountains classification[8][45]
  Purple jersey   Denotes the winner of the Points classification[8][45]   White jersey   Denotes the winner of the Young rider classification[8][45]
  Blue jersey   Denotes the winner of the Combination classification[8]

General classification

Final general classification (1–10)
Rank Name Team Time
1  Andrew Hampsten (USA) Pink jerseyGreen jerseyBlue jersey You have called {{Contentious topics}}. You probably meant to call one of these templates instead:

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2  Erik Breukink (NED) Panasonic-Isostar-Colnago-Agu + 1' 43"
3  Urs Zimmermann (SUI) Carrera Jeans-Vagabond + 2' 45"
4  Flavio Giupponi (ITA) Del Tongo + 6' 56"
5  Franco Chioccioli (ITA) Del Tongo + 13' 20"
6  Marco Giovannetti (ITA) GIS – Ecoflam – Jolly + 15' 20"
7  Pedro Delgado (ESP) Reynolds + 17' 02"
8  Peter Winnen (NED) Panasonic-Isostar-Colnago-Agu + 18' 14"
9  Stefano Tomasini (ITA) White jersey Fanini – Seven Up + 27' 01"
10  Maurizio Vandelli (ITA) Atala – Ofmega + 27' 02"

Points classification

Rider Team Points
1  Johan van der Velde (NED) Purple jersey GIS - Ecoflam - Jolly 154
2  Rolf Sørensen (DEN) Ariostea - Gres 131
3  Andrew Hampsten (USA) Pink jerseyGreen jerseyBlue jersey You have called {{Contentious topics}}. You probably meant to call one of these templates instead:

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129
4  Alessio Di Basco (ITA) Fanini - Seven Up 117
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6  Guido Bontempi (ITA) You have called {{Contentious topics}}. You probably meant to call one of these templates instead:

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93
7  Urs Zimmermann (SUI) You have called {{Contentious topics}}. You probably meant to call one of these templates instead:

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8  Tony Rominger (SUI) You have called {{Contentious topics}}. You probably meant to call one of these templates instead:

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86
9  Urs Freuler (SUI) You have called {{Contentious topics}}. You probably meant to call one of these templates instead:

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84
10  Flavio Chesini (ITA) Alba Cucine - Benotto 64

Mountains classification

Rider Team Points
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59
2  Stefano Giuliani (ITA) You have called {{Contentious topics}}. You probably meant to call one of these templates instead:

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3  Renato Piccolo (ITA) Gewiss-Bianchi 49
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5  Tony Rominger (SUI) You have called {{Contentious topics}}. You probably meant to call one of these templates instead:

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6  Erik Breukink (NED) You have called {{Contentious topics}}. You probably meant to call one of these templates instead:

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21
7  Franco Chioccioli (ITA) Del Tongo 17
8  Roberto Conti (ITA) Selca - Conti 16
9  Omar Hernández (COL) Reynolds 15
10  Flavio Giupponi (ITA) Del Tongo 13

Young rider classification

Rider Team Time
1  Stefano Tomasini (ITA) White jersey Fanini - Seven Up 97h 45' 57"
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+ 15' 30"
3  Helmut Wechselberger (AUT) Malvor - Bottecchia - Sidi + 32' 16"
4  Angelo Lecchi (ITA) Del Tongo + 37' 37"
5  Luis Javier Lukin (ESP) Reynolds + 43' 20"
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+ 48' 39"
7  Marcello Siboni (ITA) Ariostea - Gres + 51' 06"
8  Massimo Podenzana (ITA) Atala - Ofmega + 51' 56"
9  Werner Stutz (SUI) Cyndarella- Magniflex + 58' 50"
10  Rolf Järmann (SUI) Cyndarella- Magniflex + 1h 08' 19"

Trofeo Fast Team classification

Team[8][45] Time
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291h 10' 15"
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+ 4' 34"
3 Del Tongo + 9' 55"
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+ 34' 44"
5 Reynolds + 35' 05"
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+ 1h 11' 09"
7 Cyndarella- Magniflex + 1h 14' 07"
8 You have called {{Contentious topics}}. You probably meant to call one of these templates instead:

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+ 1h 27' 27"
9 Alba Cucine - Benotto + 1h 31' 46"
10 Malvor - Bottecchia - Sidi + 1h 36' 20"

Combination classification

Rider Team Points
1  Andrew Hampsten (USA) Blue jerseyPink jerseyGreen jersey You have called {{Contentious topics}}. You probably meant to call one of these templates instead:

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8
2  Urs Zimmermann (SUI) You have called {{Contentious topics}}. You probably meant to call one of these templates instead:

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12
3  Erik Breukink (NED) You have called {{Contentious topics}}. You probably meant to call one of these templates instead:

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20

Special sprints classification

Rider[8] Team Points
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21
2  Urs Zimmermann (SUI) You have called {{Contentious topics}}. You probably meant to call one of these templates instead:

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17
3  Rolf Sørensen (DEN) Ariostea - Gres 17

Intermediate sprints classification

Rider[8] Team Points
1  Alessio Di Basco (ITA) Fanini - Seven Up 41
2  Flavio Chesini (ITA) Alba Cucine - Benotto 22
3  Enrico Grimani (ITA) Alba Cucine - Benotto 9
4  Roberto Pagnin (ITA) Gewiss-Bianchi 8
5  Paul Popp (AUT) Malvor - Bottecchia - Sidi 8

Combativity classification

Rider[8] Team Points
1  Rolf Sørensen (DEN) Ariostea - Gres 73
2  Emanuele Bombini (ITA) Gewiss-Bianchi 66
3  Franco Chioccioli (ITA) Del Tongo 50
4  Massimo Podenzana (ITA) Atala - Ofmega 46
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43

Footnotes

  1. ^ a b Paolo Rosola was the original winner of stage 20 but was later disqualified.[20]

References

  1. ^ Non-Italian Podium. infostradalive.com (27 May 2012). Retrieved on 24 June 2012.
  2. ^ "From the CW archives: the 1987 Giro d'Italia, Part 4". Cycling Weekly. IPC Media Limited. 28 May 2008. Retrieved 26 June 2012.
  3. ^ a b c "Andy Hampsten and the 1988 Pink Jersey: Part 1". Velo News. 26 May 2008. p. 1. Retrieved 11 August 2011.
  4. ^ a b c d e f "Pondenza : Un Hombre de Paja Vestido de Rosa" (PDF) (in Spanish). El Mundo Deportivo. 27 May 1988. p. 36. Retrieved 27 May 2012. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
  5. ^ a b c "Hampsten: Coronacion Bajo La Lluvia" (PDF) (in Spanish). El Mundo Deportivo. 13 June 1988. p. 46. Retrieved 27 May 2012. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
  6. ^ Cycling Hall of Fame.com. Cycling Hall of Fame.com (7 April 1962). Retrieved on 18 October 2011.
  7. ^ "U.S. Cyclist Captures Tour of Italy". New York Times. 13 June 1988. p. 22. Retrieved 22 June 2012.
  8. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l "Delgado termino septimo en la General" (PDF) (in Spanish). El Mundo Deportivo. 13 June 1988. p. 47. Retrieved 11 August 2011. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
  9. ^ a b c d e f g Dzierzak, Louis (1 Aug 2007). "Andy Hampsten and 7-Eleven". The Evolution of American Bicycle Racing (1 ed.). Guilford, Connecticut: The Globe Pequot Press. pp. 120–123. ISBN 978-0-7627-3901-1. Retrieved 2012-07-17.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  10. ^ a b "Una Etapa Para Nada" (PDF) (in Spanish). El Mundo Deportivo. 3 June 1988. p. 39. Retrieved 27 May 2012. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
  11. ^ a b c d e f "Andy Hampsten and the 1988 Pink Jersey: Part 2". Velo News. 26 May 2008. p. 1. Retrieved 14 August 2011.
  12. ^ "Visentini: "Los Problemas de Roche No me Interesan"" (PDF) (in Spanish). El Mundo Deportivo. 28 May 1988. p. 37. Retrieved 27 May 2012. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
  13. ^ "Una Semana Para No Dormir" (PDF) (in Spanish). El Mundo Deportivo. 3 June 1988. p. 40. Retrieved 27 May 2012. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
  14. ^ "Don Vicenzo, A Su Aire" (PDF) (in Spanish). El Mundo Deportivo. 4 June 1988. p. 39. Retrieved 27 May 2012. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
  15. ^ "El Gavia Escribe La Historia" (PDF) (in Spanish). El Mundo Deportivo. 6 June 1988. p. 47. Retrieved 27 May 2012. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
  16. ^ "Volvio La Ley Del "Sprinter"" (PDF) (in Spanish). El Mundo Deportivo. 9 June 1988. p. 42. Retrieved 27 May 2012. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
  17. ^ Giro d'Italia 1988. Radsport-seite.de. Retrieved on 18 October 2011.
  18. ^ "Ma al Giro mancheranno gli italiani" (PDF) (in Italian). l'Unità. 23 May 1988. p. 25. Retrieved 27 May 2012. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
  19. ^ Giro d'Italia 1988. Cyclingarchives.com (23 May 1988). Retrieved on 18 October 2011.
  20. ^ a b c d "Rosola Subio Al Podio, Pero Di Basco Se Anoto La Etapa" (PDF) (in Spanish). El Mundo Deportivo. 12 June 1988. p. 35. Retrieved 27 May 2012. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
