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State visit by Nikita Khrushchev to the United States

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Nina Khrushcheva, Mamie Eisenhower, Nikita Khrushchev and Dwight Eisenhower at a state dinner at the White House on 27 September 1959.

The state visit of Nikita Khrushchev to the United States was a 13-day visit from 15–27 September 1959. It marked the first state visit of a Soviet or Russian leader to the US. Nikita Khrushchev, then First Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and Chairman of the Council of Ministers, was also the first leader of the Soviet Union to set foot in the Western Hemisphere.[1] Being the first visit by a leader of his kind, the coverage of it resulted in an extended media circus.[2]

Background

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Earlier in 1959, Vice President Richard Nixon visited the Soviet Union, attending a tour of the American National Exhibition in Moscow. He and Khrushchev took part in what later became known as the Kitchen Debate, in which both Nixon and Khrushchev defended their country's respective economic systems. In early August of that year, it was announced by President Dwight Eisenhower that Khrushchev was invited to visit the United States, and did so that September, spending thirteen days in the country.[3][4][5]

Itinerary

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This article is part of
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Nikita Khrushchev

Former First Secretary of the CPSU
Former Premier of the Soviet Union

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During the course of the visit, Khrushchev traveled to Washington, D.C., New York, California (briefly visiting a supermarket in San Francisco), Iowa, Pennsylvania, and Camp David.[6][7][8][9][10]

Arrival in Washington D.C. and Maryland

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Khrushchev arrived in Washington, DC on 15 September 1959, landing at Andrews Air Force Base at 11:30 a.m.[11] Khrushchev was accompanied by his wife Nina, as well as his adult children (son Sergei, daughters Yulia and Rada, and son-in-law Alexey). This was unprecedented, as it was not usual for Soviet officials to travel domestically or internationally with their families.[12] Upon arrival, he and President Eisenhower were honored with a 21-gun salute as well as a national salute by a Joint Service (Army, Marine Corps, Navy, Air Force, and Coast Guard) Honor Guard, during which the State Anthem of the Soviet Union and the Star Spangled Banner were played. Khrushchev and his family stayed at Blair House for the rest of the day. He arrived in Beltsville, Maryland the next morning. While attending the Agricultural Experiment Station, Khrushchev allegedly complained that the "pigs are too fat and the turkeys are too small". He returned to the capital later in the day for a luncheon at the National Press Club.[citation needed]

Andrei Gromyko, Nina Khrushcheva, Eleanor Roosevelt and Khrushchev in Hyde Park, New York. (Sept 18, 1959)

New York City

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He arrived by train in New York City on 17 September.[13] He spent his first night at a dinner hosted by the Economic Club of New York at the Waldorf Astoria,[14] where he spoke to an audience of about 2,000 described by New York Herald Tribune as "one of history’s greatest concentrations of capitalists."[15] During his visit to New York City, he visited former First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt at her home in Hyde Park.[16] Khrushchev was accompanied by Henry Cabot Lodge Jr., the then-United States Ambassador to the United Nations, during his tour of the city. When touring Manhattan, Khrushchev reportedly argued with "capitalists" and yelled at hecklers who protested his visit. At the end of his tour, he addressed the United Nations General Assembly. He also met with Governor Nelson Rockefeller and Mayor Robert F. Wagner Jr.[citation needed]

California

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Nikita Khrushchev watches filming for the 1960 movie Can-Can at 20th Century Studios while visiting Los Angeles.

During the visit, Los Angeles mayor Norris Poulson addressed Khrushchev's "We will bury you" statement made at the Embassy of Poland in Moscow three years prior when delivering welcome remarks. Poulson stated the following: "We do not agree with your widely quoted phrase 'We shall bury you.' You shall not bury us and we shall not bury you. We are happy with our way of life. We recognize its shortcomings and are always trying to improve it. But if challenged, we shall fight to the death to preserve it". Poulson's comments came after the Soviet premier constantly touted Soviet superiority to L.A. during his tour of the city.[17][18]

During a luncheon at the Twentieth Century-Fox Studio, Khrushchev was engaged in an improvised debate with his host Spyros Skouras over the respective merits of capitalism and communism.[19] Notable American actors such as Gary Cooper, Frank Sinatra, Elizabeth Taylor, and Marilyn Monroe met Khrushchev. Although Khrushchev was supposed to visit Disneyland on 19 September, the visit was canceled for security reasons, which added to his anger.[20][21]

While visiting a new research campus for the International Business Machines Corporation (IBM) in San Jose, Khrushchev seemed to express little interest in the computer technology, but rather the self-service cafeteria, which he introduced in the USSR upon return to Moscow.[22]

