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1967 Madras State Legislative Assembly election

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1967 Madras Legislative Assembly election
← 1962 5–21 February 1967 1971 →
All 234 seats in the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly
118 seats needed for a majority
Turnout76.57%
  First party Second party
 
Leader C. N. Annadurai M. Bhakthavatsalam
Party DMK INC
Leader's seat MLC[1] Sriperumbudur
(lost)
Seats won 179 51
Seat change Increase 121[2] Decrease 84[2]
Popular vote 8,051,433 6,293,378
Percentage 52.59% 41.10%
Swing Increase 15.70% Decrease 5.04%
Chief Minister before election

M. Bakthavatsalam
INC

Chief Minister

C.N. Annadurai
DMK

The fourth legislative assembly election of Madras State (later renamed as Tamil Nadu) was held in February 1967. The Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK) led coalition under the leadership of C.N. Annadurai won the election defeating the Indian National Congress (Congress). Anti-Hindi agitations, the rising prices of essential commodities, and a shortage of rice were the dominant issues. K. Kamaraj's resignation as the Chief Minister in 1963, to concentrate on party affairs, along with persistent rumors of corruption had weakened the incumbent Congress Government. This was the first time that a non-congress party had gained a single simple majority in a state assembly in India, second time after Communist Party of India winning Kerala assembly elections in 1957 for a non-Congress party alliance to gain the majority in a state in India, and the last time that Congress held power in Tamil Nadu. It marked the beginning of Dravidian dominance in the politics of Tamil Nadu. Annadurai, who became the first non-Congress chief minister of post-independence Tamil Nadu, died in office in 1969 and V.R. Nedunchezhiyan took over as acting chief minister. Since then, except for brief months of President's rule, only Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam and its splitaway Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam have formed cabinets in the State.

Background

[edit]

The Congress party began to show weakness in the years after the 1962 election.[3] In the summer of 1962, DMK conducted demonstrations against rising prices. These demonstrations turned violent throughout the state leading to the arrest of 6500 DMK volunteers, 14 members of the assembly and four members of the Lok Sabha, including Annadurai.[3]

Kamaraj voluntarily resigned the Chief Ministership in 1963, despite being popular, to assume the presidency of the All India Congress Committee and was replaced by M. Bakthavatsalam. Kamaraj had hoped to serve as role model to other senior Congress leaders to pave way for youngsters and strengthen the party's popularity. Robert L. Hardgrave Jr. (Temple Professor Emeritus in the Humanities, Government and Asian Studies from the University of Texas) wrote in an article published in the journal Pacific Affairs, that M. Bhaktavatsalam did not have the personal charisma or political acumen of Kamaraj. Persistent rumours of corruption tarnished the image of the Government. In October 1964, the food crisis brought the popularity of the Congress Government to an all-time low.[3]

Issues

[edit]
Main article: Anti-Hindi agitations of Tamil Nadu

The major issues at play in the election were the official language issue, the rise in essential commodity prices and the shortage of rice. The central Government led by the Indian National Congress had implemented an act replacing English with Hindi as an official language of India while retaining a possible "associate" status to English. The switchover came into effect on 26 January 1965. In protest to the vague wording of the act, fearing a possible elimination of English and imposition of Hindi, DMK had launched an agitation opposing the switchover and that agitation turned violent. The 1967 election was held in the aftermath of this violence.[4]

The acute rice shortage prevailing in the state became an election issue with the DMK promising to supply three padis (approx. 4.5 kg) of rice for 1 Rupee in its election manifesto.[5][6] The DMK capitalised on the rice shortage as well as widespread discontent with the Bhaktavatsalam administration. Slogans like Kamarajar Annachi kadalaiparuppu vilai ennachu (Elder Brother (Annachi is a title historically been used to refer to a person of Kamaraj's caste) Kamaraj, what happened to the price of chana dal?), Bhaktavatsalam annachi, arisi vilai ennachu (lit. Brother Bhatavatsalam, what happened to the price of rice?) were used effectively by the DMK to stir public anger against the Congress.[7]

This election was noted for popular actor, DMK candidate and future Chief Minister M.G. Ramachandran (MGR) being shot in the throat by actor M.R. Radha mere weeks before the polls. He survived the shooting, but the incident created a huge popularity wave for MGR. This eventually helped to increase the popularity of not only MGR, but also the DMK in the election, and is attributed as one of the reasons for the victory of the DMK.[8]

Coalitions

[edit]

There were two major political coalitions running in the elections. The Indian National Congress contested[9] alone, while the Dravidar Kazhagam (DK) under Periyar E. V. Ramasamy supported and campaigned for the incumbent Congress against his protege Annadurai.[10][11][12] The DMK-led front comprised the Swatantra Party, Communist Party of India (Marxist), Praja Socialist Party, Samyukta Socialist Party, Tamil Nadu Toilers Party, Republican Party of India and the Indian Union Muslim League. The Tamil Arasu Kazhagam and the We Tamils party campaigned using the DMK election symbol.[4] This opposition coalition was forged by C. Rajagopalachari (Rajaji) with the sole purpose of defeating the Kamaraj led Congress. Rajaji's personal hostility to Kamaraj and his opposition to the Congress party were the main reasons behind Swatantra's alliance with DMK.[13] The Communist Party of India campaigned alone without joining either of the two coalitions.[14][15]

The electoral alliance between DMK, Swatantra Party and Muslim League had emerged in the years before the 1964 civic elections throughout Madras state. During the 1964 election campaign Rajagopalachari had said, "The DMK and Muslim League are my children and I am duty bound to nurse them to strength and stature."[3]

Campaigning

[edit]
See also: Tamil cinema and Dravidian politics

Both Congress and DMK used films and actors for campaigning. Gemini Studios produced a political film for the Congress – Vazhga Nam Thayagam starring Shivaji Ganesan and Nagesh. Sivaji and Padmini worked for the Congress party. Despite its efforts, Congress could not counter the DMK's propaganda, which had a long history of using films for political campaigns since its founding.[16]

