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Slavs in Lower Pannonia

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Slavic migration and settlement during the Early Middle Ages, including the region of Pannonia.

Early Slavs settled in the eastern and southern parts of the former Roman province of Pannonia. The term Lower Pannonia[a] was used to designate those areas of the Pannonian Plain that lie to the east and south of the river Rába, with the division into Upper and Lower inherited from the Roman terminology.

From the middle of the 6th to the end of the 8th century, the region was under the domination of the Avars, while the Slavic inhabitants lived under Avar rule. By the beginning of the 9th century, after Avar Wars, that state was destroyed and replaced by the supreme rule of the Frankish Empire, which lasted until the Magyar conquest (c. 900).[1][2][3]

During the Frankish period, the region of Lower Pannonia was governed by local Slavic rulers, who were under the suzerainty of Frankish kings. Within the Frankish administrative system, the March of Pannonia was created, with direct Frankish rule exercised in Upper Pannonia through Frankish counts, while Lower Pannonia was governed as a principality by local Slavic princes, under the supreme Frankish rule. During the 9th century, Frankish domination in Lower Pannonia was also contested by the Bulgarian Empire and Great Moravia.[1][2][4]

By the 10th century, the Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin effectively split the Slavic communities in the region in two, leading to the formation of the West Slavs and the South Slavs.

Background

[edit]
Pannonia was the name of Roman provinces in the area.
Main articles: Pannonian Avars, Early Slavs, Sclaveni, Antes (people), Slavic migrations to Southeastern Europe, and Origin hypotheses of the Croats

Roman rule in Pannonian regions collapsed during the 5th century, and was replaced by subsequent domination of Huns, Ostrogoths and Lombards.[5] During the reign of Byzantine Emperor Justin II (565–578), and following the Lombard-Gepid War in 567, Pannonia was invaded by Avars who subsequently conquered almost entire Pannonian Plain (568). Although it is possible that some small Proto-Slavic groups could have arrived in the "middle of the 5th century and the time of Hunnish domination",[6] during the 6th and 7th centuries, Pannonian regions were certainly inhabited by Slavs, who were under the Avarian rule.[7][8][9]

Principality

[edit]
Principality of Lower Pannonia
Balaton Principality
Late 8th/Early 9th century–895
Realm under Braslav (Balaton Principality and Posavina)
Realm under Braslav (Balaton Principality and Posavina)
CapitalMosapurc (Zalavár), Siscia, Blatnohrad
Religion
GovernmentPrincipality
Historical eraEarly Middle Ages
• Established
Late 8th/Early 9th century
• Disestablished
895
Preceded by		 Succeeded by
Avar Khaganate
White Croatia
Kingdom of Croatia
Principality of Hungary

During the Frankish war against Avars, the Royal Frankish Annals made mention of a Wonomyrus Sclavus (Vojnomir the Slav or Zvonomir the Slav) active in 795. Eric, Duke of Friuli, sent Vojnomir with his army into Pannonia, between the Danube and Tisza, where they pillaged the Avars' dominions. The next year the Avars were defeated and Frankish power was extended further east, to the central Danube.[10] In the mid-9th century, Lower Pannonia was already inhabited by a Slavic majority (besides "Pannonian Slavs" including Dulebes and possibly some Croats[11]),[12] and Christian Avars were also found in Lower Pannonia in 873.[13]

