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Kishu mikan

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(Redirected from Citrus kinokuni)
"Cherry orange" redirects here. For African cherry oranges, see Citropsis.
A sweet orange (largest), another variety of mikan, or mandarin orange (middling), and a kishu mikan (smallest)

The kishu mikan (Citrus kinokuni ex Tanaka), from Japanese Kishū mikan (紀州蜜柑), is a hybrid variety of mikan, or mandarin orange (Citrus reticulata), found in Southern China and also grown in Japan.[1]

The fruit is also known as Baby Mandarin, Tiny Tangerine, Mini Mandarin and Kishu Mandarin. It is sold under the brand name "Cherry Orange" in Europe. It is shaped like a mandarin, between 25 and 50 mm (0.98 and 1.97 in) in diameter. The fruit's orange skin is thin and smooth.

Some varieties of kishu,[2] such as the mukaku kishu, are seedless.[3] The species is used in creating seedless hybrid citrus.[4] The largest variety is the hira kishu.[3]

Taxonomy

[edit]
See also: Mandarin orange § Genetics and origin

Under the Tanaka system of citrus taxonomy, the kishu mikan was catagorized as a separate species named Citrus kinokuni, while the Swingle system grouped it with other pure and hybrid mandarins as a single species, Citrus reticulata. It may also be called the Kinokuni group. In the 2010s, genetic sequencing allowed resolution of taxonomic debate, placing kishus and a number of other mandarin varieties as mutated clones of one another. All of them are the offspring of a single mildly-hybrid citrus (citrus plants generally hybridize freely). See Kishu mikan#Relatives below.

History

[edit]
  • looking down past the branches of mandarins fruiting on walled terraces, along extremely steep hillsides falling away to the floodplain of an estuary which flows into the page and to the right, where the sea can just be seen; the seaward floodplain is heavily urbanized, but the city is small, and the nearby floodplain has significant greenspace. On the far side of the valley, less-steep uncultivated north-facing hillsides rise.
    Mandarins (actually Arida mandarins, not kishu mandarins) being grown on the steep hillsides above the city of Arida.
  • Kishu mandarin trees shading the grave of Kinokuniya Bunzaemon, a merchant who exported kishus to Edo.
    Kishu mandarin trees shading the grave of Kinokuniya Bunzaemon, a merchant who exported kishus to Edo.

The fruit is thought to have arisen in Southern China; it is believed to have been grown since the 700s.[5] Its name was recorded in the records of Jianchang during the Ming Dynasty, and its agricultural growth is widespread in Jiangxi province.[6] The variety was introduced to Japan around 1200.[5]

The Kishū Tokugawa family, the Kishu branch of the influential Tokugawa clan, ruled Kishū Domain, and is said to have promoted the farming of mandarins on the hillsides around Arida, which were too steep to be readily terraced for rice production. Kinokuniya Bunzaemon (1669-1734) grew rich transporting the fruit to Edo (modern-day Tokyo).[7] The scientific term "kinokuni [citrus] group" refers to kishu mandarins. Kishu mandarins remained the most popular citrus in Tokyo until the 1800s.[5]

Kishu mikan were introduced to America in the 1800s but were not widely known.[5] A seedless cultivar was developed for commercial production starting in 1983 at the University of California Citrus Research Center, and the fruit is now commercially available at specialty markets throughout California.[8][9] It was first grown commercially in the US in the 1990s,[5] and started to be widely grown in the US around 2010.[2]

The fruit became commercially available in Europe in 2006. It is also grown in Australia.[5]

Eating

[edit]
Peeled kishu mikan; note fingers for scale.

Picked but unpeeled, kishu mandarins will keep for a week at room temperature, up to twice that when refrigerated.[10]

The fruit is enveloped in a thin skin (0.11 cm or 0.043 in thick[citation needed]) which secretes a mildly aromatic oil. It peels easily. The skin is dried as chenpi and used as seasoning, for instance in shichimi togarashi[10] and chocolate.[11]

The fruit usually has 7–14 sections.[10] The alba (white lining of the skin) tends to come away cleanly with the skin, and the membranes between the segments are very thin. The cell walls within the segments are imperceptibly thin.[12] Some varieties are seedless; others have seeds.[2]

The taste is bright, juicy,[13][10] sweet and rich but not notably tangy;[12] the acidity is balanced by the high sweetness (11-14 Brix).[10] The candy-like taste, loose peel, and small size make kishu mandarins popular with children.[2][12][10]