DMK's long-term association with the Tamil Film industry was put to good use in the campaign. MGR's films were used to attack Congress policies and to popularise DMK's positions. Similar to the tactics employed in the elections of 1957 and 1962, film songs and dialogues from Kaanji Thalaivan (1963), "Deivathai (1964), "Padakotti (1964)", Aayirathil Oruvan", Enga Veettu Pillai (1965), Anbe Vaa (1966), Naan Aanaiyittal (1966), "Mugarasi (1966)", "Petralthan Pillaya (1966)",Vivasayee (1967) and Arasakattalai (1967) were used for political messaging. Lesser known film stars like Ravichandran and Jaishankar used their films for praising DMK and Annadurai. The DMK put up posters of MGR recuperating in a hospital bed with a neck cast (from his gunshot wounds) all over Tamil Nadu to garner public sympathy and support.[7][17][18]

Election

[edit]

The election was held for a total of 234 constituencies, including 43 Scheduled Caste and 2 Scheduled Tribe reserved constituencies. 778 candidates, including 11 women were in the fray, of whom 231 men and 3 women were elected to the assembly. The election saw a turnout of 76.57 percent of all eligible voters, with 79.19% men and 73.99% women casting their votes. The polling for the assembly election took place along with the polling for the 1967 parliamentary elections. It took place in three phases between 5 and 21 February (5, 18 and 21 February).[19][20]

Seat Allotment

[edit]

DMK Front

[edit]
No.
 Party Election Symbol Leader Seats
1. Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam

C. N. Annadurai 168
2. Swatantra Party C. Rajagopalachari 27
3. Communist Party of India (Marxist) Puchalapalli Sundarayya 22
4. Praja Socialist Party Jayaprakash Narayan 4
5. Indian Union Muslim League Muhammed Ismail 3
6. Samyukta Socialist Party George Fernandes 3
Unrecognized parties, whose candidates ran under DMK ticket
7. Naam Tamilar Katchi S. P. Adithanar 4
8. Tamil Arasu Kazhagam M. P. Sivagnanam 2
Unrecognized parties, whose candidates ran as an independent supported by DMK
9. Independent politician 2

Congress

[edit]
No.
 Party Election Symbol Leader Seats
1. Indian National Congress M. Bhakthavatsalam 232

Results

[edit]

DMK and its coalition allies won 179 seats (76.5%). The Indian National Congress won 51 seats (21.8%).[21] Four candidates of the Naam Thamizhar Party led by S. P. Adithanar and two candidates of Tamil Arasu Kazhagam led by M. P. Sivagnanam contested[9] under DMK's "Rising Sun" Symbol. The Indian Union Muslim League candidates contested[9] as independents.[22]

[2][23]

Alliances Party Popular Vote Vote % Seats contested Seats won Change
United Front[24]


Seats: 179
Seat Change: Increase 121
Popular Vote: 8,051,433
Popular Vote %: 52.59%

Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam 6,230,552 40.69% 174 137 Increase 87
Swatantra Party 811,232 5.30% 27 20 Increase 12
CPI(M) 623,114 4.07% 22 11 Increase 11
Praja Socialist Party 136,188 0.89% 4 4 Increase 4
Indian Union Muslim League 95,494 0.62% 3 3 Increase 3
Samyukta Socialist Party 84,188 0.55% 3 2 Increase 2
DMK Backed Independents 70,665 0.46% 2 2 Increase 2
Indian National Congress
Seats: 51
Seat Change: Decrease 84
Popular Vote: 6,293,378
Popular Vote %: 41.10% 		Indian National Congress 6,293,378 41.10% 232 51 Decrease 84
Others
Seats: 4
Seat Change: Decrease 4 		Independent 591,214 3.86% 246 1 Decrease 4
Communist Party of India 275,932 1.80% 32 2 Steady
Forward Bloc 44,714 0.29% 1 1 Steady
Republican Party of India 31,286 0.20% 13 0 Steady
Bharatiya Jana Sangh 22,745 0.15% 24 0 Steady
Total 11 Political Parties 15,310,702 100% — 234 Increase 28

