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Afro-Spaniards

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Afro-Spaniards
Portrait of Juan de Pareja (1650) by Diego Velázquez, the painting portrays Juan de Pareja, an Afro-Spanish painter.
Total population
1,322,625 (Of those ~300,000 are Black Sub-Saharan African)
Regions with significant populations
Andalusia, Catalonia, the Balearics, the Canaries, Madrid, Murcia, Valencia
Languages
Spanish; English, French, Portuguese, various languages of Africa
Religion
Predominantly Christian (mainly Roman Catholic), Sunni Islam, Traditional African religions, others, nonreligious
Related ethnic groups
African people, Spanish Equatoguinean, Cape Verdean Spanish, Afro-European

Afro-Spaniards are Spanish people of African descent namely Black or Black of mixed ancestry. The term may include Spaniards of any African background who are considered to be Black or of Black mixed ancestry mainly those of Afro-Caribbean, African American or Afro Latin American descent. The specific number of Afro-Spaniards is unknown[dubious – discuss] because the Spanish government does not collect data on ethnicity or racial self-identification.

In 2008, the largest numbers of African immigrants came from Morocco (71,141), Senegal (10,568), Algeria (5,592), Nigeria (4,855), Mali (3,502), Gambia (2,512), Equatorial Guinea (2,213), Ghana (1,922), Guinea (1,729), and Mauritania (1,577).[1]

Ceuta y Melilla are autonomous cities in Spain and not dependent of Andalusian Community. They have been Spaniards cities since centuries before the Moroccan Kingdom was founded.

Defining Afro-Spaniards

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Even though no official census data include racial or ethnic self-identification in Spain, some attempts have been made to quantify the number of Afro-Spaniards. Crossing the data of two official studies,[2][3] there are at least 1,029,944 Afro-Spaniards, of whom a 47% were born in Spain and a 71% are Spanish nationals.[4]

There are currently 1,301,296 Spanish residents who were born in countries in the African continent, excluding the 1,802,810 born in Ceuta, Melilla, and the Canary Islands, which are Spanish provinces, and, in the case of Ceuta and Melilla, autonomous cities geographically located in Africa.

Out of these, 294,343 are Spanish citizens and 1,006,953 are foreign residents. The large majority of these originate in Morocco. There are 934,046 Moroccan born residents in Spain of which 223,590 are Spaniards and 710,457 are foreign residents. However, Moroccans being North Africans, they are usually not considered as Afro-Spaniards unless they are Black Moroccans, or have visible physical features usually associated with Black peoples. Non-Moroccan African-born residents in Spain thus number 367,250 of which 70,753 are Spanish citizens and 296,497 are foreign residents.[5][6]

According to the national statistics agency, in 2019 there were 361,000 residents in Spain whose mother was born in an African country excluding Morocco. Out of these 91,000 were Spanish citizens.[7]

History

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African populations have known to exist continuously in what is now Spain since pre-Roman times,[8] with a major influx of Africans occurring during the Islamic period. African admixture – primarily Berber and Arab admixture from North Africa – is dated to the Muslim period of the Middle Age, and averages from 10 to 12% in the south and west to ~3% in the northeast, dropping to close to 0% in a cluster found in the Basque region.[9] Canary Islander Spaniards have significantly higher levels of both North African and Sub-Saharan ancestry, ranging from averages of 14% to 35% and which originates both in the indigenous Guanche people and the subsequent slave trade.[10]

Notable people

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Academics and scientists

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Artists and writers

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Explorers and conquistadores

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In entertainment and media

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Philanthropists

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Politicians

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In sports

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See also

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Sources

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  • Appiah, Kwame Anthony; Gates, Henry Louis, Jr.(1999). Africana: the Encyclopedia of African and African American Experience. Basic Civitas Books, pp. 1769–1773. ISBN 0-465-00071-1.

References

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  1. ^ Faszer-Mcmahon, Debra; Ketz, Victoria L. (9 March 2016). African Immigrants in Contemporary Spanish Texts: Crossing the Strait. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-317-18427-0.
  2. ^ http://www.igualdad.gob.es/. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  3. ^ "OBERAXE. Estudio para el conocimiento y caracterización de la comunidad africana y afrodescendiente".
  4. ^ "El 47% de los afrodescendientes que residen en España nació en el país pero sólo un 12% se siente español, según estudio". 21 March 2021.
  5. ^ "Población residente según nacionalidad y país de nacimiento del padre y la madre". Archived from the original on 28 April 2022. Retrieved 28 April 2022.
  6. ^ "Población (Españoles/Extranjeros) por país de nacimiento y sexo". Archived from the original on 28 April 2022. Retrieved 28 April 2022.
  7. ^ "Inmigración en España". Archived from the original on 27 December 2019. Retrieved 28 April 2022.
  8. ^ Olalde, Iñigo; et al. (2019). "The genomic history of the Iberian Peninsula over the past 8000 years". Science. 363 (6432): 1230–1234. Bibcode:2019Sci...363.1230O. doi:10.1126/science.aav4040. PMC 6436108. PMID 30872528.
  9. ^ Bycroft, Clare; et al. (2019). "Patterns of genetic differentiation and the footprints of historical migrations in the Iberian Peninsula". Nature Communications. 10 (1): 551. Bibcode:2019NatCo..10..551B. doi:10.1038/s41467-018-08272-w. PMC 6358624. PMID 30710075.
  10. ^ Guillen Guio, Beatriz; et al. (2019). "Genomic Analyses of Human European Diversity at the Southwestern Edge: Isolation, African Influence and Disease Associations in the Canary Islands". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 10 (1): 551. Bibcode:2019NatCo..10..551B. doi:10.1038/s41467-018-08272-w. PMC 6358624. PMID 30710075.
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