After the destruction of the Avarian state, Pannonian Slavs came under the Frankish rule. Initially, local Slavic princes were under Frankish suzerainty, within the March of Pannonia,[14] and some of them are known from Frankish primary sources. Prince Ljudevit was mentioned in the Royal Frankish Annals as Duke of Lower Pannonia (Latin: Liudewiti, ducis Pannoniae inferioris),[15][16] having led an uprising against the Franks (811–822).[17] Their motives aren't known but it's presumed to have been led by the desire for greater autonomy.[18] He was joined by the Carantanians, Carniolans, reportedly Slavs around Salzburg and was supported by Fortunatus II [de] (Patriarch of Grado) - which was a substantial threat as their strength partly mirrored the former Avar Khaganate.[19] His stronghold was in Sisak (Latin: Siscia), former metropolis of ancient Roman province Pannonia Savia.[20][21] However, the exact boundaries of his principality are uncertain as the term of Lower Pannonian could have implied both the lands between the river Drava and Sava as well as north of them and east of them in the former Roman province Pannonia Secunda (today's Syrmia).[17] Possibly his rule expanded further to the east because in the historical sources is said to have been joined by the tribe of Timočani who lived around Timok Valley (in today's eastern Serbia). The size of the principality had to be proportional to the resources needed to rebel against the military forces of Borna of Dalmatia and Franks.[18]

After Ljudevit's failed uprising and death,[22] in 827 the Bulgars under Great Khan Omurtag invaded and conquered Lower Pannonia and parts of Frankish territories to the north.[23][24] They also installed their own governors.[25] The Bulgarian-Frankish conflict was probably spurred over the control of the tribes of Timočani and Abodrites.[25] German King Louis in 828 made a counterattack and eventually March of Friuli was divided into four counties. One of them probably was early Duchy of Croatia (which also expanded upon the territory of Sisak[26]) while Pannonia again became part of the Pannonian March, both of which vassals to East Francia.[25] The next year Bulgars made another attack but without further success, although the territory of Pannonia most probably lost its eastern part to the First Bulgarian Empire.[25]

After that, in 838 a local Slavic prince Ratimir emerged as the new ruler in Lower Pannonian regions, around rivers Drava and Sava. He probably ruled the eastern areas of Pannonia and was a Bulgar's governor.[27] To him fled Pribina, former prince of the Principality of Nitra expelled by Mojmir I of Moravia.[28] In the same year Frankish count Radbod of the East March deposed Ratimir and strengthened Frankish rule in Lower Pannonia.[29] Ratimir fled the land, and the Franks instated Slavic prince Pribina as the new ruler of Lower Pannonia.[30][27] Pribina (d. 861) was succeeded by his son, prince Kocel. During the rule of Pribina and Kocel, capital of the Principality of Lower Pannonia was Mosapurc (Mosapurc regia civitate),[31] also known in Old-Slavonic as Blatnograd (modern Zalavár near Lake Balaton).[32] The polity was a vassal principality of the Frankish Empire,[33] or according to others,[34] a frontier county (Latin: comitatus) of the Eastern Frankish Kingdom. It was initially led by a dux (Pribina) and later by a comes (Kocel) who was titled as "Count of the Slavs" (Latin: Comes de Sclauis).[14] Their authority stretched towards the northwest up to the Rába river and Ptuj, and to the southeast up to the Baranya region and the Danube river.[14] During the time of Kocel, Byzantine missionary Methodius was active in Lower Pannonia,[35] and to the same period is dated Pope John VIII's letter to uncertain dux Mutimir, commonly considered to be Mutimir of Serbia,[a] about the formation of the Diocese of Pannonia with the seat in Sirmium and which archbishop at Kocel's request was Methodius (see also Archbishopric of Moravia).[36]

The course of events by the end of the 9th century is unclear. Although still under the Frankish influence, a new threat was coming from Svatopluk I of Moravia.[36] Braslav was the last dux of Lower Pannonia between at least 884 and 896.[37] His territory initially spanned between the Drava and Sava, which he held under the overlordship of Arnulf of Carinthia. He participated in the Frankish–Moravian War, and in 895 or 896 Arnulf handed over Pannonia to him in order to secure the Frankish frontier against a new threat - the Hungarians who conquered Great Moravia.[38][39] However, the Hungarians subsequently overran all of Pannonian Basin and continued into Kingdom of Italy.[40][41]

Aftermath

[edit]