By constituency

[edit]
** Muslim League Candidates contesting as independents[25]
* DMK backed Independents[26]
  • Winner, runner-up, voter turnout, and victory margin in every constituency
Assembly Constituency Winner Runner Up Margin
#k Name Candidate Party Votes % Candidate Party Votes %
1 Washermanpet M. Vedachalam DMK 34,571 50.7 M. Mayandi Nadar INC 27,329 40.08 7,242
2 Harbour H. Baig Independent 29,360 51.69 K. S. G. Haja Shareef INC 25,510 44.91 3,850
3 Basin Bridge M. R. Kannan DMK 40,109 53.81 K. Ramdas INC 30,757 41.26 9,352
4 Park Town H. V. Hande SWA 29,144 51.57 T. N. Anandanayaki INC 26,465 46.83 2,679
5 Perambur Sathyavani Muthu DMK 40,364 54.19 D. Sulochana INC 33,677 45.21 6,687
6 Purasawalkam V. S. Govindarajan DMK 41,272 58.04 Damodaran INC 29,046 40.85 12,226
7 Egmore A. V. P. Asaithambi DMK 36,133 54.2 J. Vencatachellum INC 29,187 43.78 6,946
8 Thousand Lights K. A. Mathiazhagan DMK 39,518 60.27 M. Sivaraj INC 25,370 38.69 14,148
9 Triplicane V. R. Nedunchezhiyan DMK 38,721 59.41 M. S. Sammandappa INC 26,027 39.93 12,694
10 Mylapore Arangannal DMK 37,498 57.02 V. R. Radhakrishnan INC 28,270 42.98 9,228
11 Thiyagaraya Nagar M. P. Sivagnanam DMK 37,662 57.36 K. M. Subramaniam Independent 27,669 42.14 9,993
12 Saidapet M. Karunanidhi DMK 53,401 60.96 S. G. Vinayagamurthi INC 32,919 37.58 20,482
13 Gummidipoondi K. Vezhavendan DMK 35,887 52.57 Kamalambujammal INC 31,527 46.19 4,360
14 Ponneri P. Nagalingam DMK 37,746 56.61 T. P. Elumalai INC 27,751 41.62 9,995
15 Thiruvottiyur A. P. Arasu DMK 51,437 61.23 V. Venkateswaralu INC 32,564 38.77 18,873
16 St Thomas Mount M. G. Ramachandran DMK 54,106 66.67 T. L. Raghupathy INC 26,432 32.57 27,674
17 Thiruporur M. Adhi DMK 39,047 60.03 N. M. Manivarama INC 22,631 34.79 16,416
18 Chengalpattu C. G. Viswanathan DMK 43,428 62.77 T. Naicker INC 19,879 28.73 23,549
19 Maduranthakam Kothandam DMK 38,382 59.2 G. Reddy INC 25,200 38.87 13,182
20 Acharapakkam P. S. Ellappan SWA 38,223 62.11 P. Saradambal INC 23,322 37.89 14,901
21 Uthiramerur K. M. Rajagopal DMK 47,689 64.01 O. S. Reddiar INC 26,814 35.99 20,875
22 Kancheepuram N. Krishnan DMK 45,266 56.78 V. C. S. Nayagar INC 33,716 42.3 11,550
23 Kunnathur M. Gopal DMK 47,772 68.88 P. Appavoo INC 20,563 29.65 27,209
24 Sriperumbudur D. Rajarathinam DMK 41,655 54.13 M. Bhaktavatsalam INC 32,729 42.53 8,926
25 Kadambathur C. V. M. Annamalai DMK 43,499 66.68 C. C. Naidu INC 21,741 33.32 21,758
26 Thiruvallur S. M. Dorairaj DMK 40,687 66.06 V. S. Arunachalam INC 19,030 30.9 21,657
27 Tiruttani K. Vinayakam INC 27,123 40.34 V. K. Kuppuswamy DMK 25,337 37.68 1,786
28 Arakkonam S. J. Ramaswamy Mudali DMK 38,478 52.78 B. Naidu INC 30,870 42.35 7,608
29 Sholingur Aranganathan DMK 35,225 51.67 A. M. Ponnuranga Mudaliar INC 28,201 41.37 7,024
30 Ranipet A. G. Sahib Independent 30,011 45.14 S. K. Sheriff INC 28,953 43.55 1,058
31 Arcot Arcot N. Veeraswami DMK 37,514 60.13 A. G. R. Naicker INC 23,184 37.16 14,330
32 Katpadi G. Natarajan DMK 32,952 53.06 P. S. R. Naidu INC 25,032 40.3 7,920
33 Gudiyatham V. K. Kothandaraman CPI(M) 38,825 61.21 B. R. Naidu INC 21,901 34.53 16,924
34 Pernambattu P. Jayaraman DMK 28,868 54.75 T. Manavalan INC 19,957 37.85 8,911
35 Natrampalli T. C. T. Gounder DMK 29,215 52.18 R. C. S. Gounder INC 26,776 47.82 2,439
36 Tirupattur (Vellore) C. Gounder DMK 32,589 49.8 Shunmugam INC 30,512 46.62 2,077
37 Vaniyambadi Rajamannar INC 26,946 50.77 Vadivel DMK 25,308 47.69 1,638
38 Ambur M. Panneerselvam DMK 31,554 56.35 P. Rajagopal INC 20,947 37.41 10,607
39 Kaniyambadi L. Balaraman INC 29,512 49.62 T. Thiruvengadam DMK 28,100 47.24 1,412
40 Vellore M. P. Sarathy DMK 39,863 58.96 J. Mudaliar INC 25,449 37.64 14,414
41 Arani A. C. Narasimhan DMK 38,038 60.74 T. B. J. Chettiar INC 17,320 27.66 20,718
42 Cheyyar K. Govindan DMK 37,068 54.86 K. M. Kangan INC 17,395 25.74 19,673
43 Vandavasi Muthulingam DMK 38,626 61.25 A. Adineelam INC 21,300 33.78 17,326
44 Pernamallur V. D. A. Mudaly DMK 29,413 46.25 P. Ramachandran INC 20,225 31.8 9,188
45 Polur S. Kuppamal DMK 33,292 56.92 S. M. Annamalai INC 20,224 34.58 13,068
46 Chengam P. S. Santhanam DMK 29,828 56.84 A. Arumugham INC 18,773 35.77 11,055
47 Thandarambattu K. S. Kandar INC 29,524 50.31 R. Dharmalingam DMK 28,185 48.03 1,339
48 Kalasapakkam S. Murugaiyan INC 32,697 51.37 M. Sundarasan DMK 20,554 32.3 12,143
49 Tiruvannamalai D. Vijayaraj INC 38,153 49.39 P. U. Shanmugam DMK 34,968 45.26 3,185
50 Melmalayanur R. R. Munusamy DMK 33,115 50.68 K. G. Gounder INC 17,295 26.47 15,820
51 Gingee V. Munusami DMK 39,517 55.59 G. Rajaram INC 27,905 39.26 11,612
52 Tindivanam K. Ramamoorthy INC 34,106 51.59 A. Thangavelu DMK 32,008 48.41 2,098
53 Vanur Balakrishnan DMK 30,023 50.06 Velayudham INC 29,953 49.94 70
54 Kandamangalam M. Raman DMK 35,617 55.83 M. S. Saraswathi INC 28,180 44.17 7,437
55 Villupuram M. Shanmugam DMK 37,605 53.73 V. P. S. Gounder INC 31,674 45.26 5,931
56 Nellikuppam C. Govindarajan CPI(M) 28,090 47.24 A. Lakshminarayanan INC 23,117 38.88 4,973
