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Avianca

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This article is about the Colombian airline. For other uses, see Avianca (disambiguation).
Avianca S.A.
IATA ICAO Call sign
AV AVA AVIANCA
FoundedDecember 5, 1919; 104 years ago (1919-12-05) (as SCADTA)
Commenced operationsJune 14, 1940; 84 years ago (1940-06-14) (as Avianca)
AOC #ANCF173C[1]
HubsBogotá
Secondary hubs
Focus cities
Frequent-flyer programLifeMiles
AllianceStar Alliance
SubsidiariesHelicol
Fleet size128[citation needed]
Destinations74[2]
Parent companyAvianca Group
Headquarters
Key people
Operating incomeIncrease COP 100.3 B[3] (FY 2019 Q3)
Total assetsIncrease COP 2.403.632 M (FY 2008)
Websitewww.avianca.com

Avianca S.A. (acronym in Spanish for Aerovias del Continente Americano S.A., "Airways of the American Continent", and stylized as avianca since October 2023), is the largest airline in Colombia. It has been the flag carrier of Colombia[4][5] since December 5, 1919, when it was initially registered under the name SCADTA.[6][7] It is headquartered in Colombia, with its registered office in Barranquilla and its global headquarters in Bogotá and main hub at El Dorado International Airport. Avianca is the flagship of a group of airlines of the Americas, which operates as one airline using a codesharing system. Avianca is the largest airline in Colombia and second largest in South America, after LATAM of Chile. Avianca and its subsidiaries have the most extensive network of destinations in the Americas.[8] Before the merger with TACA in 2010, it was wholly owned by Synergy Group, a South American holding company established by Germán Efromovich and specializing in air transport. It is listed on the Colombia Stock Exchange.[9]

Through SCADTA, Avianca is the world's second oldest extant airline after KLM and celebrated its 100th anniversary in December 2019. It is the oldest airline in the Western Hemisphere.[10] It became an official member of Star Alliance on June 21, 2012, after a process that lasted approximately 18 months from the initial announcement[11] of its invitation to join the alliance.[12] On May 10, 2020, Avianca filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy in a court in New York City, and liquidated its subsidiary Avianca Perú, due to the COVID-19 pandemic crisis.[13][14][15]

History

[edit]

SCADTA (1919–1940)

[edit]
Main article: SCADTA
A SCADTA Junkers W 34 "Magdalena", circa 1920s

The airline traces its history back to December 5, 1919, in the city of Barranquilla, Colombia. Colombians Ernesto Cortissoz Alvarez-Correa (the first President of the airline), Rafael María Palacio, Cristóbal Restrepo, Jacobo Correa and Aristides Noguera and Germans Werner Kämmerer, Stuart Hosie and Albert Tietjen founded the Colombo-German Company, called Sociedad Colombo-Alemana de Transportes Aéreos or SCADTA. The company accomplished its first flight on September 5, 1920, between Barranquilla and the nearby town of Puerto Colombia using a Junkers F.13, transporting 57 pieces of mail. The flight was piloted by German Helmuth von Krohn. This and another aircraft of the same type were completely mechanically constructed monoplanes, the engines of which had to be modified to efficiently operate in the climate of the country. There were nine aircraft in the fleet with a total range of 850 km (528 mi) which could carry up to four passengers and two crewmen. Due to the topographic characteristics of the country and the lack of airports at the time, floats were adapted for two of the Junkers aircraft to make water landings in the rivers near different towns. Using these floats, Helmuth von Krohn was able to perform the first inland flight over Colombia on October 20, 1920, following the course of the Magdalena River; the flight took eight hours and required four emergency landings in the water.

Soon after the airline was founded, German scientist and philanthropist Peter von Bauer became interested in the airline and contributed general knowledge, capital and a tenth aircraft for the company, as well as obtaining concessions from the Colombian government to operate the country's airmail transportation division using the airline, which began in 1922. This new contract allowed SCADTA to thrive in a new frontier of aviation. By the mid-1920s, SCADTA started its first international routes covering destinations in Venezuela and the United States. In 1924, the aircraft that both Ernesto Cortissoz and Helmuth von Krohn were flying crashed into an area currently known as Bocas de Ceniza in Barranquilla, killing them. In the early 1940s, Peter von Bauer sold his shares in the airline to the US-owned Pan Am.

