Caracara (subfamily)

Caracara
	Mountain caracara; Phalcoboenus megalopterus
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Aves
Order:	Falconiformes
Family:	Falconidae
Subfamily:	Polyborinae or Caracarinae
Genera
	Daptrius; Ibycter; Phalcoboenus; Caracara; Milvago;

Caracaras are birds of prey in the family Falconidae. They are traditionally placed in subfamily Polyborinae with the forest falcons,^[1] but are sometimes considered to constitute their own subfamily, Caracarinae,^[2] or classified as members of the true falcon subfamily, Falconinae.^[3] Caracaras are principally birds of South and Central America, just reaching the southern United States.

Unlike the Falco falcons in the same family, the birds in the five relevant genera are not fast-flying aerial hunters, but are comparatively slow and are often scavengers (a notable exception being the red-throated caracara).

Species

Image	Genus	Living Species
	Daptrius Vieillot, 1816	D. ater Vieillot, 1816 – black caracara
	Ibycter Vieillot, 1816	I. americanus Boddaert, 1783 – red-throated caracara (formerly in Daptrius)
	Phalcoboenus d'Orbigny, 1834	P. carunculatus Des Murs, 1853 – carunculated caracara P. megalopterus Meyen, 1834 – mountain caracara P. albogularis Gould, 1837 – white-throated caracara P. australis Gmelin, 1788 – striated caracara
	Caracara Merrem, 1826	C. plancus Miller, 1777 – Crested caracara †C. lutosa Ridgway, 1876 – Guadalupe caracara (extinct, 1903)
	Milvago Spix, 1824	M. chimachima Vieillot, 1816 – yellow-headed caracara M. chimango Vieillot, 1816 – Chimango caracara

Distribution

The caracaras are found throughout much of the Americas. The range of the crested caracara extends as far north as the states of Arizona, Texas, and Florida in the United States.^[4] In the Southern Hemisphere, the striated caracara inhabits the Falkland Islands and Tierra del Fuego, just off the coast of the southernmost tip of South America.^[5]

Taxonomy

The genus Caracara Merrem 1826 was previously known as Polyborus Vieillot 1816. Hence, the differing subfamily names Polyborinae or Caracarinae. In addition, different authors give differing scopes to the subfamily, sometimes including the forest falcons, laughing falcon, or spot-winged falconet.

Peters' checklist^[6] in 1931 listed the caracaras in their own subfamily, Polyborinae, containing Daptrius, Milvago, Phalcobœnus, and Polyborus. Ibycter americanus is included as Daptrius americanus.

Whilst recognizing "three major, deep divisions in the Falconidae",^[7] the South American Classification Committee (SACC) of the American Ornithologists' Union voted^[8] in 2007 to recognize two subfamilies: Herpetotherinae containing the forest falcons; and Falconinae containing the caracaras and true falcons.

Based on recent research in molecular genetics,^[9] John Boyd^[10] places the spot-winged falconet (Spiziapteryx) in Caracarinae, and the forest falcons in Herpetotherinae. He also comments that "many of the caracaras are closely related, and it would not be unreasonable to merge Ibycter, Milvago, and Phalcoboenus into Daptrius".