57 Cuddalore Ere. Elamvazhuthi DMK 35,093 55.09 P. R. Seenivasa Padayachi INC 27,845 43.71 7,248
58 Panruti S. Ramachandaran DMK 43,745 60.82 S. V. Vadivelu Padayachi INC 28,179 39.18 15,566
59 Kurinjipadi N. Rajangam DMK 25,478 54.5 M. Jayaraman INC 18,226 38.99 7,252
60 Bhuvanagiri A. Govindarasan DMK 38,795 56.28 D. Ramachandran INC 28,234 40.96 10,561
61 Kattumannarkoil S. Sivasubramanian INC 30,521 48.34 C. Govindarasu DMK 30,387 48.13 134
62 Chidambaram R. Kanagasabai Pillai INC 34,911 49.18 P. Ponchockalingam DMK 33,356 46.99 1,555
63 Vriddhachalam G. Boovaraghan INC 42,230 54.77 M. Selvaraj DMK 33,363 43.27 8,867
64 Mangalore A. Krishnan DMK 34,538 56.67 P. Vedamanickam INC 21,669 35.56 12,869
65 Ulundurpet M. Kandaswamy Padayachi INC 26,796 47.23 V. S. Padayachi DMK 25,236 44.48 1,560
66 Tirukkoyilur E. M. Subramaniam INC 34,259 51.25 A. S. Kumarasamy DMK 32,586 48.75 1,673
67 Mugaiyur A. Govindasamy DMK 37,598 56.42 N. K Ganapathy INC 25,555 38.35 12,043
68 Rishivandiyam M. Anandan DMK 26,491 49.6 L. Anandan INC 26,173 49 318
69 Sankarapuram S. P. Pachaiyappan DMK 28,292 54.75 D. Muthusami INC 22,774 44.07 5,518
70 Kallakurichi D. K. Naidu DMK 39,175 56.38 V. T. Elayapillai INC 28,642 41.22 10,533
71 Hosur B. Venkataswami SWA 21,530 52.69 K. A. Pillai INC 19,329 47.31 2,201
72 Uddanapalle K. S. Kothandramiah SWA 29,391 65.75 D. C. Vijendriah INC 15,313 34.25 14,078
73 Krishnagiri P. M. M. Gounder INC 24,220 47.31 C. Manniappan DMK 24,035 46.95 185
74 Kaveripatnam P. Naidu INC 32,953 52.74 P. V. Seeramulu DMK 29,532 47.26 3,421
75 Uttangarai T. T. Gounder INC 31,791 49.06 K. R. Krishnan DMK 29,751 45.91 2,040
76 Harur N. Theerthagiri INC 27,565 48.09 N. Arumugam DMK 27,017 47.14 548
77 Dharmapuri M. S. Gounter DMK 36,258 53.02 D. N. Vadivel INC 29,567 43.23 6,691
78 Palacode K. Murugesan INC 29,186 50.05 M. B. Munusamy DMK 26,096 44.75 3,090
79 Pennagaram P. K. C. Muthusamy INC 27,913 49.2 N. Manickam DMK 26,570 46.84 1,343
80 Mettur M. Surendran PSP 30,635 48.78 K. K. Gounder INC 24,597 39.17 6,038
81 Taramangalam Govindan DMK 33,222 57.8 M. S. Krishnan INC 24,259 42.2 8,963
82 Omalur C. Palani DMK 28,121 56.17 C. Govindan INC 17,876 35.71 10,245
83 Salem I K. Jayaraman DMK 46,776 57.92 P. Thiagarajan INC 32,710 40.51 14,066
84 Salem I I E. R. Krishnan DMK 38,781 58 A. R. Gounder INC 27,285 40.81 11,496
85 Yercaud V. Chinnasamy DMK 25,124 56.25 Ponnudurai INC 19,537 43.75 5,587
86 Panamarathupatti Karipatti T. Ponnumalai DMK 34,597 53.7 C. Sepperumal DMK 26,870 41.7 7,727
87 Veerapandi Veerapandy S. Arumugam DMK 42,681 66.11 N. S. Sundararajan INC 21,876 33.89 20,805
88 Edappadi A. Arumugam DMK 36,935 54.7 K. S. S. Gounder INC 30,593 45.3 6,342
89 Sankari R. Nallamuthu DMK 30,112 61.7 A. Rajendran INC 17,174 35.19 12,938
90 Tiruchengodu T. A. Rajavelu DMK 42,479 64.73 T. P. Natesan INC 22,131 33.72 20,348
91 Kapilamalai C. V. Velappan DMK 41,026 52.25 R. S. Gounder INC 32,733 41.69 8,293
92 Namakkal M. Muthuswamy DMK 39,510 54.37 V. R. K. Gounder INC 31,651 43.55 7,859
93 Sendamangalam A. S. Gounder INC 31,308 50.62 S. T. Doraiswamy CPI(M) 30,537 49.38 771
94 Rasipuram P. Periasamy DMK 38,402 52.53 K. M. Gounder INC 30,873 42.23 7,529
95 Attur K. N. Sivaperumal DMK 40,456 57.22 M. P. Subramanyam INC 30,252 42.78 10,204
96 Talavasal Moo. Marimuthu DMK 33,289 55.39 A. Doraisamy INC 24,448 40.68 8,841
97 Gudalur C. Nanjam INC 20,675 49.24 Bomman SWA 20,047 47.74 628
98 Udhagamandalam K. Bojan SWA 37,525 68.03 T. K. Gowder INC 17,636 31.97 19,889
99 Coonoor B. Gowder DMK 31,855 58.74 M. K. N. Gowder INC 22,380 41.26 9,475
100 Mettupalayam T. T. S. Thippiah INC 29,709 45.42 Thooyamani DMK 26,736 40.87 2,973
101 Avanashi R. K. Gounder SWA 31,927 54.36 K. M. Gounder INC 26,808 45.64 5,119
102 Thondamuthur R. Manickavachakam DMK 42,261 59.14 V. E. Naidu INC 26,842 37.56 15,419
103 Singanallur P. Velusamy PSP 38,378 54.93 V. K. L. Gounder INC 25,115 35.95 13,263
104 Perur N. Marudachalam CPI(M) 43,740 61.49 R. Rayappan INC 26,548 37.32 17,192
105 Coimbatore (West) J, Govindarajulu DMK 41,059 63.85 S. R. P. P. Chettiar INC 23,251 36.15 17,808
106 Coimbatore (East) M. Bhupathy CPI(M) 33,122 50.81 G. R. Damodaran INC 27,477 42.15 5,645
107 Kinathukadavu M. Kannappan DMK 40,645 64.63 S. Gounder INC 20,691 32.9 19,954
108 Pollachi A. P. Shanmugasundara Goundar DMK 37,480 58.65 E. Gounder INC 25,688 40.2 11,792
109 Valparai E. Ramaswamy DMK 40,945 66.24 N. Nachimuthu INC 20,868 33.76 20,077
110 Udumalaipettai S. J. Sadiq Pasha DMK 39,796 58.17 K. Ramasami INC 25,778 37.68 14,018
111 Dharapuram Palaniammal DMK 42,433 65 P. Velusamy INC 21,800 33.39 20,633
112 Vellakoil K. N. S. Gounder DMK 46,009 62.44 D. P. Gounder INC 26,578 36.07 19,431
113 Kangayam A. S. Gounder INC 24,800 36.41 Velusami DMK 24,654 36.19 146
114 Pongalur P. N. P. Gounder DMK 38,371 61.75 P. S. Rangaswamy INC 22,414 36.07 15,957
115 Palladam K. N. Kumarasamy Gounder PSP 31,977 46.99 R. Sengaliappan INC 24,421 35.89 7,556
116 Tiruppur S. Duraisamy DMK 35,518 50.05 K. N. P. Gounder INC 21,373 30.12 14,145
117 Modakkurichi K. R. Nallasivam SSP 45,303 61.23 C. Kulandiammal INC 25,444 34.39 19,859