National Airways of Colombia (1940–1994)

[edit]
Former Avianca Boeing 747-100 at Miami International Airport in 1993

On June 14, 1940, in the city of Barranquilla, SCADTA, under ownership by United States businessmen, merged with regional Colombian airline SACO, forming the new Aerovías Nacionales de Colombia S.A. or Avianca. Five Colombians participated in this: Rafael María Palacio, Jacobo A. Correa, Cristobal Restrepo, and Aristides Noguera, as well as German citizens Albert Teitjen, Werner Kämerer, and Stuart Hosie, while the post of first President of Avianca was filled by Martín del Corral. Avianca claims SCADTA's history as its own.

In 1946, Avianca began flights to Quito, Lima, Panama City, Miami, New York City and Europe, using Douglas DC-4s and C-54 Skymasters. In 1951, Avianca acquired Lockheed Constellations and Super Constellations.[citation needed] In 1956, the company transported the Colombian delegation to the Melbourne Olympics on a 61-hour trip, stopping only to refuel.[16]

During the 1960s, the company built the Avianca Building in Bogotá, designed by the architect Germán Samper, which was inaugurated in 1969 on the south side of Santander Park. In 1961, Avianca leased two Boeing 707s to operate its international routes, and on November 2, 1961, it acquired its own Boeing 720s. In 1976, Avianca became the first Latin American airline to continuously operate the Boeing 747-100. Three years later, it started operations with more 747s, including two Combi aircraft, mixing cargo and passenger operations.[citation needed]

In 1981, Avianca undertook the construction of a new exclusive terminal called the Terminal Puente Aéreo, which was eventually inaugurated by President Julio César Turbay Ayala. Avianca's original purpose for the terminal was for flights serving Cali, Medellín, Miami, and New York.[17]

Merger system (1994–2002)

[edit]
Former Avianca Boeing 767-200ER taxiing at José María Córdova International Airport in 2004

In 1994, Avianca, the regional carrier SAM and the helicopter operator Helicol merged, beginning Avianca's new system of operations. This arrangement allowed for specialized services in cargo (Avianca Cargo) and postal services, as well as a more modern fleet, made up of Boeing 767s, Boeing 757s, MD-83s, Fokker 50s, and Bell helicopters. In 1996, Avianca Postal Services became Deprisa, which provided various mail services.

On December 10, 1998, Avianca officially opened its new hub in Bogotá, offering around 6,000 possible connections per week, and an increased number of frequencies, schedules, and destinations, taking advantage of the privileged geographical location of the country's capital, for the benefit of Colombian and international travelers between South America, Europe, and North America.

Summa Alliance (2002–2004)

[edit]

After the September 11 attacks, Avianca, SAM, and their major rival ACES joined efforts to create the Alianza Summa, which began merged operations on May 20, 2002, to offer a more efficient service with concerns to quality, quantity, security and competition in a new struggling marketplace. However, adverse circumstances within the industry and markets forced the alliance to disband. In November 2003, the Alianza Summa was disbanded, ACES was liquidated altogether and SAM was acquired to be a regional carrier under Avianca's brand.

American Continent Airways (2004–2009)

[edit]

On December 10, 2004, Avianca concluded a major reorganization process, undertaken after filing for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection, by obtaining confirmation of its reorganization plan, which was financially backed by the Brazilian consortium, Synergy Group and the National Federation of Coffee Growers of Colombia, allowing the airline to obtain funds for US$63 million, in the 13 months following withdrawal from bankruptcy.

Avianca's former logo (2005–2013)

Under this plan, Avianca was bought by Synergy Group and was consolidated with its subsidiaries OceanAir and VIP. The company's full legal name was changed from Aerovías Nacionales de Colombia (National Airways of Colombia) to Aerovías del Continente Americano (Airways of the American Continent), retaining the acronym Avianca. On February 28, 2005, Avianca presented its new logo and livery.