Following the rise of the Principality of Hungary in the mid 890s, and especially after Battle of Pressburg (907),[42] no further Slavic rulers were recorded in the regions of Lower Pannonia. The Hungarian conquest separated the West Slavs from the South Slavs which influenced the formation of new Slavic identities.[43] Part of Moravian Slavs also fled to the Duchy of Croatia.[40] It seems that the new border between Croatia and Hungary was north of the town of Sisak based on a recent archaeological finding of a "knez from Bojna" near Glina and that the diocese with the seat in Sisak was offered at the council of Split (928) to bishop Gregory of Nin, which could have only been possible if it was within the borders of the Kingdom of Croatia.[27] In the mid 920s, Tomislav of Croatia expanded his rule to some Lower Pannonian territories, between Sava and Drava, adding them to the Croatian kingdom.[44] Until the end of the 11th century its western border was also contested by the Holy Roman Empire,[42] and in the same time, southeastern Pannonian regions (Syrmia) were contested between Hungarians and Bulgarians throughout the 10th century. There has remained a general uncertainty and dispute over the borders between the Croatian and Hungarian states in the 10th and 11th century, with Croatian historian Ferdo Šišić and his followers assuming Tomislav of Croatia had ruled most of the area inhabited by Croats, including southern Pannonian regions (Slavonia), while the Hungarian historians Gyula Kristó, Bálint Hóman and János Karácsonyi thought the area between Drava and Sava rivers belonged neither to Croatia nor to Hungary at the time, an opinion that Nada Klaić said she would not preclude, because the generic name "Slavonia" (lit. the land of the Slavs) may have implied so.[45] However it was probably more connected and under influence of Croatia.[42] With the continued growth of population, the formation of the church and administrative organization, including the founding of the diocese of Zagreb (1094), even after Croatia entered a personal union with the Kingdom of Hungary it retained partial autonomy having governor titled as Ban of Slavonia.[46]

Archaeology

[edit]

The population's inhumation practices and rituals differed and mixed upon various cultural and ethnic influences.[47] Even after the Frankish defeat of Avars and the process of Christianization some pagan practices and rituals did not change, like a cemetery in rows, feasting at the funeral or steppe burial rite with horse and equipment.[48] Many new settlements were founded around ancient towns and one of them, Sisak, was even the seat of a Christian diocese.[49] The native and mainly sedentary Slavic population assimilated Avars and was part of Avaro-Slavic Middle-Danube culture.[50] Sedov considered that those Slavs were a mixture of Sclaveni of Prague-Korchak culture and mostly Antes of Penkovka and Ipotesti–Candesti culture with some Martinovka culture artifacts.[51] According to M. Guštin and L. Bekić, radiocarbon dating confirmed dating to late 6th and early 7th century, but although the Pannonian and near Alpine Slavs material culture had features of both Korchak and Penkovka-type, predominates Korchak-type with parallels in northern Slovenia, Austria and Hungary (among others from western Slovakia and Czechia's region of Moravia up to Ukraine, Poland, eastern Germany and Romania), indicating mostly migration to northern Croatia through the Moravian Gate between eastern Austria and western Hungary, but not excluding another migration wave from Lower and Middle Danube, upstream of the river Sava and Drava.[52][53][54][55] Later they also assimilated Hungarians, but eventually through the administrative system were linguistically assimilated by the Hungarians themselves.[56] In the 10th century, a so-called Bijelo Brdo culture was formed due to interaction with the Hungarians, located in the area of Middle Danube.[57] In the modern-day Northern Croatia, in the late 10th and early 11th century can be observed contacts between Bijelo Brdo culture, old Croatian-Dalmatian culture, Carinthian-Köttlach culture and old-Hungarian culture.[58] In Lower Pannonia were found many cemeteries which shows that the region "had a numerous population during the eleventh century".[59]

According to the craniometrical measurements and archaeological findings early Croats did not initially settle in Lower Pannonia and their relationship with Pannonian Slavs was more political rather than ethnic.[60][61] Others argue that the "Bijelo Brdo and Vukovar cemeteries can hardly be regarded evidence of a pre-Croatian Slavic population in northern Croatia" and they rather "represent a population fleeing the Magyars" during the 10th century".[62]

