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Adenovirus serotype 36

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Human adenovirus 36
Virus classification Edit this classification
(unranked): Virus
Realm: Varidnaviria
Kingdom: Bamfordvirae
Phylum: Preplasmiviricota
Class: Tectiliviricetes
Order: Rowavirales
Family: Adenoviridae
Genus: Mastadenovirus
Species:
Human mastadenovirus D
Serotype:
Human adenovirus 36

Human adenovirus 36 (HAdV-36) or Ad-36 or Adv36 is one of 52 types of adenoviruses known to infect humans. AD-36, first isolated in 1978 from the feces of a girl suffering from diabetes and enteritis,[1] has long been recognized as a cause of respiratory and eye infections in humans.[2] It was first shown to be associated with obesity in chickens by Dr. Nikhil Dhurandhar.[3][4]

AD-36 infection can induce cellular differentiation of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes and stem cells derived from human adipose tissue.[5]

Role in obesity

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There has been a positive correlation between body fat and the presence of AD-36 antibodies in the blood.[6][7] Previous research showed that chickens or mice injected with similar types of viruses show a statistically significant weight gain.[3]

To date, AD-36 is the only human adenovirus that has been linked with human obesity, present in 30% of obese humans and 11% of nonobese humans.[8] In addition, a study of obese Americans indicates that about 30% of the obese individuals and only 5% of non-obese individuals have antibodies to Ad-36.[3] Another study determined that children with the virus averaged 52 pounds heavier than those with no signs of it and obese children with the virus averaged 35 pounds heavier than obese children with no trace of the virus.[9] AD-36 also causes obesity in chickens, mice, rats, and monkeys.[8]

Public awareness

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On March 18, 2006, the research of Richard Atkinson (University of Wisconsin) was posted on some websites. In those studies, blood tests conducted on over 2000 Australians showed that more than 20% of the study participants had contracted Ad-36 viral infection.[citation needed]

On January 26, 2009, many popular internet news portals ran reports of the pending release of scientific research by Professor Nikhil Dhurandhar (Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana) implicating AD-36 as a potential cause for Britain's relatively high rate of adult obesity.[10]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Pasarica M, Dhurandhar NV (2007). "Infectobesity: obesity of infectious origin". Adv. Food Nutr. Res. Advances in Food and Nutrition Research. 52: 61–102. doi:10.1016/S1043-4526(06)52002-9. ISBN 9780123737113. PMID 17425944.
  2. ^ https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2007/08/070820103224.htm Common virus may contribute to obesity in some people
  3. ^ a b c Dhurandhar NV, Israel BA, Kolesar JM, Mayhew GF, Cook ME, Atkinson RL (August 2000). "Increased adiposity in animals due to a human virus". Int. J. Obes. Relat. Metab. Disord. 24 (8): 989–96. doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0801319. PMID 10951537. S2CID 5397009.
  4. ^ Whigham, Leah D.; Barbara A. Israel; Richard L. Atkinson (2006). "Adipogenic potential of multiple human adenoviruses in vivo and in vitro in animals". Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 290 (1): R190–4. doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00479.2005. PMID 16166204.
  5. ^ Rogers PM, Fusinski KA, Rathod MA, et al. (2007). "Human adenovirus Ad-36 induces adipogenesis via its E4 orf-1 gene". Int J Obes (Lond). 32 (3): 397–406. doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0803748. PMID 17984979. S2CID 20594255.
  6. ^ Augustus A.S., Atkinson R.L.; Dhurandhar N.V.; Allison D.B.; Bowen R.L.; Israel B.A.; Albu J.B. (2005). "Human adenovirus-36 is associated with increased body weight and paradoxical reduction of serum lipids". International Journal of Obesity. 29 (3): 281–6. doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0802830. PMID 15611785.
  7. ^ Gnessi L., Ponterio E. (2015). "Adenovirus 36 and Obesity: An Overview". Viruses. 7 (7): 3719–3740. doi:10.3390/v7072787. PMC 4517116. PMID 26184280.
  8. ^ a b Atkinson RL (2007). "Viruses as an etiology of obesity". Mayo Clin. Proc. 82 (10): 1192–8. doi:10.4065/82.10.1192. PMID 17908526.
  9. ^ Ostrow, Nicole (20 September 2010). "Children Exposed to Virus Weigh 52 pounds More, Obesity Researchers Find". Bloomberg.
  10. ^ "Obesity Bug You Can Catch", Daily Express, 26 January 2009
    "Obesity Caught Like Common Cold", LiveScience, 26 January 2009
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