Avianca-TACA merger (2009–2013)

[edit]
Former Avianca Airbus A330-200 at El Dorado International Airport in 2009

In October 2009, it was announced that Avianca would merge with TACA Airlines.[18][19] This created AviancaTaca Holding, which instantly became one of the region's largest airlines, with 129 aircraft and flights to more than 100 destinations.

In November 2009, the airline's Chief Executive Fabio Villegas announced that the airline was looking to replace its Fokker 50 and Fokker 100 with newer aircraft of 100 seats or less.[20] On January 1, 2011, the airline decided to retire the Fokker 100 in 2011 and replace them with 10 Airbus A318s leased from GECAS. The aircraft were delivered from February to April 2011.

Star Alliance

[edit]

On November 10, 2010, Star Alliance announced that Avianca (and its merger counterpart, TACA) were full members in 2012. Due to Avianca's entry into Star Alliance, it ended its codeshare agreement with Delta Air Lines and began a new codeshare agreement with United Airlines. TACA has been codesharing with United Airlines since 2006.[21] On June 21, 2012, Avianca and TACA were both officially admitted into Star Alliance.

Avianca Holdings (2013–2019)

[edit]

On March 21, 2013, at the annual general meeting, the shareholders approved the change of corporate name from AviancaTaca Holding to Avianca Holdings.[22] TACA and all other AviancaTaca airlines changed their brand to Avianca on May 28, 2013.

As of 2017, Avianca operates the second-most daily international flights from Miami with 16, second only to American Airlines.

In August 2018, Avianca had some operational difficulties due to problems with the platform it used to assign crew schedules. This resulted in the cancellation of several flights within Colombia. Likewise, due to the stoppage of ACDAC pilots in 2017, only in October 2018 were all flight itineraries managed by the airline restored.

On March 1, 2019, Avianca launched a subsidiary named Avianca Express, which operated ATR-72s on short regional flights within Colombia.[citation needed]

Avianca Airbus A320-200, painted in retro livery, celebrating the airline's 100th anniversary

2020 bankruptcy (2020-2021)

[edit]
See also: Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on aviation

Avianca had significant financial liabilities in 2019. Because of this, they issued more debt to cover short-term liabilities and concluded a debt exchange on December 31, 2019. In response to the global outbreak of COVID-19, the Colombian government's lockdown suspended Avianca's domestic and international operations; most of the company’s 20,000 employees went without pay throughout this period, and the airline operated no scheduled passenger flights between late March and May outside of repatriation missions. As a result of this temporary cessation of business, the company had seen 80% of its revenue stopped.

Avianca Holdings and 23 affiliated debtors filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy in the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York on May 10, 2020, as a direct result of the COVID-19 pandemic and subsequent global shutdown, and their financial situation before and during the crisis. The airline holding liquidated their subsidiary Avianca Perú the same day. The debtors were granted joint administration of the cases under Case No. 20-11133. The airline had accumulated a total debt of USD 7.3 billion at the end of 2019.[23]

Avianca implemented numerous cost-reduction plans during and following their bankruptcy including increasing the passenger capacity and redesigning the cabin of their Airbus A320s, simplifying their fleet to only the A320 family and Boeing 787, the latter of which will also feature an economy class cabin redesign, and introducing new, cheaper, and more competitive fares with increased options for flexibility including checked and carry-on bags, seat selection, and priority boarding.[24][25]

In November 2021, Avianca Holdings announced they would move their legal address from Panama to the United Kingdom, and that they would change their name to Avianca Group.[26] Their global headquarters remains in Bogotá. On November 2, 2021, Avianca's reorganization plan was approved by the court,[27] and on December 1, 2021, more than a year and a half after filing, Avianca emerged from Chapter 11 bankruptcy for the second time in its history.[28]

Abra Group and Viva Air merger (2022-present)

[edit]