In Croatian historiography

[edit]

Contemporary Latin sources referred to the region as Pannonia inferior (Lower Pannonia),[37][63] and its inhabitants in general terms of Slavs and Pannonians.[17] Nevertheless a whole century under the foreign Frankish rule there did not emerge a single gens with a specific identity for the population.[40] In the 19th and 20th century Croatian historiography, the focus was usually placed on the polity between the rivers Drava and Sava. They referred to the polity as Pannonian Croatia (Croatian: Panonska Hrvatska), to describe this entity in a manner that emphasized its Croatian nature, mainly based on De Administrando Imperio (DAI) chapter 30.[64] While DAI claims that a part of the Dalmatian Croats had moved into Pannonia in the 7th century (also ruled over it and its duke had amicable relationship with the duke of Croatia), some modern analysis of sources indicate this was unlikely. According to Croatian historian Hrvoje Gračanin, the traditions and language of the Slavs of southern Pannonia did not differ from those in Dalmatia, so during the periods when Frankish sources did not record a specific ruler of Lower Pannonia, it is possible that the Croatian dukes of Dalmatia, who were also Frankish vassals at the time, extended control over the region.[64] However, the number of Croats in Lower Pannonia "must have been negligible when compared to other Slav(icized) populations",[65] and south-north migration most probably reflects Frankish imposition of Croatian elite from Dalmatia to Lower Pannonia.[66]

The Croatian name was not used in contemporary sources, until the late 9th century, rendering the name anachronistic before then,[64][67] but many toponyms deriving from the Croatian ethnonym are very old and at least from the period between 11th and 12th century.[68] While the term "Croat" was not used in sources about Pannonia, the rulers of the Trpimirović dynasty after Trpimir called themselves the rulers of the Croats and of the Slavs.[69] Since "Pannonian Croatia" politically and ethnically never existed, being a historiographical and not historical term,[70] it is abandoned in modern Croatian historiography which uses instead the term "Donja Panonija" (Lower Pannonia).[71][72][73]

Rulers

[edit]

The continuity of Slavic rulers in Lower Pannonia is unclear, and they were not consistently part of a ruling dynasty, unlike those in the north (House of Mojmir) and the south (House of Trpimir).

Monarch Reign
Vojnomir ca. 790–810

Ljudevit 		ca. 810–823
Ratimir ca. 829–838

Pribina 		ca. 846–861

Kocel 		ca. 861–876
Braslav ca. 882–896

See also

[edit]

Annotations

[edit]
  1. ^
    There exist different interpretations about the identity of dux Mutimir as in the same time lived two or three personalities with the same or similar name: Mutimir of Serbia (c. 850–891), Muncimir of Croatia (c. 892–910) and possibly unknown Mutimir who ruled in the region of Syrmia as a vassal of the First Bulgarian Empire.[36]
  1. ^ Latin: Pannonia inferior, Hungarian: Alsó-pannoniai grófság, Serbo-Croatian: Donja Panonija, Доња Панонија, Slovene: Spodnja Panonija