References

^ Myers, P. R.; Parr, C. S.; Jones, T.; Hammond, G. S.; Dewey, T. A. "Subfamily Polyborinae (caracaras and forest falcons)". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Archived from the original on 1 December 2007. Retrieved 21 August 2009.
^ "Check-list of North American Birds". North American Classification Committee. American Ornithologists' Union. Archived from the original on 6 June 2011. Retrieved 21 August 2009.
^ "A classification of the bird species of South America". South American Classification Committee. American Ornithologists' Union. Archived from the original on 5 October 2009. Retrieved 21 August 2009.
^ "Crested Caracara". All About Birds. Cornell Lab of Ornithology. Archived from the original on 27 November 2020. Retrieved 21 August 2009.
^ Marín, Manuel; Alejandro Kusch; David Oehler; Scott Drieschman (2006). "Distribution, Breeding and Status of the Striated Caracara (Phalcoboenus australis) (Gmelin, 1788) in Southern Chile" (PDF). Anales del Instituto de la Patagonia. 34: 65–74. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 April 2019. Retrieved 21 August 2009.
^ Peters, James Lee (1931). "Subfamily Polyborinae". Check-list of birds of the world: volume 1. Cambridge, Massachusetts, U.S.A.: Harvard University Press. Archived from the original on 12 October 2018. Retrieved 20 February 2018.
^ South American Classification Committee (8 September 2014). "A Classification of the Bird Species of South America, Part 5 (Trogoniformes to Psittaciformes)" (version 21 ed.). Archived from the original on 3 February 2014. Retrieved 22 September 2014.
^ Remsen, Van (June 2007). "Proposal (#281) to South American Classification Committee: Classification within Falconidae". Archived from the original on 19 September 2015. Retrieved 22 September 2014.
^ Fuchs, J.; Johnson, J. A.; Mindell, D. P. (2012). "Molecular systematics of the caracaras and allies (Falconidae: Polyborinae) inferred from mitochondrial and nuclear sequence data". Ibis. 154 (3): 520–532. doi:10.1111/j.1474-919x.2012.01222.x.
^ Boyd, John H. "Falconiformes". Taxonomy in Flux Checklist. Archived from the original on 11 January 2021. Retrieved 26 September 2014.

External links

"Caracara videos on the Internet Bird Collection". Archived from the original on 21 August 2013. Retrieved 30 July 2009.
"Caracara of Florida". 13 December 2009. Archived from the original on 13 December 2009. Retrieved 27 July 2024. Information on Florida caracara

[1] Myers, P. R.; Parr, C. S.; Jones, T.; Hammond, G. S.; Dewey, T. A. "Subfamily Polyborinae (caracaras and forest falcons)". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Archived from the original on 1 December 2007. Retrieved 21 August 2009.

[2] "Check-list of North American Birds". North American Classification Committee. American Ornithologists' Union. Archived from the original on 6 June 2011. Retrieved 21 August 2009.

[3] "A classification of the bird species of South America". South American Classification Committee. American Ornithologists' Union. Archived from the original on 5 October 2009. Retrieved 21 August 2009.

[4] "Crested Caracara". All About Birds. Cornell Lab of Ornithology. Archived from the original on 27 November 2020. Retrieved 21 August 2009.

[5] Marín, Manuel; Alejandro Kusch; David Oehler; Scott Drieschman (2006). "Distribution, Breeding and Status of the Striated Caracara (Phalcoboenus australis) (Gmelin, 1788) in Southern Chile" (PDF). Anales del Instituto de la Patagonia. 34: 65–74. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 April 2019. Retrieved 21 August 2009.

[6] Peters, James Lee (1931). "Subfamily Polyborinae". Check-list of birds of the world: volume 1. Cambridge, Massachusetts, U.S.A.: Harvard University Press. Archived from the original on 12 October 2018. Retrieved 20 February 2018.

[SACCBaseline05-7] South American Classification Committee (8 September 2014). "A Classification of the Bird Species of South America, Part 5 (Trogoniformes to Psittaciformes)" (version 21 ed.). Archived from the original on 3 February 2014. Retrieved 22 September 2014.

[SACCprop281-8] Remsen, Van (June 2007). "Proposal (#281) to South American Classification Committee: Classification within Falconidae". Archived from the original on 19 September 2015. Retrieved 22 September 2014.

[Fuchs2012-9] Fuchs, J.; Johnson, J. A.; Mindell, D. P. (2012). "Molecular systematics of the caracaras and allies (Falconidae: Polyborinae) inferred from mitochondrial and nuclear sequence data". Ibis. 154 (3): 520–532. doi:10.1111/j.1474-919x.2012.01222.x.

[TiF-Falc-10] Boyd, John H. "Falconiformes". Taxonomy in Flux Checklist. Archived from the original on 11 January 2021. Retrieved 26 September 2014.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

Taxon identifiers
Caracarinae	Wikidata: Q4583899 Wikispecies: Caracarinae Paleobiology Database: 432051
Polyborinae	Wikidata: Q1863575 Wikispecies: Polyborinae ADW: Polyborinae CoL: K6R ITIS: 823972 Paleobiology Database: 99067