Central Hessian

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The Central Hessian dialect is a German dialect subgroup of the Hessian branch of Central German.[1][2] It has only partly undergone the High German (HG) consonant shift but has had a different vowel development than most other German dialects.

Location[edit]

The dialect is spoken around the center of the German state of Hesse.[3][4]

Phonetics and development from Middle High German[edit]

The dialect sounds softer than HG and often „glues“ words together. It also is hard to understand for non-natives, fellow Germans as well.

Vowels[edit]

Monophthongs
front central back
high i: ɪ u: ʊ
mid e: ɛ ə o: ɔ

ɔ:

low a: a

Diphthongs: aɪ̯ aʊ̯ ɛɪ̯ ɔʊ̯ ɔɪ̯

Consonants[edit]

Structure: /_V - V_V - V_/
bilabial labiodental alveolar postalveolar lateral velar*
strong /p-b-p/ /f-v-f/ /d/ /k-g-k/
soft (after back vowel) /b-v-b/ /v/ /d-ɾ-d/ /g-ɣ-x/
soft (after front vowel) /g-(ɟ)-(ç)/
continuous /m/ /n/ /l/ /ŋ/
hissing (after back vowel) /z-z-s/ /ts-dz-ts/ /ʃ-ʒ-ʃ/ /tʃ~dʒ~tʃ/ /h-ɣ-x/
hissing (after front vowel) /h-ʒ-ʃ/

The „R“ can be realised as a bunch of different phonemes, some dialects use the uvular trill, some the velar, some the alveolar, some do the english r and others just tap.

Development[edit]

Central Hessian did partake only partially in the HG consonant shift and later further underwent a general gradation process for almost all consonants.

Between vowels

  • all voiceless consonants are voiced
  • voiced consonants become (voiced) fricatives, /d/ shifts to [ɾ]

In general

  • /h/ from /k/ develops a vowel to consonant harmony; becomes [ʃ~ʒ] after front vowels and [x~ɣ] after back vowels
  • /g/ also develops this harmony but tends to elide after front vowels, only to merge with /h/ after back vowels

HG consonant shift (partially) + Further consonant gradation[edit]

T

t_ > ts_

_tt_ > _ss_ > _[z:]_

_t_ > _ts_ > _[dz:]_

_t > _s

K

k_ >! k_

_kk_ > X > _[g:]_

_k_ > _[x/ç]_ > _[ɣ/ʒ]_

_k > _[x/ç] > _[x/ʃ]

P

p_ >! p_

_pp_ >! _pp_ > _[b:]_

_p_ > _f_ > _[v]_

_p > _f

D

d_ >! d_

_d_ > _t_ > _[d]_

_d > _t

Ð

ð_ > d_

_ð_ > _d_ > _[ɾ]_

_ð > _d

B

b_ >! b_

_b_ >! _b_ > _[v]_

_b >! _b

G

g_ >! g_

_g_ >! _g_ > _[ɣ/(ɟ)]_

_g >! _g > _[x/(ç)]

S

s_ > [z]_

sC_ > [ʃC]_

_s_ > _[z]_

_rs_ > _[Rʃ]_ > _[Rʒ]_

_rs > _[Rʃ]

Development from MHG onwards[edit]

Diphthongisation[edit]

Like in modern HG long î and û underwent diphthongisation.

î > ai

like in „t͡sa͜ɪt“ MHG zît - time, and

û > au

like in „bɾa͜ʊɣə“ MHG brûchen - to need

MHG diphthongs[edit]

Unlike HG the old diphthongs did not merge with diphthongizing long vowels but merged together instead:

ei, eu, ou > â

some other diphthongs switched within

ie > ei

uo > ou (with some exceptions becoming u)

iu > oi (more consistent than HG)

Vowel heightening[edit]

In contrast to HG long ô, â and ê did not remain unchanged, they shifted to the now vacant position of the long high vowels.

ê > î

ô > û

Since long ô was now also vacant, â also shifted.

â > ô

Endings[edit]

All MHG inflectional endings were shortened.