118 Perundurai S. Balasubramanian SSP 33,164 47.41 N. N. S. Nandradiar INC 30,030 42.93 3,134
119 Erode M. Chinnaswamy DMK 45,471 59.14 P. Arjunan INC 25,808 33.57 19,663
120 Bhavani A. M. Raja DMK 43,353 65.16 P. K. Mudaliar INC 21,999 33.07 21,354
121 Anthiyur E. M. Natarajan DMK 34,877 55.99 Gurumurthi INC 27,409 44.01 7,468
122 Gobichettipalayam K. M. R. Gounder SWA 31,974 52.61 M. Gounder INC 27,403 45.09 4,571
123 Satyamangalam P. G. Karuthiruman INC 25,484 49.22 S. M. Marappan CPI(M) 24,278 46.89 1,206
124 Bhavanisagar Ramarasan DMK 26,980 51.76 M. Velusamy INC 22,187 42.57 4,793
125 Oddanchatram N. Gounder DMK 39,817 55.55 A. P. Palaniappan INC 30,953 43.18 8,864
126 Palani Krishnamoorthy DMK 47,671 65.8 Balakrishnan INC 24,780 34.2 22,891
127 Periyakulam M. Metha DMK 36,023 54.85 R. S. Subramaniam INC 29,648 45.15 6,375
128 Bodinayakkanur S. Srinivasan INC 34,671 49.83 P. V. Durairaj CPI(M) 33,905 48.73 766
129 Cumbum Rajangam DMK 41,440 59.66 N. S. K. S. Pandiaraj INC 28,025 40.34 13,415
130 Theni P. T. R. Palanivel Rajan DMK 42,111 58.73 M. Malaichami INC 29,597 41.27 12,514
131 Andipatti S. Paramasivam SWA 35,351 54.86 A. Thiruvenkidasamy INC 29,091 45.14 6,260
132 Sedapatti V. T. Thevar SWA 41,167 63.84 T. A. Nadar INC 21,553 33.42 19,614
133 Tirumangalam N. S. V. Chitthan INC 20,319 33.58 M. P. Rajan SWA 17,062 28.2 3,257
134 Usilampatti P.K. Mookiah Thevar AIFB 44,714 72.11 A. M. N. Thevar INC 16,225 26.17 28,489
135 Nilakottai A. Muniyandi DMK 37,601 57.71 V. K. L. Gounder INC 25,115 35.95 12,486
136 Sholavandan P. S. Maniyan DMK 45,221 60.19 R. S. Servai INC 28,728 38.24 16,493
137 Thiruparankundram S. Agniraju DMK 49,169 63.94 S. Sonaimuthu INC 26,792 34.84 22,377
138 Madurai West N. Sankaraiah CPI(M) 46,882 59.42 M. Chelliah INC 23,012 29.17 23,870
139 Madurai Central C. Govindarajan DMK 39,566 62.86 V. Sankaran INC 22,787 36.2 16,779
140 Madurai East K. P. Janakiammal CPI(M) 32,173 50.32 A. G. Subburaman INC 23,929 37.43 8,244
141 Melur (South) O. P. Raman DMK 50,913 63.41 P. Kakkan INC 29,376 36.59 21,537
142 Melur (North) P. Malaichamy DMK 38,895 56.15 M. Andi Ambalam INC 30,376 43.85 8,519
143 Vadamadurai P. T. Naicker INC 30,507 49.11 V. S. Lakshmanan DMK 28,651 46.13 1,856
144 Dindigul A. Balasubramanayam CPI(M) 42,381 58.93 O. C. Pillai INC 29,537 41.07 12,844
145 Athoor V. S. S. Mani Chettiyar DMK 37,879 50.7 R. R. Reddiar INC 36,124 48.36 1,755
146 Vedasandur N. Varadaraj CPI(M) 30,063 48.16 S. N. Rao INC 29,372 47.05 691
147 Aravakurichi S. K. Gounder SWA 46,614 67.46 V. P. Gounder INC 22,482 32.54 24,132
148 Karur T. M. Nallaswamy INC 33,552 44.95 S. Nallaswamy CPI(M) 28,677 38.42 4,875
149 Thottiyam Vadivel DMK 39,701 53.94 T. Veerappan INC 29,670 40.31 10,031
150 Musiri P. S. Muthuselvan DMK 32,615 51.48 K. V. K. Reddiar INC 27,750 43.8 4,865
151 Uppiliapuram T. P. Alagamuthu DMK 43,453 56.29 A. V. Mudaliar INC 31,416 40.69 12,037
152 Perambalur J. S. Raju DMK 33,657 51.03 M. Ayyakannu INC 28,864 43.76 4,793
153 Varahur R. Narayanan DMK 32,846 49.64 M. V. Perumal INC 20,533 31.03 12,313
154 Andimadam K. N. Ramachandran DMK 32,253 48.25 N. Manickam DMK 26,570 46.84 5,683
155 Jayankondam K. A. A. K. Moorthy DMK 34,751 52.57 S. Ramasami INC 28,791 43.56 5,960
156 Ariyalur R. Karuppiam INC 26,440 37.37 G. Sepperumal DMK 25,017 35.36 1,423
157 Lalgudi D. Natarajan DMK 37,352 50.63 D. R. Udaiyar INC 34,712 47.05 2,640
158 Srirangam S. Ramalingam INC 34,474 50.48 P. Ponchockalingam DMK 33,356 46.99 1,118
159 Tiruchirappalli I M. S. Mani DMK 34,504 52.07 A. S. G. L. Piliai INC 31,199 47.08 3,305
160 Tiruchirappalli Ii R. Nagasundaram DMK 26,048 46.08 M. K. M. A. Salam INC 18,842 33.33 7,206
161 Thiruverumbur V. Swaminathan INC 33,513 50.15 K. Kamakshi DMK 28,884 43.22 4,629
162 Kulithalai M. Kandaswamy DMK 36,120 49.68 P. E. S. Reddiar INC 32,305 44.43 3,815
163 Krishnarayapuram P. Soundarapandiyan DMK 28,444 48.72 T. V. Sannasi INC 25,903 44.37 2,541
164 Kadavur Karuraigiri Muthiah INC 35,102 54.94 Anbil P. Dharmalingam DMK 28,788 45.06 6,314
165 Viralimalai S. S. Thethuvandar DMK 30,288 49.63 P. P. Gounder INC 26,354 43.19 3,934
166 Thirumayam Ponnambalam DMK 44,511 62.79 V. Ramiah INC 24,290 34.26 20,221
167 Alangudi K. V. Subbiah DMK 32,984 50.64 T. A. S. Thangavelu INC 32,148 49.36 836
168 Pudukkottai R. V. Thondaiman INC 45,342 62.07 Thiagarajan DMK 25,255 34.57 20,087
169 Thiruvaiyaru G. M. Sethurar DMK 37,693 51.94 K. B. Palani INC 34,165 47.08 3,528
170 Thanjavur A. Y. S. Parisutha Nadar INC 33,228 53.36 S. Natarajan DMK 28,717 46.12 4,511
171 Papanasam R. S. Mooppanar INC 41,323 56.57 A. M. Sali Independent 31,077 42.54 10,246
172 Valangiman N. Somasundaram DMK 34,436 53.1 R. Subramaniam INC 30,418 46.9 4,018
173 Kumbakonam N. Kasiraman INC 37,276 50.63 K. S. Mani DMK 36,083 49.01 1,193
174 Aduthurai A. Marimuthu INC 36,537 48.52 M. G. Mani DMK 31,965 42.45 4,572
175 Sirkazhi K. B. S. Mani Independent 34,316 58.23 R. Thangavelu INC 21,502 36.48 12,814
176 Sembanarkoil S. Ganesan DMK 40,453 65.29 S. Ramalingam INC 21,506 34.71 18,947