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b Bowlus 1995.
  2. ^ a b Goldberg 2006.
  3. ^ Luthar 2008.
  4. ^ Betti 2013.
  5. ^ Gračanin & Bilogrivić 2016, pp. 111–122.
  6. ^ Gračanin 2008b, pp. 13–54.
  7. ^ Barker 1966, pp. 214–215.
  8. ^ Budak 2018, p. 61–63, 71–72.
  9. ^ Gračanin & Bilogrivić 2016, pp. 122–130.
  10. ^ Luthar 2008, pp. 94–95.
  11. ^ Filipec 2015, pp. 29–30, 337:To je vrlo teško dokazivo, ali nije isključeno da su Hrvati, uz druge neimenovane etničke skupine koje su migrirale pod Avarima bili značajnija etnička grupa i u tom području. U Karpatskoj kotlini spominju se, recimo, Du(d)lebi ... jedini imenom posvjedočeni etnik (uz opće nazive za Avare, Slavene, Romane, Germane ili Hune, kao i pokrajinska imena Noričane ili Panonce) u Panoniji 9. st. Također je zanimljivo da se oni, prema kasnijim povijesnim izvorima, spominju u južnoj Češkoj i u Prekomurju i uz dolinu rijeke Kerke, a još poslije nalazi se toponim južno od rijeke Drave (Dulepska u Koprivničko-križevačkoj županiji). Spominju se nadalje Hrvati u Karantaniji, odnosno Koruškoj (u 10. st.), Češkoj i Poljskoj (od 10. st.), Galiciji (u 12. st.) i nekadašnjoj rimskoj provinciji Dalmaciji učestalo od 9. st., ako izuzmemo De administrando imperio (dalje u tekstu DAI) u kojem su zabilježena zbivanja iz 7. st. iako je pisan u drugoj polovini 10. st., a u Panoniji (od 10 st.).29 Sve su to poprilično kasni izvori, ali se ipak prema njima, koliko-toliko, mogu rekonstruirati kretanje, grananje i naseljavanje hrvatskog etnika uz rub Karpatske kotline. Vrlo vjerojatno su Hrvati bili prisutni i u Posavlju i u Panoniji, no izvori ih ne spominju, a sačuvani toponimi najvećim su dijelom nastali u razvijenom srednjem vijeku (polako se pojavljuju poslije sredine 12., a ponajviše poslije sredine 13. st.), kad uopće počinje pisana povijest tog dijela zemlje ... Stanovništvo Panonije bilo je heterogenog sastava; uz Slavene („panonske Slavene“, Hrvate i Duljebe), Avare, Bugare i ostatke Romana treba računati s bavarskim doseljenicima. Slaveni nesumnjivo čine većinu.
  12. ^ Belgrade (Serbia). Vojni muzej Jugoslovenske narodne armije (1968). Fourteen Centuries of Struggle for Freedom. Military Museum. p. xiv. Lower Pannonia In the middle of the ninth century, the Pannonian Slavs constituted the majority of the population of Lower Pannonia.
  13. ^ Karl Heinrich Menges (1953). An Outline of the Early History and Migrations of the Slavs. Department of Slavic Languages, Columbia University. p. 28. Christian Avars are still mentioned under the year 873 as found in Lower Pannonia.
  14. ^ a b c Luthar 2008, p. 105.
  15. ^ Pertz 1845, p. 75.
  16. ^ Scholz 1970, p. 104.
  17. ^ a b c Budak 2018, p. 180.
  18. ^ a b Budak 2018, p. 180–181.
  19. ^ Budak 2018, p. 181.
  20. ^ Pertz 1845, p. 835.
  21. ^ Scholz 1970, p. 111.
  22. ^ Budak 2018, p. 181–182.
  23. ^ Bowlus 1995, pp. 91, 06–97.
  24. ^ Goldberg 2006, pp. 49.
  25. ^ a b c d Budak 2018, p. 182.
  26. ^ Budak 2018, p. 182–183.
  27. ^ a b c Budak 2018, p. 183.
  28. ^ Budak 2018, p. 138, 183.
  29. ^ Bowlus 1995, pp. 99–100, 102, 104.
  30. ^ Goldberg 2006, pp. 83–85.
  31. ^ Bowlus 1995, pp. 204–220.
  32. ^ Szőke 2007, pp. 411–428.
  33. ^ Škvarna 2002, pp. 19–20.
