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Tanzan Ishibashi

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Tanzan Ishibashi
石橋 湛山
Official portrait, 1956
Prime Minister of Japan
In office
23 December 1956 – 25 February 1957
MonarchHirohito
Preceded byIchirō Hatoyama
Succeeded byNobusuke Kishi
President of the Liberal Democratic Party
In office
14 December 1956 – 21 March 1957
Vice PresidentBanboku Ōno
Secretary-GeneralTakeo Miki
Preceded byIchirō Hatoyama
Succeeded byNobusuke Kishi
Director-General of the Japan Defense Agency
In office
23 December 1956 – 31 January 1957
Prime MinisterHimself
Preceded byFunada Naka
Succeeded byNobusuke Kishi
Minister of Posts and Telecommunications
In office
23 December 1956 – 27 December 1956
Prime MinisterHimself
Preceded byIsamu Murakami
Succeeded byTaro Hirai
Minister of International Trade and Industry
In office
10 December 1954 – 23 December 1956
Prime MinisterIchirō Hatoyama
Preceded byKiichi Aichi
Succeeded byMikio Mizuta
Minister of Finance
In office
22 May 1946 – 24 May 1947
Prime MinisterShigeru Yoshida
Preceded byKeizo Shibusawa
Succeeded byTetsu Katayama (Acting)
Member of the House of Representatives
for Shizuoka 2nd District
In office
1 October 1952 – 29 January 1967
In office
26 April 1947 – 17 May 1947
Personal details
Born
Seizō Sugita

(1884-09-25)25 September 1884
Tokyo, Japan
Died25 April 1973(1973-04-25) (aged 88)
Osaka, Japan
Political partyLiberal Democratic Party (1955–1973)
Alma materWaseda University
Signature

Tanzan Ishibashi (石橋 湛山, Ishibashi Tanzan, 25 September 1884 – 25 April 1973) was a Japanese journalist and politician who served as prime minister of Japan from 1956 to 1957.

Born in Tokyo, Ishibashi became a journalist after graduating from Waseda University in 1907. In 1911, he joined the Tōyō Keizai Shimpo ("Eastern Economic Journal") and served as its editor-in-chief from 1925 to 1946 and president from 1941. In the 1930s, Ishibashi was one of the few critics of Japanese imperialism, and became well-known as a liberal economist. From 1946 to 1947, Ishibashi served as finance minister under Shigeru Yoshida. He was elected into the National Diet in 1947, but was purged for openly opposing the U.S. occupation policies; he returned to the Diet in 1952, after which he allied with Ichiro Hatoyama and served as his minister of international trade and industry. Ishibashi succeeded Hatoyama as prime minister in 1956, simultaneously serving as director of the Defense Agency, but resigned soon after due to ill health.

Life

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Ishibashi was born in the Shibanihonenoki district of Azabu ward, Tokyo in 1884, the eldest son of Sugita Tansei (1856–1931),[1] a Nichiren Buddhist priest and the 81st head of Kuon-ji temple in Yamanashi prefecture. Ishibashi, who took on his mother's surname, would later become a Nichiren priest himself.[2][3] As a member of the Nichiren-shū sect of Nichiren Buddhism, Tanzan was his Buddhist name; his birth name was Seizō (省三). He studied philosophy and graduated from Waseda University's literature department in 1907.[4]

He worked as a journalist at the Mainichi Shimbun for a while. After he finished military service, he joined the staff of the Tōyō Keizai Shimpo ("Eastern Economic Journal"), later becoming its editor-in-chief and finally company president in 1941. For the Tōyō Keizai, Ishibashi wrote about Japanese financial policy, developing over time a new liberal perspective.[5]

Ishibashi had a liberal political view and was one of the most consistent proponents of individualism during the Taishō Democracy movement. In this regard, he also promoted a feminist perspective, advocating comprehensive "legal, political, educational, and economic" equality for women so that they could better thrive in the competitive modern society, in contrast to the stratified conditions of feudal life.[6] Ishibashi was also one of the rare personalities who opposed Japanese imperialism.[7] Instead, he advocated a "Small Japan" policy (小日本主義, shō-Nihon-shugi), which advocated the abandonment of Manchuria and Japanese colonies to refocus efforts on Japan's own economic and cultural development.[5][8] In addition, he allied himself with Tanaka Ōdō in arguing for free trade and international cooperation over militarism and colonialism.[6]

Ishibashi's cabinet (Ishibashi is in the centre, with Nobusuke Kishi to his left, as his Minister for Foreign Affairs, and Hayato Ikeda to his right as his Minister of Finance).

After World War II Ishibashi received an offer from the Japan Socialist Party to run for the National Diet as their candidate. However, Ishibashi declined, and instead accepted a post of "advisor" to the newly formed Liberal Party.[9] Ishibashi then served as Minister of Finance in Shigeru Yoshida's first cabinet from 1946 to 1947. Ishibashi was elected to the Diet for the first time in the April 1947 general election, representing Shizuoka's second district, but less than one month later he was purged and forced to resign for having openly opposed U.S. Occupation policies.[10] Following his de-purging in 1951, Ishibashi allied with Ichirō Hatoyama and joined the movement against Yoshida's cabinet. In 1953, Hatoyama became prime minister, and Ishibashi was appointed Minister of Industry. Around this time, Ishibashi became known as a supporter of revising Article 9 of the Japanese Constitution and remilitarizing Japan.[11] In 1955, the new Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) was established as a combination of smaller conservative parties, with Ishibashi as a founding member.