177 Mayiladuthurai N. Kittappa DMK 33,721 51.21 M.R.Krishnappa INC 30,379 46.14 3,342
178 Kuttalam G. B. Mohan CPI(M) 31,548 53.99 M. Sivakadaksham INC 24,812 42.47 6,736
179 Kudavasal C. Krishnamoorthi DMK 34,880 54.96 M. D. T. Pillai INC 28,585 45.04 6,295
180 Nannilam P. Jayaraj INC 26,053 46.36 T. P. Ramachandran CPI(M) 19,571 34.83 6,482
181 Thiruvarur P.S. Dhanushokody CPI(M) 30,510 48.04 Vedaiyan. V INC 27,956 44.02 2,554
182 Nagapattinam K. R. Gnanasambandan CPI(M) 36,596 56.4 R. R. V. Naidu INC 26,462 40.78 10,134
183 Vedaranyam P. V. Thevar INC 25,942 38.71 M. Meenakshisundaram DMK 25,678 38.32 264
184 Thiruthuraipoondi N. Dharumalingam DMK 23,728 38.04 K. C. Manali CPI 22,226 35.63 1,502
185 Kottur A. K. Subbaih CPI 28,156 42.47 C. M. Ambikapathy INC 22,627 34.13 5,529
186 Mannargudi T. S. Swaminatha Odayar INC 32,481 50.1 S. Narayanaswamy DMK 31,558 48.67 923
187 Orathanadu L. Ganesan DMK 45,232 60.82 M. D. Pillai INC 29,139 39.18 16,093
188 Gandharvakottai R. R. Durai INC 34,665 52.68 D. G. Kalingarar DMK 30,434 46.25 4,231
189 Pattukkottai A. R. Marimuthu PSP 35,198 54.6 N. Ramasamy INC 28,056 43.52 7,142
190 Peravurani M. Krishnamurthy DMK 35,505 45.4 A. V. Servai INC 26,387 33.74 9,118
191 Aranthangi A. Thurairasan DMK 42,943 53.11 K. B. Dervaikarar INC 36,522 45.17 6,421
192 Tiruppattur (Sivaganga) S. Madhavan DMK 40,170 58.73 V. S. S. Chettiar INC 26,532 38.79 13,638
193 Karaikudi S. Meiyappan SWA 38,310 58.73 C. V. C. V. V. Chettiar INC 21,992 33.71 16,318
194 Tiruvadanai K. Ambalam SWA 37,556 52.21 M. Arunachalam INC 33,587 46.69 3,969
195 Ilayangudi V. Malaikannan DMK 40,461 57.44 S. Ramachandran INC 29,978 42.56 10,483
196 Ramanathapuram T. Thangappan DMK 35,880 56.82 S. R. Sethupathy INC 27,270 43.18 8,610
197 Kadaladi M. Alangaram DMK 38,681 61.5 K. Paramalai INC 20,556 32.68 18,125
198 Mudukulathur R. R. Thevar SWA 33,790 53.17 S. A. Servai INC 22,500 35.4 11,290
199 Paramakudi T. K. Siraimeetan DMK 40,428 56.67 R. Thavasi INC 25,962 36.39 14,466
200 Sivaganga S. Sethuraman DMK 41,604 59.22 R. V. Swaminathan INC 28,654 40.78 12,950
201 Manamadurai K. Cheemaichamy SWA 30,752 44.42 C. B. Rena INC 30,299 43.77 453
202 Kariapatti A. R. Perumal SWA 28,484 45.09 P. M. Baskaran INC 27,366 43.32 1,118
203 Aruppukottai S. S. Bharathi SWA 34,153 54.68 T. K. Sundarm INC 25,012 40.04 9,141
204 Virudhunagar P. Seenivasan DMK 33,421 49.9 K. Kamaraj INC 32,136 47.98 1,285
205 Sattur S. Ramaswamy Naidu SWA 45,223 64.11 R. Krishnasamy Naidu INC 25,313 35.89 19,910
206 Sivakasi S. Alagu Thevar SWA 38,416 55.73 R. R. Thevar INC 26,918 39.05 11,498
207 Srivilliputhur K. A. A. Gurusamy DMK 36,732 53.34 S. P. Dharmaraj INC 27,791 40.36 8,941
208 Rajapalayam A. A. S. Raja Independent 38,936 53.29 P. A. A. Raja INC 25,675 35.14 13,261
209 Vilathikulam M. Rathinasabapathy DMK 23,905 37.47 M. P. S. Reddiar Independent 20,350 31.9 3,555
210 Kovilpatti S. Alagarsamy CPI 33,311 55.02 V. O. C. A. Pillai INC 22,885 37.8 10,426
211 Ottapidaram M. Muthiah SWA 25,937 45.45 S. Dhanushkodi INC 20,814 36.47 5,123
212 Sankarankoil P. Durairaj DMK 37,173 62.79 P. Urkavalan INC 19,211 32.45 17,962
213 Vasudevanallur A. Velladurai DMK 33,865 50.24 M. P. Swamy INC 26,885 39.89 6,980
214 Kadayanallur A. R. Subbiah Mudaliar Independent 36,349 49.89 S. M. A. Majid INC 35,903 49.28 446
215 Tenkasi I. A. Chidambaram Pillai INC 34,561 49.86 K. M. K. Samsudin DMK 33,818 48.79 743
216 Alangulam Aladi Aruna DMK 33,509 51.26 A. B. Balagan INC 30,938 47.32 2,571
217 Ambasamudram G. G. S. Dikshidar INC 30,682 46.35 A. Nallasivan CPI(M) 28,169 42.55 2,513
218 Cheranmahadevi D. S. Adhimoolam SWA 36,206 53.78 S. Chellapandian INC 29,831 44.31 6,375
219 Gangaikondan A. Karuppiah DMK 34,797 59.59 M. Chellappa INC 21,576 36.95 13,221
220 Tirunelveli A. L. Subramanian DMK 41,589 61.74 M. S. M. Pillai INC 25,364 37.65 16,225
221 Melapalayam M. M. P. Mohammed Independent 36,123 55.04 S. R. Reddiar INC 27,999 42.66 8,124
222 Srivaikuntam S. P. Adithanar DMK 41,828 62.57 R. Nadar INC 22,767 34.06 19,061
223 Thoothukkudi M. S. Sivasami DMK 41,851 60.61 S. P. Nadar INC 27,193 39.39 14,658
224 Tiruchendur E. Fernando DMK 39,619 56.06 S. Nadar INC 28,971 40.99 10,648
225 Sattangulam Martin INC 31,143 52.51 Adithan DMK 26,846 45.27 4,297
226 Nanguneri N. Duraipandian INC 33,269 53.34 T. G. Nadar DMK 29,097 46.66 4,172
227 Radhapuram N. Soundarapandian INC 31,588 50.44 V. Karthesan DMK 31,040 49.56 548
228 Kanniyakumari B. M. Pillai INC 37,998 56.89 S. M. Pillai SWA 28,260 42.31 9,738
229 Nagercoil M. C. Balan DMK 36,502 55.05 T. Nadar INC 29,810 44.95 6,692
230 Colachel A. Chidambaranatha Nadar INC 29,325 48.37 S. Retnaraj SWA 27,879 45.99 1,446
231 Padmanabhapuram V. George INC 24,661 46.06 M. M. Ali CPI(M) 17,738 33.13 6,923
232 Thiruvattar J. James INC 29,345 54.47 D. Gnanasingamoni CPI(M) 21,253 39.45 8,092
233 Vilavancode R. Ponnappan Nadar INC 27,511 56.19 P. M. N. Pillai Independent 16,184 33.05 11,327
234 Killiyoor William INC 21,423 42.4 Paniadimai SWA 15,767 31.2 5,656