-ən > -ə [en]

-ə > -◌ [e]

Other changes[edit]

It has to be mentioned tho, that this is only the basic development and every dialect may have some small changes. Short open i in some dialects shifted to [ɛ], short u to [ɔ]. Old long i in some dialects behaves differently and became oi in word final position or was simply shortened: "enoi"/"enin" - "hinein"

The development of vowels before "r" is especially tricky, because younger generations tend to not pronounce it in coda position. It may follow the same patterns as if there would be no „r“, shifting further towards the evolving vowel realisation; "durch" [dɔrʃ~dɔʃ] (through) or even further away from it; "erst" [irʃt~iɐʃt] (first).

Vowel development as a chainshift[edit]

As a huge number of vowels shifted due to different reasons, their route of changing forms a chain of vowels supplementing each other.

Grammar[edit]

The dialect basically features the same grammar as High German. Verbs inflect for person, number and tense and periphrastically for mood and aspect. Pronouns to a higher degree than nouns inflect for case and number.

There are four cases and two numbers.

Pronouns[edit]

"Before a consonant/before a vowel", this also depends on the dialect. Pronouns like in Dutch and Italian have a strong and a weak form ( > ), whether or not they are focused on and where they locate in the sentence; the weak forms glue to their surroundings and are often used for the direct object. All in all, the weak forms are steadily replacing the strong forms with each generation:

"mahhemir" > "mahheme" > "mâme" > "mamme" = We make (in VS word order)

1st sg pl
nom. aih > ih mir > me
poss. ma(i)/min usser > usse
dat. mir > me us
acc. mih
2nd sg pl
nom. dau > de ir > e
poss. da(i)/din oier > oie
dat. dir > de oih
acc. dih

HG "Duzen".

2nd polite
nom. sei > se
acc.
poss. irn
dat. îne

The 2nd polite triggers 3rd pl forms on the verb. HG "Siezen".

3rd sg m sg n sg f sg "one" pl
nom. er > e dés > es sei > se ma dei > de
acc. în > in ân
poss. sa(i)/sin ir âm sa(i)/sin dêne ir
dat. îm > im âm dêne

Verbs[edit]

Suffix chart:

sg pl
1st -X -e
2nd -st -t
3rd -t -e

Present[edit]

Verb in the present often show a simple ablaut system, where the plural forms take the stem vowel, whilst the singular may trigger a mutation. In some dialects or as a consequence of hypercorrections this ablaut spreads to new forms.

To come sg pl
1st kum kumme
3rd kimt
2nd kimst kumt

The mutation can also involve the consonant; in the following examples from /h/ [x~ɣ] to /h/ [ʃ] and from /g/ [x~ɣ] to /ɡ/ [ç~ʝ] or [◌].

To make sg pl To say sg pl
1st mah mahhe sâg sâge
3rd meht sê(g)st
2nd me(h)st maht sê(g)t sâ(g)t

The verb "to be" is irregular

To be sg pl
1st sa(i) sa(i)/sin
3rd is
2nd sast sait

Past[edit]

Although there is an equivalent to the German "Imperfekt", it is much more preferred to use the periphrastic "Haben/Sein-Perfekt". It is constructed by using the forms of "to have" (or "To be", if the verb describes an action of moving around and is unchangeably intransitive) in the present tense in combination with the past-participle form which is often highly irregular, but in theory should stick to the blueprint "geSTEMt".

To have sg pl
1st hû/hun
3rd h(a/o/u)st hû/hun
2nd h(a/o/u)t h(a/o/u)(b/n)t

As one of the most used verbs, „to have“ is not only highly irregular but also easily adopted from other dialects or HG, which means, that this table is only one of many possibilities.

Examples of the past participle:

come - gekumme

said - gesâ(g)t

seen - gesî

been - gewêse

done - gedô

made - gemaht

Conjunctive[edit]

The Present Conjunctive is produced by using the present conjunctive forms of the verb "to do" in combination with the infinitive (identical to the 3rd person plural).

would do sg pl
1st dêt dête
3rd dê(d)st
2nd dêt dêtet

The Past Conjunctive is produced by using the present conjunctive forms of the verbs "to have" and "to be" in combination with the past participle. The same distinction is made as in the past.

would have sg pl
1st hét hétte
3rd
2nd hétst héttet
would be sg pl
1st wêr wêrn
3rd
2nd wêrst wêrt

Passive[edit]

The Passive mood is formed by using the verb "to get" in the particular tense.

Contrary to HG and English, tho, no special case switch is necessary to denote the roles anew.

