Roraiman nightjar
| Roraiman nightjar | |
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| Illustration by Keulemans, 1892 | |
Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Aves |
| Clade: | Strisores |
| Order: | Caprimulgiformes |
| Family: | Caprimulgidae |
| Genus: | Setopagis |
| Species: | S. whitelyi
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| Binomial name | |
| Setopagis whitelyi (Salvin, 1885)
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| Synonyms | |
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The Roraiman nightjar (Setopagis whitelyi) is a species of nightjar in the family Caprimulgidae. It is found in Brazil, Guyana, and Venezuela.[2]
Taxonomy and systematics
[edit]The Roraiman nightjar was described as Anstrotomus whitelyi and was later lumped into genus Caprimulgus.[3] Between the early 2010s and 2024 taxonomic systems placed it in genus Setopagis.[2][4][5][6] However, based on a study published in 2023, in late 2024 the Clements taxonomy and the South American Classification Committee of the American Ornithological Society moved it to the newly created monotypic genus Tepuiornis.[4][7][8]
The Roraiman nightjar has no subspecies.[2]
Description
[edit]The Roraiman nightjar is 21 to 22.4 cm (8.3 to 8.8 in) long. Males weigh 30 to 40 g (1.1 to 1.4 oz) and females 45 to 48 g (1.6 to 1.7 oz). The male's upperparts are blackish brown with cinnamon and grayish spots. The tail feathers are dark brown; the outermost three pairs have faint but broad pale buff bars and two pairs have large white spots at their tips. The wings are mostly dark brown with a thin white bar near the end and white spots near the body. The chin and upper throat are dark brown, the lower throat white, the breast dark brown with pale buff bars, and the belly and flanks pale buff with brown bars. The female is more brownish than blackish, the wing spots and bars are smaller and buffy instead of white, and the white spots on the tail are smaller.[3]
Distribution and habitat
[edit]The Roraiman nightjar is found in the tepui region at the junction of southeastern Venezuela, southwestern Guyana, and northernmost Brazil. It inhabits open areas such as savanna, clearings, and the edges of forest. In elevation it ranges between 1,280 and 1,800 m (4,200 and 5,900 ft) in Venezuela but has been recorded as low as 850 m (2,790 ft) in Guyana.[3]
Behavior
[edit]Feeding
[edit]The Roraiman nightjar is nocturnal. Little is known about its foraging behavior, whether it forages by sallying from the ground or a low perch and/or during continuous flight.[3]
Breeding
[edit]The Roraiman nightjar's breeding biology is unknown. It is assumed to lay one or two eggs directly on the ground like other nightjars.[3]
Vocalization
[edit]The Roraiman nightjar's song is "a burry hreeer, rising then falling in pitch, and repeated at intervals of 1-2 seconds."[3]
Status
[edit]The IUCN originally in 1988 assessed the Roraiman nightjar as Near Threatened and since 2004 as being of Least Concern. Its population size is unknown and is believed to be decreasing. The primary threat is habitat modification either intentional or by fire; the tepui vegetation when damaged does not regrow but is replaced by vegetation less suitable for the nightjar.[1]
References
[edit]- ^ a b BirdLife International (2024). "Roraiman Nightjar Setopagis whitelyi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2024. Retrieved 3 December 2024.
- ^ a b c Gill, F.; Donsker, D.; Rasmussen, P. (August 2024). "IOC World Bird List (v 14.2)". Retrieved August 19, 2024.
- ^ a b c d e f West, M. and T. S. Schulenberg (2024). Roraiman Nightjar (Tepuiornis whitelyi), version 1.1. In Birds of the World (T. S. Schulenberg, Editor). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.rornig1.01.1 retrieved December 3, 2024
- ^ a b Clements, J. F., P.C. Rasmussen, T. S. Schulenberg, M. J. Iliff, T. A. Fredericks, J. A. Gerbracht, D. Lepage, A. Spencer, S. M. Billerman, B. L. Sullivan, M. Smith, and C. L. Wood. 2024. The eBird/Clements checklist of birds of the world: v2024. Downloaded from https://www.birds.cornell.edu/clementschecklist/download/ retrieved October 23, 2024
- ^ HBW and BirdLife International (2024). Handbook of the Birds of the World and BirdLife International digital checklist of the birds of the world. Version 8.1. Available at: https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/taxonomy retrieved August 26, 2024
- ^ Remsen, J. V., Jr., J. I. Areta, E. Bonaccorso, S. Claramunt, G. Del-Rio, A. Jaramillo, D. F. Lane, M. B. Robbins, F. G. Stiles, and K. J. Zimmer. Version 28 September 2024. A classification of the bird species of South America. American Ornithological Society. https://www.museum.lsu.edu/~Remsen/SACCBaseline.htm retrieved September 29, 2024
- ^ Remsen, J. V., Jr., J. I. Areta, E. Bonaccorso, S. Claramunt, G. Del-Rio, A. Jaramillo, D. F. Lane, M. B. Robbins, F. G. Stiles, and K. J. Zimmer. Version 18 November 2024. A classification of the bird species of South America. American Ornithological Society. https://www.museum.lsu.edu/~Remsen/SACCBaseline.htm retrieved November 26, 2024
- ^ Thiago Vernaschi V. Costa, Paul van Els, Michael J. Braun, Bret M. Whitney, Nigel Cleere, Snorri Sigurðsson, and Luis Fábio Silveira (2023) "Systematic revision and generic classification of a clade of New World nightjars (Caprimulgidae), with descriptions of new genera from South America" Avian Systematics 1 (6):55–99