Analysis

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The effective grass roots campaigning by the DMK and the political acumen of Annadurai, defeated the Congress and its leader M. Bhaktavatsalam. The popularity of the United Front was so large that they were able to win an absolute majority in ten out of the 14 districts in the state, while Congress could not accomplish that in a single district. This was largely due to the fact that the United Front was able to capitalize on its growing support in large towns and cities, combined with the decline in Congress support in its traditional Schedule Caste constituencies.[24]

Margin of Victory

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The following table shows the number of seats won by corresponding parties, by the margin of votes.[24]

Party Less than 500 500-1000 1000-3000 3000-5000 5000-10000 10000-20000 20000+
DMK 3 1 10 9 42 56 17
SWA — — 5 1 5 8 1
INC 5 5 20 10 5 3 1
CPI(M) — — 1 1 4 4 1

Notable losses

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The former Chief Minister and prominent Indian National Congress leader, K. Kamaraj, lost his seat in the Virudhunagar by a margin of 1,285 votes to DMK's student leader, P. Seenivasan. Just days before the election, Kamaraj was injured in an accident and was unable to campaign, leading to his well-known remark that he would "win lying down" (i.e., without campaigning efforts). (Tamil: படுத்துக் கொண்டே ஜெயிப்பேன்).[7] He lost the election along with the incumbent Chief Minister M. Bakthavatsalam, who lost his seat in Sriperumbudur to D. Rajarathinam from the DMK by 8926 votes. Except for G. Bhuvaraghan (the minister for Information and Publicity), all ministers of the outgoing Bakthavatsalam cabinet were defeated in this election.[27][28]

There was a post-result wall-painting in Virudhunagar by DMK which said "படிக்காத காமராஜரை படித்த இளைஞன் சீனிவாசன் தோற்கடித்தார்!" ( The illiterate Kamaraj was defeated by Graduate Youth Sreenivasan!). The Congress replied with "படிக்காத முதல்வர் காமராஜர் அன்று கட்டிய அரசு கல்விக்கூடங்களில் படித்து பட்டம் வாங்கிய இளைஞன் சீனிவாசன், இப்போது அதே காமராஜரை தோற்கடித்தான்" (The Seenivasan who studied and graduated in Education Institutes built under orders of then Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu illiterate Kamaraj, has now defeated the same Kamaraj)

Government formation

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The election results were announced on 23 February 1967, with the DMK securing an absolute majority. DMK's General Secretary, C.N. Annadurai, who had been serving as a Member of the Rajya Sabha and was newly elected to the Lok Sabha from Kanjipuram, led the party to increase its vote share to 40.6%, up from 27.1% in the 1962 election. Annadurai and the DMK had not anticipated such a decisive victory; Annadurai had contested to become a Member of Parliament rather than a Member of the Legislative Assembly. With no other consensus candidate for the Chief Minister role, Annadurai resigned from both his Rajya Sabha and Lok Sabha seats. He was nominated as Chief Minister of Madras State and formally staked a claim to form the government on 2 March 1967 He was sworn in by Governor Ujjal Singh on 6 March 1967 in Rajaji Hall.[citation needed] He was later elected to the Madras Legislative Council on 22 April 1967.[29][30]

Annadurai's Cabinet

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The council of ministers in C. N. Annadurai's cabinet (6 March 1967 – 10 February 1969) were all from the DMK and they are listed in the following table.[31]