Iowa

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The Soviet leader arrived in Iowa on 22 September. He immediately attended a reception in Des Moines, hosted by Governor Herschel Loveless and Mayor Charles Iles the next day. He visited Coon Rapids, Iowa on 23 September,[citation needed] visiting the Roswell and Elizabeth Garst Farmstead Historic District. He was quick to compare the farm to many Soviet collective farms, saying the two types of farms were "very striking indeed".[citation needed] He also visited the Swine Research Center of Iowa State University. Khrushchev later remarked to journalists that the visit to Iowa was "the most relaxed"[citation needed] of his visit to the U.S.[23]

Pennsylvania and Washington

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Pittsburgh mayor Thomas Gallagher greeted and welcomed Khrushchev on 24 September, presenting the premier with a key to the city. The last two days concluded the tour with a meeting with President Eisenhower at Camp David. Khrushchev and his delegation left the country in the early hours of 27 September.[24][25]

Legacy

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1959 Soviet stamp commemorating Khrushchev's visit

The visit took place during a period in time in which it was feared that the ongoing Cold War might eventually lead to nuclear war. The visit helped alleviate these fears. Khrushchev and Eisenhower reached an informal agreement that there would not be any firm deadline over the fate of Berlin and that any solution would be developed at a four-power summit. This summit would be postponed until 1960 due to actions by French President Charles de Gaulle. The premier left having achieved a personal relationship with Eisenhower and the possibility of détente with the Americans.[26] Sergei Khrushchev, who became an American citizen in 1999, said that his father's visit brought about the "Spirit of Geneva".[27] Sergei also stated that the visit also suppressed the idea that President Eisenhower was an 'evil instigator of war'.[27]

Khrushchev gave Eisenhower a replica of the Soviet pennants that Luna 2 had placed onto the lunar surface a few days before Khrushchev arrived in the U.S.[28] The sphere is kept at the Eisenhower Presidential Library and Museum in Abilene, Kansas.[29] A copy of the spherical pennant is located at the Kansas Cosmosphere in Hutchinson, Kansas.[30]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ "Nikita Khrushchev's Journey into America". kansaspress.ku.edu.
  2. ^ Carlson 2009, p. 247.
  3. ^ UPI 1959 Year in Review.
  4. ^ Whitman 1971.
  5. ^ "Eisenhower and Khruschev at Gettysburg-- Reading 1". www.nps.gov.
  6. ^ "Khrushchev's Trip Itinerary – American Experience – PBS". www.pbs.org.
  7. ^ "Khrushchev arrives in Washington – HISTORY". www.history.com.
  8. ^ "Nikita Khrushchev Goes to Hollywood". Smithsonian.
  9. ^ PBS, American Experience (28 February 2017). "Khrushchev's American Road Trip".
  10. ^ "1959 Year In Review Khrushchev Visits the United States". United Press International.
  11. ^ "Khrushchev Cheered, Booed, As He Begins Historic U.S. Tour", Oakland Tribune, September 15, 1959, p1
  12. ^ Taubman 2003, pp. 421–22.
  13. ^ Carlson 2009, p. 105.
  14. ^ "Chairman Nikita S. Khrushchev, Soviet Premier" (PDF). The Economic Club of New York. September 17, 1959. Archived (PDF) from the original on September 15, 2019. Retrieved September 15, 2019.
  15. ^ Carlson 2009, p. 128.
  16. ^ Carlson 2009, p. 133.
  17. ^ "Founding and history". Los Angeles World Affairs Council. Retrieved May 26, 2019.
  18. ^ "Khrushchev Scolds L.A. Mayor". Los Angeles Times. September 19, 1959. Retrieved May 26, 2019.
  19. ^ "The Skouras-Khrushchev "debate" – YouTube". YouTube.
  20. ^ Carlson 2009, pp. 155–59.
  21. ^ "Khrushchev barred from visiting Disneyland – HISTORY". www.history.com.
  22. ^ Khrushchev 2000, p. 334.
  23. ^ "Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev Visits Farms, Research Center in Iowa, 1959". iowaculture.gov. May 2017. Retrieved 2019-05-27.
  24. ^ Carlson 2009, pp. 226–27.
  25. ^ Carlson 2009, p. 63.
  26. ^ Tompson 1995, p. 211.
  27. ^ a b Andrew Glass. "Nikita Khrushchev visits the United States, Sept. 15, 1959". POLITICO.
  28. ^ Daniloff, Nicholas (1972). The Kremlin and the Cosmos. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. pp. 208. ISBN 978-0-394-47493-9.
  29. ^ Ivanov, Stepan (12 September 2017). "58 years ago: the Soviet space probe, Luna 2, was launched". Russia Beyond. Retrieved 18 March 2019.
  30. ^ Dickinson, David (6 February 2014). "A History of Curious Artifacts Sent Into Space". Universe Today. Retrieved 16 March 2019.

Sources

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