  34. ^ Szőke 2007, pp. 411.
  35. ^ Budak 2018, p. 139, 184.
  36. ^ a b c Budak 2018, p. 184.
  37. ^ a b Brašnić, Mijo (1871). "Odlomci iz zemljopisa i narodopisa Hrvatske i Slavonije u 9. stoljeću". Rad Jugoslavenske Akademije Znanosti i Umjetnosti (in Croatian) (16). Zagreb: Yugoslav Academy of Sciences and Arts: 8. Pannonia inferior cum duce Braslao ad officium rediit
  38. ^ Luthar 2008, p. 110–111.
  39. ^ Budak 2018, p. 184–185.
  40. ^ a b c Budak 2018, p. 185.
  41. ^ Kos, Milko (1960). Istorija Slovenaca od doseljenja do petnaestog veka. Prosveta. p. 129.
  42. ^ a b c Filipec 2015, p. 338.
  43. ^ Budak 2018, p. 142.
  44. ^ Opća enciklopedija JLZ. Zagreb. 1982. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  45. ^ Heka, Ladislav (October 2008). "Croatian-Hungarian relations from the Middle Ages to the Compromise of 1868, with a special survey of the Slavonian issue". Scrinia Slavonica (in Croatian). 8 (1). Slavonski Brod: Croatian Historical Institute - Department of History of Slavonia, Srijem and Baranja: 155. ISSN 1332-4853. Retrieved 2012-05-10.
  46. ^ Filipec 2015, p. 338–339.
  47. ^ Budak 2018, p. 178.
  48. ^ Budak 2018, p. 178–179.
  49. ^ Budak 2018, p. 179.
  50. ^ Sedov 1995, p. 412.
  51. ^ Sedov 1995, p. 159–169.
  52. ^ Guštin 2007, p. 292–296.
  53. ^ Bekić, Luka (2012). "Keramika praškog tipa u Hrvatskoj". Dani Stjepana Gunjače 2, Zbornik radova sa Znanstvenog skupa "Dani Sjepana Gunjače 2": Hrvatska srednjovjekovna povijesno-arheološka baština, Međunarodne teme. Split: Muzej hrvatskih arheoloških spomenika. pp. 21–27. ISBN 978-953-6803-36-1.
  54. ^ Bekić, Luka (2013). "New 14C dates from Slavic settlements in northwestern Croatia". The early Slavic settlement of Central Europe in the light of new dating evidence. Wroclaw: Institute of Archaeology and Ethnology of the Polish Academy of Sciences. pp. 237–250. ISBN 978-83-63760-10-6.
  55. ^ Bekić, Luka (2016). Rani srednji vijek između Panonije i Jadrana: ranoslavenski keramički i ostali arheološki nalazi od 6. do 8. stoljeća (in Croatian and English). Pula: Arheološki muzej Istre. p. 105, 178. ISBN 978-953-8082-01-6.
  56. ^ Sedov 1995, p. 413–420.
  57. ^ Sedov 1995, p. 418–419.
  58. ^ Tomičić 2017, p. 156.
  59. ^ Curta 2006, p. 253.
  60. ^ Gračanin 2008a, p. 71–72.
  61. ^ Gračanin 2021, p. 35.
  62. ^ Sokol, Vladimir (2015). Medieval Jewelry and Burial Assemblages in Croatia: A Study of Graves and Grave Goods, ca. 800 to ca. 1450. BRILL. pp. 90, 124. ISBN 978-90-04-30674-5.
  63. ^ Balcanoslavica. Vol. 5–7. 1977. p. 114. The report refers to the uprising of Liudewitus, dux Pannoniae inferioris (Ljudevit Posavski), which was joined by the inhabitants of Carniola (Annales regni Francorum, ad a. 818 — 823).
  64. ^ a b c Gračanin 2008a.
  65. ^ Gračanin 2021, p. 26.
  66. ^ Gračanin 2021, p. 36–37.
  67. ^ Goldstein 1984, pp. 241–242.
  68. ^ Petković 2006, p. 241.
  69. ^ Fine 2005, pp. 28.
  70. ^ Gračanin 2021, p. 37.