Minister Portfolios
C.N. Annadurai Chief Minister, General Administration, Finance, Civil services, Planning, Police, Prohibition, Overseas Indians, Refugees and Evacuees
V. R. Nedunchezhiyan Education, Industries, Official Language, Textiles, Yarn, Handlooms, Mines and Minerals, Electricity, Iron and Steel, Companies and Religious Endowments
M. Karunanidhi Public Works, Highways, Transport, Ports and Minor Irrigation
K. A. Mathialagan Food, Revenue and Commercial Taxes
A. Govindasamy Agriculture, Animal Husbandry, Fisheries, Forests and Chinchona
S. J. Sadiq Pasha Public Health
Satyavani Muthu Harijan Welfare and Information
M. Muthuswamy Local Administration, Community Development, Khadi and Village Industries, Bhoodan and Gramdhan, Ex-servicemen
S. Madhavan Law, Co-operation and Housing
N. V. Natarajan Labour

See also

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References

[edit]
  1. ^ Shankarlal C. Bhatt (2006). Land and People of Indian States and Union Territories: In 36 Volumes. Tamil Nadu. Gyan Publishing House. p. 525. ISBN 978-81-7835-381-4.
  2. ^ a b c "The Madras Legislative Assembly, 1962-67, A Review" (PDF). assembly.tn.gov.in. 24 August 1967. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 June 2021.
  3. ^ a b c d Hardgrave, Robert L. Jr. (Winter 1964–1965). "The DMK and the Politics of Tamil Nationalism". Pacific Affairs. 37 (4). Pacific Affairs, University of British Columbia: 410. doi:10.2307/2755132. JSTOR 2755132.
  4. ^ a b Chandra, Kanchan (15 February 2007). Why Ethnic Parties Succeed: Patronage and Ethnic Head Counts in India. Cambridge University Press. p. 276. ISBN 978-0-521-89141-7. Archived from the original on 2 May 2021. Retrieved 24 September 2016.
  5. ^ "The competitive politics of rice", The Hindu, 9 April 2009, archived from the original on 12 April 2009, retrieved 16 November 2009
  6. ^ "The politics of rice", The Hindu Business Line, 12 May 2006, archived from the original on 17 May 2008, retrieved 16 November 2009
  7. ^ a b c "The politics of Bioscope - Part 12, Thinnai.com (in Tamil)". Archived from the original on 17 July 2011. Retrieved 16 November 2009.
  8. ^ Velayutham, Selvaraj (2001). Tamil cinema: the cultural politics of India's other film industry. New York: Routledge. p. 116. ISBN 0-415-39680-8. Archived from the original on 31 July 2017. Retrieved 24 September 2016.
  9. ^ a b c In India the term "Contest" is used to denote participation in an election. The Representation of People Act of 1951, the legislation which governs elections in India uses the term and so does the Election Commission of India."FAQs - Contesting for Elections". Election Commission of India. Archived from the original on 5 October 2010. Retrieved 18 February 2010.
  10. ^ "Periyar Movement". periyar.org. Archived from the original on 30 January 2007. Retrieved 16 November 2009.
  11. ^ "E.V. Ramaswami Naicker and C.N. Annadurai - Cho Ramaswamy, India Today". Archived from the original on 24 October 2008. Retrieved 16 November 2009.
  12. ^ "Ariyapadavendiya Anna, Kalachuvadu Magazine (in Tamil)". Archived from the original on 4 January 2010. Retrieved 17 November 2009.
  13. ^ B. N. Pandey (1977). Leadership in South Asia. p. 434.
  14. ^ Menon, Mukundan C. (18 March 1989), "How the Communists Fared", Economic and Political Weekly, vol. 24, no. 11, pp. 549–550, JSTOR 4394522
  15. ^ Jayakanthan, D (2006). A Literary Man's Political Experiences. New Delhi: Vikas Publishing House. p. 195. ISBN 978-1-4067-3569-7. Archived from the original on 7 July 2014. Retrieved 24 September 2016.
  16. ^ Selvaraj Velayudham (2008). Tamil cinema: the cultural politics of India's other film industry. Routledge. p. 73. ISBN 9780415396806. Archived from the original on 2 May 2021. Retrieved 7 November 2020.
  17. ^ "The politics of Bioscope - Part 11, Thinnai.com (in Tamil)". Archived from the original on 17 July 2011. Retrieved 18 November 2009.
  18. ^ "The politics of Bioscope - Part 20, Thinnai.com (in Tamil)". Archived from the original on 17 July 2011. Retrieved 18 November 2009.
  19. ^ "DETAILS OF TERMS OF SUCCESSIVE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLIES CONSTITUTED UNDER THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA". Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly. Archived from the original on 3 March 2009. Retrieved 11 February 2010.
  20. ^ Madras (1968). Madras State administration report. Archived from the original on 2 May 2021. Retrieved 24 September 2016.
  21. ^ "1967 Tamil Nadu Election Results, Election Commission of India" (PDF). 19 April 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 March 2012.
  22. ^ Karunakaran, Kotta P. (1975). Coalition governments in India: problems and prospects. Indian Institute of Advanced Study. p. 233.
  23. ^ "Tamil Nadu 1967".
  24. ^ a b c Siddhartan, N. S. (17 June 1967). "Voting Pattern in the Fourth General Election. I: D M K Success in Madras". Economic and Political Weekly. 2 (24): 1083–88. JSTOR 4358065.
  25. ^ India, a reference annual. Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting. 1967. p. 437. Archived from the original on 7 July 2014. Retrieved 24 September 2016.
  26. ^ Ross Barnett, Marguerite (1975). Electoral politics in the Indian states: party systems and cleavages. Manohar Book Service. p. 86. Archived from the original on 18 February 2017. Retrieved 24 September 2016.
  27. ^ Kandaswamy. P (2008). The political Career of K. Kamaraj. Concept Publishing Company. pp. 116–18. ASIN B00069WY4K. Archived from the original on 31 July 2017. Retrieved 24 September 2016.
  28. ^ Election rewind (in Tamil)[dead link‍]
  29. ^ Pushpa Iyengar, Sugata Srinivasaraju, "Where The Family Heirs Loom", Outlook India, archived from the original on 26 April 2010, retrieved 16 November 2009
  30. ^ Gopal K. Bharghava, Shankarlal C. Bhatt (2005). Land and people of Indian states and union territories. 25. Tamil Nadu. Delhi: Kalpaz Publications. p. 525. ISBN 81-7835-356-3.
  31. ^ India, a reference annual. Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting. 1968. p. 447. Archived from the original on 6 July 2014. Retrieved 24 September 2016.
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