English: I say it. It is said to me.

HG: Ich sage es. Es wird mir gesagt.

Central Hessian: Aih sâg‿es. Aih krei‿es gesât.

To get sg pl
1st krei kreie
3rd kreit
2nd kreist kreit

Present: ToGet + infinitive

Present Conjunctive: WouldDo + participle + "kreie"

Past: ToHave/ToBe + participle + "gekreit"

Past Conjunctive: WouldHave/WouldBe + participle + "gekreit"

Nouns[edit]

Nouns seldom inflect for case anymore. This is instead done by the definite and indefinite articles, which also can help to differentiate gender (m, f, n). Like pronouns, articles have a strong and a weak form, the strong serves as demonstrative pronoun or number respectfully whilst the weak is purely grammatical.

Definite Article
m n f pl
nom. der > de dés > es dei > de
acc. dên > en
poss. dêm __ sa(i)/sin > em __ sa(i)/sin der __ ir/irn > de __ ir/irn dêne __ ir/irn > de __ ir/irn
dat. dêm > em der > de dêne > de
Indefinite Article
m n f pl
nom. ân > en âne > e (e par)
acc.
dat âm > em er > e
poss. âm __ sa(i)/sin > em __ sa(i)/sin er __ ir/irn > e __ ir/irn (e par) __ ir/irn

Plurality is marked via the suffix -e (dâg, dâge = day, days), rarely -er (haus, hoiser) or Umlaut alone (kau, koi = cow, cows).

Central Hessian employs diminutives more often than Standard German: wuz = pig, but wuzzî (little pig is used instead). The suffixes are -sje (HG -chen), the rare -l(a(i)) (HG -lein) and -î (no equivalent), both former ones may trigger Umlaut (boub, baube, boibsje = boy, boys, little boy). Diminutives indicate no number on their ending alone. The difference between -sje and -î is that -sje is used after single plosives preferredly whilst -î is used after consonant clusters and sibilants (kaz, kézzî = cat, kitten; haus, hoisî = house, small house).

Comparison with New High German[edit]

Here two Examples of the dialect; the differences between the dialects of the villages of Ostheim and Heldenbergen in the city of Nidderau, only two kilometres away from each other.

Ostheim (Uustim): "Wû witten da klîhâ hî hû?" HG: "Wo willst du dein Kleeheu hin haben?" - Where do you want to have your clover hay put?

Heldenbergen (Helbische): "Wû wisten da hâ hî hû?" HG: "Wo willst du dein Heu hin haben?" - Where do you want to have your hay put?

The dialect has a large corpus of inherent dialectal Westgermanic vocabulary, latin and french borrows, and imports from other dialects after the Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–1950) from other territories.

examples
Hessian High German French* English
retûr zurück retour back
wutz Sau boar
watz Eber male pig
trottwa Gehweg trottoir sidewalk
gaul Pferd horse cp. HG Gaul
kolter Decke blanket
kordel Schnur
stub Wohnung cp. Stube
hinkel Huhn chicken
pén/sjoul Schule school from Latin "penna" - quill
simpel einfach simple cp. simpel
deetz/kopp Kopf tête head
kneipsje Messer(-chen) knife

But it does not have to use different words to be quite incomprehensible, because shared lexemes are hard to recognise as a result of several vowel shifts.

Hessian High German English
dau du thou (you)
dou tun do
kou Kuh cow
aih ich I
stî stehen stand
âg Auge eye
uv auf up
pan Pfanne pan

References[edit]

  1. ^ Birkenes, Magnus Breder; Fleischer, Jürg (2019-09-23). 14. Zentral-, Nord- Und Osthessisch (in German). De Gruyter Mouton. doi:10.1515/9783110261295-014. ISBN 978-3-11-026129-5. S2CID 213606048.
  2. ^ "Vorüberlegungen". www.syhd.info. Retrieved 2022-06-23.
  3. ^ "Zweite Lautverschiebung in Deutsch | Schülerlexikon | Lernhelfer". www.lernhelfer.de (in German). Retrieved 2022-06-23.
  4. ^ Babbel.com; GmbH, Lesson Nine. "Gibt es eine Sprachgrenze zwischen Ost- und Westdeutschland?". Das Babbel Magazin (in German). Retrieved 2022-06-23.