On April 29, 2022, Avianca announced plans to acquire low-cost competitor Viva Air Colombia and its subsidiary Viva Air Perú.[29][30] On May 11, 2022, it was announced that Avianca planned to merge with Viva Air, and Gol Linhas Aéreas Inteligentes to form the Abra Group, and that Avianca would be the acquiring company.[31][32] The merger was rejected by the Colombian Civil Aviation Authority in November 2022.[citation needed] Avianca stated that the rejection of the merger would not affect the plans for the Abra Group.[citation needed]

In September 2022, Ecuador's Superintendency for the Control of Market Power became the first government body to approve the merger.[citation needed] In December 2022, Avianca stated that they had reached all necessary agreements for the group bar "certain financing", and that they had obtained approval from regulatory bodies in Brazil and the United States. Avianca also stated that they do not need regulatory approval in Colombia because GOL has no presence in the country, and hence there would be no overlap in Colombia.[citation needed]

On January 19, 2023, the Ministry of Transport and Aerocivil formally annulled the November 2022 decision to reject the Avianca-Viva Air merger, citing "procedural irregularities" found within the first review process. A second review is due to take place in "an urgent manner", because the merger proposal was filed under "exception for a company in crisis", referencing Viva Air's financial situation.[33]

On March 21, 2023, Aerocivil announced that it would approve the Avianca-Viva merger conditionally if the new entity complied with the following: to either refund or honor passengers' cancelled bookings made before Viva Air suspended operations; to return some in-demand slots at Bogotá's El Dorado Airport previously held by Viva Air; to maintain Viva Air's low-cost model for consumers within Colombia; to reinstate flights between Bogotá and Buenos Aires; to maintain a fare cap on routes where the entity is the only operator; and, as the new entity would hold a majority of the market share in Colombia, to ensure that the market remains dynamic.[34]

On May 13, 2023, after analyzing the "financial and technical implications" of the merger under these conditions, Avianca withdrew its plans for the acquisition of Viva Air, given the strict requirements of Aerocivil and the damage that these would have on the airline's economy.[35][36]

In October 2023, the company announced a rebrand and changes to its business model. Avianca changed its name from Avianca to avianca, adjusting its operating model to a more low-cost-friendly one.

Corporate affairs

[edit]
Avianca's headquarters, designed by Esguerra Saenz Urdaneta Samper
See also: Avianca Group § Corporate affairs

Avianca's headquarters are on Avenida El Dorado and between Carrera 60 and Gobernación de Cundinamarca, located in the Ciudad Salitre area of Bogotá. The building is located next to the Gran Estación.[37] Its previous head office was at Avenida El Dorado No. 93-30.[38]

Destinations

[edit]

Avianca's hub is in Bogotá, with its focus cities in Medellín, Cali, Barranquilla, San José, and Miami, in the latter of which Avianca is the largest foreign carrier by number of passengers.

Codeshare agreements

[edit]

Avianca has codeshare agreements with the following airlines:[39]

Interline agreements

[edit]

Avianca has an interline agreement with Boliviana de Aviación.[41]

LifeMiles

[edit]

The frequent-flyer program of Avianca and its subsidiaries is LifeMiles. This program is designed to reward customer loyalty in the airline, travel, and retail sectors. LifeMiles members can earn miles every time they fly with Avianca, Star Alliance member airlines, as well as GOL Airlines, Aeromexico and Iberia.

The program was launched in 2011 with the merger of Avianca and TACA, replacing its former AviancaPlus program. LifeMiles has been awarded 14 Freddie Awards for its outstanding performance and promotions in the Americas during the last 9 years.