  71. ^ "Panonska Hrvatska", Croatian Encyclopaedia (in Croatian), 2020, retrieved 30 December 2020, Panonska Hrvatska, historiografski pojam za područje koje je u IX. i X. st. uglavnom bilo omeđeno rijekama Dravom, Savom, Kupom i Sutlom te Požeškim gorjem. U istom se značenju javlja pojam Posavska Hrvatska. Iako sustavnih istraživanja razvoja terminologije nema, čini se da starija hrvatska historiografija (I. Kukuljević Sakcinski, F. Rački, T. Smičiklas, V. Klaić) uglavnom ne rabi te nazive nego, primjerice, ime Doljnja Panonija i Posavina (T. Smičiklas, Poviest Hrvatska, II, 1882) ili Slovinska zemlja (V. Klaić, Povjest Hrvata od najstarijih vremena do svršetka XIX. stoljeća, I–VI, 1899–1922). Iznimka je Š. Ljubić (O Posavskoj Hrvatskoj i o zlatnih novcih njezina zadnjega kneza Serma (1018), u Radu JAZU, 1878). Vjerojatno je pojam Panonska Hrvatska uveo F. Šišić u svojem Pregledu povijesti hrvatskoga naroda (1916), u kojem piše: »U bivšoj Savskoj Panoniji … širila se posebna oblast u kojoj je sve do XVII. stoljeća prevladavalo slavensko ime, pa joj odatle i ime Sclavonia u latinskim spomenicima, a Slovinci, Slovinje u hrvatskim; mi ćemo je zvati Panonskom Hrvatskom.« Iako ga Šišić ne rabi u svojoj Povijesti Hrvata u vrijeme narodnih vladara (1925), taj je pojam bio prihvaćen u historiografiji te se proširio napose zahvaljujući školskim udžbenicima i popularnim pregledima povijesti. Iako je u znanstvenom diskursu uglavnom napušten (primjerice: M. Barada, N. Klaić, T. Raukar, I. Goldstein, N. Budak), održao se, zajedno s terminom Posavska Hrvatska, u uporabi do danas (Hrvatski povijesni atlas Leksikografskoga zavoda Miroslav Krleža, 2003). Kao sinonim javlja se u literaturi i termin Sjeverna Hrvatska (T. Macan, Povijest hrvatskog naroda, 1992). Nijedan od spomenutih termina nije povijesni. U onodobnim se vrelima navedeno područje označavalo nazivima Pannonia, Pannonia inferior, regnum inter Savum et Dravum ili pak kao zemlja kneza koji je u određenom trenutku njome vladao.
  72. ^ Gračanin 2008a, p. 74:Za kraj vrijedi istaknuti da Panonska odnosno Posavska Hrvatska nikada nije postojala niti kao etnička niti kao politička tvorba. Protiv toga se pojma ustrajno borila još Nada Klaić, naglašavajući da je riječ o historiografskom, a ne historijskom nazivu. Taj termin može se koristiti u geografskoj funkciji u obliku "panonska/posavska Hrvatska" (tada "posavski" nosi uže značenje od "panonskog"), dok za ranosrednjovjekovnu političku tvorbu u Međurječju valja rabiti sintagmu Donja Panonija odnosno Donjopanonska ili, eventualno, Savsko-dravska kneževina (regnum inter Dravum et Savum) kako je ova oblast prozvana u Fuldskim godišnjacima (pod godinom 884).
  73. ^ Filipec 2015, pp. 17, 29, 194:Smatrao sam da nije dobro rabiti naziv Panonska ili Posavska Hrvatska iako je on bio prisutan u povijesnim raspravama od početka 20. st. jer je to historiografski pojam, ne odražava pravo stanje na terenu i nema povijesno uporište. Panonska odnosno Posavska ili Sjeverna Hrvatska ne postoji u onom smislu kako je to definirano u različitim raspravama, a pogotovo nije postojala u 9. st. ... Teza dosta dugo održana u našoj i svjetskoj povijesnoj literaturi, da se na sjeveru današnje Hrvatske i susjednih država nalazila Panonska Hrvatska, nema uporišta u izvorima ... Otuda u hrvatskoj historiografiji i pojam Panonska Hrvatska koji je doživio kritiku posebno posljednjih nekoliko desetljeća.

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