When Hatoyama retired in 1956, the LDP held a vote for their new president. At first Nobusuke Kishi was considered the most likely candidate, but Ishibashi allied himself with another candidate (Kojirō Ishii) and won the election, becoming the new Prime Minister of Japan.[12] In the postwar period, a practice had developed whereby each prime minister would attempt to achieve a major foreign policy objective.[13] Shigeru Yoshida had secured the peace treaty which ended the Occupation, Hatoyama had negotiated the resumption of diplomatic relations with the Soviet Union, and now Ishibashi stated that his main objective would be resuming diplomatic relations with the People's Republic of China.[14] Ishibashi also signaled that he would endeavor to take a cooperative approach to the political opposition, resulting in high public approval ratings.[15] He became sick and resigned two months later, with Kishi taking over as prime minister.[16]

Even after Ishibashi resigned the posts of prime minister and president of LDP, he remained a powerful faction boss and prominent figure among ex-Liberal Party politicians in the LDP. Ishibashi opposed Kishi's efforts to force through a revised version of the U.S.-Japan Security Treaty in 1960, which he felt were too extreme. When Kishi had opposition lawmakers physically removed from the Diet by police and rammed the new treaty through on May 19, 1960, Ishibashi was one of several LDP faction bosses who boycotted the vote in protest.[17]

Ishibashi also remained a major figure in Japan's ongoing efforts to engage with the People's Republic of China,[4] making a personal visit to China in 1963.[18] From 1952 to 1968 he was also the president of Rissho University. Tanzan Ishibashi died on April 24, 1973.[19]

Waseda University later introduced the Waseda Journalism Award In Memory of Ishibashi Tanzan in 2001.[20]

Honors

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From the corresponding article in the Japanese Wikipedia

References

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Citations

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  1. ^ "Sugita Nippu". Wikidata.
  2. ^ "石橋湛山は得度しているが、僧籍はあるか.あるとしたら日蓮宗の僧階は何か". Collaborative Reference Database (in Japanese). National Diet Library. November 2, 2019.
  3. ^ Murphy, Trevor (2004). "The Leprosy Relief Work of Tsunawaki Ryūmyō". The Eastern Buddhist. 36 (1/2): 8. JSTOR 44362378.
  4. ^ a b "Portraits of Modern Japanese Historical Figures — Ishibashi Tanzan". National Diet Library. 2013.
  5. ^ a b Keshi, Jiang (c. 2006). "Ishibashi Tanzan's World Economic Theory: The War Resistance of an Economist in the 1930's" (PDF). Princeton University.
  6. ^ a b Nolte, Sharon Hamilton (August 1984). "Individualism in Taishō Japan". The Journal of Asian Studies. 43 (4): 667–684. doi:10.2307/2057149. JSTOR 2057149. S2CID 162629157.
  7. ^ Inoki 2016, pp. 89–90.
  8. ^ "The wisdom of Tanzan Ishibashi". 20 October 2017.
  9. ^ Inoki 2016, p. 90.
  10. ^ Inoki 2016, pp. 92–93.
  11. ^ Hajimu, Masuda (July 2012). "Fear of World War III: Social Politics of Japan's Rearmament and Peace Movements, 1950—3". Journal of Contemporary History. 47 (3): 558. doi:10.1177/0022009412441650. JSTOR 23249006. S2CID 154135817.
  12. ^ Inoki 2016, p. 87.
  13. ^ Kapur 2018, pp. 79–80.
  14. ^ Kapur 2018, p. 80.
  15. ^ "Period of President Ishibashi's Leadership". Liberal Democratic Party.
  16. ^ Kapur 2018, p. 12.
  17. ^ Kapur 2018, p. 89.
  18. ^ "Chairman Mao Meets with Former Japanese PM". China-Japan Year of Cultural & Sports Exchanges: Historical Gallery. China Internet Information Center. Retrieved October 22, 2021.
  19. ^ "Tanzan Ishibashi Dies at 88; Was Former Premier of Japan". The New York Times. 25 April 1973.
  20. ^ In Pursuit of Excellent Journalism -The Course of the Waseda Journalism Award

Sources cited

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Further reading

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  • Liberalism in Modern Japan: Ishibashi Tanzan and His Teachers, 1905-1960, by Sharon H. Nolte, Published by University of California Press, 1986
  • Ishibashi Tanzan's World Economic Theory - The War Resistance of an Economist in the 1930s, Princeton University (http://www.princeton.edu/~collcutt/doc/Keshi_English.pdf)
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tanzan Ishibashi.
Political offices
Preceded by Minister of Finance
1946–1947 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Minister of International Trade and Industry
1954–1956 		Succeeded by
Preceded by
Isamu Murakami
 Minister of Posts and Telecommunications
1956 		Succeeded by
Taro Hirai
Preceded by Prime Minister of Japan
1956–1957 		Succeeded by
Party political offices
Preceded by President of the Liberal Democratic Party
1956–1957 		Succeeded by
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