LifeMiles has four elite tiers:

  • Red Plus (Star Alliance Silver)
  • Silver (Star Alliance Silver)
  • Gold (Star Alliance Gold)
  • Diamond (Star Alliance Gold)

Fleet

[edit]

Current fleet

[edit]
See also: Avianca Group § Fleet
Avianca Airbus A319-100 at Miami International Airport in 2014
Avianca Airbus A320-200 at Miami International Airport in 2016
Avianca Boeing 787-8 taxiing at Adolfo Suárez Madrid–Barajas Airport in 2015

As of November 2024, Avianca operates the following aircraft:

Avianca fleet
Aircraft In
service 		Orders Passengers Notes
C W Y+ Y Total
Airbus A319-100 7 — – 12 48 84 144 To be retired by 2024.[42]
Airbus A320-200 67 — – 12 60 108 180
Airbus A320neo 24 50[43] – 12 60 108 180 Order with 50 options.[44]
Some orders to be split with its subsidiaries.
14 – – 188 188 Former Viva Air Colombia aircraft.[45]
Boeing 787-8 13 — 28 – – 222 250
20 271 291
3 32 259 291 Former Norwegian Long Haul aircraft.[46]
Total 128 50

Fleet development

[edit]

In March 2007 the airline ordered 10 Boeing 787 Dreamliner.[47] The first delivery of that aircraft type was on December 17, 2014, and its first service was on January 16, 2015, between Bogotá and New York City.[48][49]

In 2015, Avianca signed an order for 100 A320neo family aircraft. At the beginning of March 2019, the airline had 20 A319neos, 92 A320neos, and 15 A321neos on order. In March 2019 the delivery of 17 Airbus A320neo family aircraft was cancelled, and deliveries of another 35 jets were rescheduled to 2026 to 2028, instead of 2020 to 2022.[50]

In March 2022 the airline confirmed an order for 88 new A320neo with deliveries between 2025 and 2031.[51]

In June 2023, it was reported that Avianca leased eight A320neos that belonged to the bankrupt airline Viva Air for delivery in 2023.[45]

In September 2023 the airline disclosed to lease 14 Airbus A320neo planes and two A320ceo planes.[52]

In February 2024, Avianca received one of the 3 Boeing 787-8s from Norwegian Air Shuttle. The airline said it wants to deviate from wet leases such as the one from Wamos Air and its A330, in addition, it wants to do it only with 787-8s owned by the company itself.[46]

Former fleet

[edit]

Since its founding, Avianca has operated a wide variety of aircraft:[53][54][55]

Avianca former fleet
Aircraft Total Introduced Retired Notes
Airbus A318-100 10 2011 2019 Purchased from Mexicana[56]
Airbus A321-200 9 2014 2021
Airbus A321neo 2 2017 2020 [57]
Airbus A330-200 12 2008 2023
Airbus A330-300 2 2018 2020 Purchased from TransAsia Airways
ATR 72-600 9 2013 2019 Transferred to Avianca Express
Beechcraft 17 2 1941 1943
Boeing 247D 18 1936 1948
Boeing 707-120 1 1960 1961 Leased from Pan Am
Boeing 707-320C 8 1968 1994 One written off as Flight 052
Boeing 720B 7 1961 1984
Boeing 727-100 33 1966 1992
Boeing 727-200 18 1978 1999
Boeing 737-100 2 1968 1971 First 737 operator in Latin America
Boeing 747-100 3 1976 1996
Boeing 747-100SF 2 1981 1988
Boeing 747-200M 2 1979 1995 One written off as Flight 011
Boeing 757-200 21 1992 2010
Boeing 767-200ER 5 1990 2011
Boeing 767-300ER 5 1994 2011
1 2014 2015 Leased from Omni Air International
Boeing 787-9 1 2019 2023 Never entered service[citation needed]
Consolidated PBY Catalina 4 1946 1956
Curtiss T-32 Condor II 2 Un­known Un­known
Curtiss C-46 Commando 5 1949 1955
de Havilland DH.60 Moth 7 1929 1939
Dornier Do J Wal 3 1925 1932
Dornier Merkur 2 1927 1932
Douglas C-47 Skytrain 52 1939 1974
Douglas C-54 Skymaster 26 1946 1975
Douglas DC-2 2 1944 1947
Douglas DC-3 4 1939 1973
Douglas DC-4 2 1953 1974
Fokker 50 10 1993 2014 One involved in a 1999 hijacking
Fokker 100 15 2006 2011 Operated by SAM until 2010
Fokker Universal 2 1929 1934
Ford 5-AT-DS Trimotor 19 1929 1946
General Aviation GA-43 1 1934 Un­known
Hawker Siddeley HS 748 2 1968 1978
IAI 1124 Westwind 1 1978 1995 Operated by Helicol
Junkers F 13 31 1920 1940
Junkers W 33 1 1929 1932
Junkers W 34 13 1928 1947
Lockheed L-749A Constellation 6 1951 1967
Lockheed L-1049E Super Constellation 4 1954 1969
McDonnell Douglas MD-11ER 1 1998 1999 Leased from World Airways
McDonnell Douglas MD-83 18 1992 2011
Sikorsky S-38 7 1929 1940
Sikorsky S-41 1 1930 1936