  21. ^ a b "Bernard: Quien Da Primero..." (PDF) (in Spanish). El Mundo Deportivo. 24 May 1988. p. 41. Retrieved 27 May 2012. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
  22. ^ a b "Bontempi: Tipicamente Italiano" (PDF) (in Spanish). El Mundo Deportivo. 25 May 1988. p. 38. Retrieved 27 May 2012. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
  23. ^ a b c "Delgado Se Dejo Ver" (PDF) (in Spanish). El Mundo Deportivo. 4 June 1988. p. 38. Retrieved 27 May 2012. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
  24. ^ Giro D'Italia: Anglophone Invasion. Cyclingnews.com (17 May 2010). Retrieved on 18 October 2011.
  25. ^ www.cyclingnews.com presents the 91st Giro d'Italia. Autobus.cyclingnews.com. Retrieved on 18 October 2011.
  26. ^ "From the pages of Velo: Hampsten's Giro: 'I was so happy to survive'". Velo News. 27 May 2012. p. 1. Retrieved 23 June 2012.
  27. ^ a b "Inside Cycling: Andy Hampsten and the 1988 pink jersey, part 3". Velo News. 30 May 2008. p. 1. Retrieved 14 August 2011.
  28. ^ "Hampsten and the 1988 Pink Jersey: Part 4". Velo News. 30 May 2008. p. 1. Retrieved 14 August 2011.
  29. ^ "Segundo "Toque" De Bernard" (PDF) (in Spanish). El Mundo Deportivo. 31 May 1988. p. 36. Retrieved 27 May 2012. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
  30. ^ "Una Raza Especial" (PDF) (in Spanish). El Mundo Deportivo. 7 June 1988. p. 39. Retrieved 27 May 2012. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
  31. ^ "Bis Para Bontempi En "La Maraton"" (PDF) (in Spanish). El Mundo Deportivo. 28 May 1988. p. 36. Retrieved 27 May 2012. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
  32. ^ "Hampsten Se Aseguro El Triunfo En Un Dia "Loco"" (PDF) (in Spanish). El Mundo Deportivo. 10 June 1988. p. 36. Retrieved 27 May 2012. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
  33. ^ ""David" Di Basso Pudo Con "Goliat" Bontempi" (PDF) (in Spanish). El Mundo Deportivo. 1 June 1988. p. 38. Retrieved 27 May 2012. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
  34. ^ "Kappes Aprovecho El Mal Dia De Bontempi" (PDF) (in Spanish). El Mundo Deportivo. 30 May 1988. p. 48. Retrieved 27 May 2012. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
  35. ^ "Rominger: Revancha A Lo Campeon" (PDF) (in Spanish). El Mundo Deportivo. 5 June 1988. p. 36. Retrieved 27 May 2012. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
  36. ^ ""Panasonic", En Pie De Guerra" (PDF) (in Spanish). El Mundo Deportivo. 8 June 1988. p. 40. Retrieved 27 May 2012. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
  37. ^ "Zimmermann Hizo Temblar La Carrera" (PDF) (in Spanish). El Mundo Deportivo. 11 June 1988. p. 40. Retrieved 27 May 2012. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
  38. ^ "Giuliani "Chupo Rueda" Y Gano En Arta Terme" (PDF) (in Spanish). El Mundo Deportivo. 11 June 1988. p. 41. Retrieved 27 May 2012. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
  39. ^ "Primer "Palo" Para Delgado" (PDF) (in Spanish). El Mundo Deportivo. 29 May 1988. p. 36. Retrieved 27 May 2012. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
  40. ^ "Joho: Una Victoria De Fuerza" (PDF) (in Spanish). El Mundo Deportivo. 26 May 1988. p. 46. Retrieved 27 May 2012. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
  41. ^ "Rosola Aprovecho La Baja Forma De Bontempi" (PDF) (in Spanish). El Mundo Deportivo. 2 June 1988. p. 36. Retrieved 27 May 2012. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
  42. ^ a b c d e Laura Weislo (2008-05-13). "Giro d'Italia classifications demystified". Cycling News. Future Publishing Limited. Retrieved 2009-08-27.
  43. ^ "il gavia, 5 giugno 1988" (in Italian). ALBUMCICLISMO. 13 December 2009. p. 1. Retrieved 27 May 2012. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
  44. ^ "Giro 1988: Andy's Epic Day". PezCycling News. 1 December 2007. Retrieved 27 May 2012.
  45. ^ a b c d e "Uno Yankee sulle strade d'Italia" (PDF) (in Italian). l'Unità. 13 June 1988. p. 22. Retrieved 22 June 2012. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)