Accidents and incidents

[edit]

The airline suffered a few incidents during the 1980s and early 1990s. The deadliest of those incidents was Avianca Flight 011, which crashed in 1983.

Awards and recognitions

[edit]

In its recent history, the company has won different awards:[74]

  • 2010: E-Commerce Company of the Year – eCommerce Awards Colombia.
  • 2012: Best Company in Customer Service Labor and Management – Ibero-American Social Media Awards.
  • 2013: Best Company in Customer Service Labor and Management – Ibero-American Social Media Awards.
  • 2013: South American Airlines with Best Onboard Service – Skytrax World Airline Awards.
  • 2014: Best E-commerce Initiative in Colombia – Colombia Online Awards.
  • 2015: Best Airline in South America – World Travel Awards.
  • 2016: Best Airline in South America and Latin America – Business Traveler North America Magazine.
  • 2017: Best Airline in South America – Business Traveler Awards.
  • 2017: Best Airline in South America and Best Regional Airline in South America – Skytrax World Airline Awards.
  • 2017: Best Mobile Initiative for eCommerce – eCommerce Awards.
  • 2017: Second-best airline in the world – Consumers and Users Organization.
  • 2018: Best Airline in South America – Skytrax World Airline Awards.
  • 2018: Best Regional Airline in South America – Airline Passenger Experience APEX.

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
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  2. ^ "avianca airlines on ch-aviation". ch-aviation. Retrieved 2023-11-09.
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  5. ^ Álvaro Uribe Vélez (7 March 2005). "Discurso de entrega de la Orden del Mérito Comercial en la Categoría de Gran Oficial a Avianca" [Presidential address on the Order of Commercial Merit in the Category of Great Officer to Avianca] (.htm) (in Spanish). Bogotá, D.C. (Colombia): Presidencia de la República de Colombia. Nosotros no podemos perder la oportunidad de tener en Bogotá ese gran centro de conexiones. Y por supuesto, que lo haga la compañía bandera de Colombia, que es Avianca. Eso lo tiene que explicar el Gobierno a la opinión pública clara y paladinamente, sin malicias, sin cartas escondidas, y salir a defenderlo y decir por qué hay que hacerlo.
  6. ^ Simón Rodríguez Rodríguez (21 September 1989). "Sentencia del Honorable Consejo de Estado de la República de Colombia con relación al proceso número 132 que reposa en el expediente del año 1989 (ce-sec1-exp1989-n132)" [Sentence of the Honourable Council of State of the Republic of Colombia in relation to process number 132 which rests on the record of 1989 (ce-sec1-exp1989-n132)] (in Spanish). Bogotá, D.C. (Colombia): Consejo de Estado de la República de Colombia. pp. 10, 16, 5th paragraph. Archived from the original (.doc) on 2011-07-04. Desde ningún punto de vista puede abrigarse duda alguna acerca del carácter eminentemente privado de la empresa Aerovías Nacionales de Colombia AVIANCA S. A. La prueba por excelencia en este caso, como es el certificado expedido por el Secretario de la Cámara de Comercio de Barranquilla así lo determina (fls. 2 a 10). En él se lee que la empresa se constituyó por escritura pública número 2374, otorgada ante Notaría Segunda de Barranquilla, el día 5 de diciembre de 1919, registrada en el Juzgado Tercero del mismo Circuito, llamada inicialmente Sociedad Colombo – Alemana de Transportes Aéreos -SCADTA-.
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