Cultivation

[edit]
Tree wrapped in polythene, standing just outside a door which is about as tall and wide as the tree; if it were unwrapped, it might be wider than the door. Topmost 20cm or so is unwrapped, and consists of vertical shoots with no fruit. The rest of the tree is heavily fruited: more than 200 mandarins are visible, and there might easily be more than 500 on the tree. Pot has decorative patterns of yellow-on-brown glaze; it is about 45cm tall and bulges in the center to about 35cm across.
~2m/7ft-tall potted mandarin tree, possibly a kishu mandarin. Potted kishu trees do not grow much bigger than this.
Closeup of a tiny mandarin fruit and adjacent green developing fruit; thin skin outlines bulging segments
Fruiting mandarin, possibly a kishu mandarin, from the size, in Heidelberg, Germany. 2010

Kishu mandarin trees are commonly planted in household gardens in Japan, and grown in greenhouses, pots on balconies, sunny rooms, and commercial orchards.[5]

They are small evergreen and perennial trees; they can live for centuries.[5] Trees are often sold when about knee-high.[14] They grow rapidly to a size of about 4 feet (1.2 meters) in diameter and 10 feet (3.0 m) in height[5] (in pots, shorter: 7–8 ft or 2.1–2.4 m[14]).

Budding blossoms, April 2022, coastal Portugal.

The trees flower abundantly in spring, around April in the northern hemisphere. Trees are self-fertile;[15] manual transfer of pollen between blossoms (even just by shaking the branches) can improve yield. Trees thrive in high humidity but require well-drained soil. They require five hours of sun each day and will grow well and fruit in temperatures ranging from 55–75 °F (13–24 °C). If grown in containers, they can be taken indoors at night.[5]

There is some disagreement about their degree of cold-hardiness. They are moderately cold-hardy citrus, but it is said of the seedless mukakukishu variety that trees should be taken indoors or wrapped in a frost cloth when temperatures fall below either freezing,[16] or 20 °F (−7 °C). It is said of the same variety that they are cold-hardy down to 5 °C (41 °F)[17] or −10 °F (−23 °C). It is said that that it can be grown in patio pots in hardiness zone 4-11, and in zones 8-11 outdoors,[18] or in zones 3-11 patio and 8-11 outdoors,[19] or in zones 9-10.[20] Kishu mikan trees may be grafted onto various rootstocks.[21][17][14] Rootstock hardiness may affect tree hardiness.

Harvest of the mukaku-kishu mikan.

The fruit grows to 1–2 in (25–51 mm) in size and is harvested in mid-winter; in the Northern Hemisphere, this is November to February, depending on the local climate. Trees may fruit in their first year and typically yield 88 lb (40 kg) of fruit annually.[5]

When the fruit is left on the tree for too long, it can lose its flavor,[5] with the fruit becoming puffy and losing its acidity. Older trees may produce smaller fruits.[2]

The fruit needs to be handled with care to avoid damage; it is usually picked by hand.[10] Its small size makes harvesting and sorting it more labour-intensive per unit weight.[2]

[edit]

Seedless varieties are popular in the United States, but were traditionally considered unlucky in Japan, where seeded varieties are preferred in the belief that the seeds represent family members and descendants.[10][7] Kishu mandarins became traditional Christmas gifts in Canada, a custom which probably spread from the Japanese immigrant community.[22]

Relatives

[edit]
Main article: Citrus taxonomy

Kishu mandarins are often propagated as budwood grafts,[21] like other citrus (many can also reproduce asexually through apomixis). This means that all specimens of a citrus cultivar (citrus variety) are essentially clones of one another. Some of these clones mutate, somatic mutations that form bud sports; useful sports are then widely propagated by humans as new cultivars. A large number of mandarin varieties have been found to be mutant clone-siblings of kishu mandarins. These include:[23]

  • Nanfengmiju
  • Kishus
    • Common Kishu
    • Hira Kishu (large)
    • Kishu mikan Ihara Ichijoji
    • Mukaku Kishu (popular seedless kishu)
  • Komikans
    • Hisago komikan
    • Komikan Fukuyama (Kinkou pearl)
    • Komikan Kawachi
    • Komikan Tensui
    • Ozaki komikan
    • Sakurajima komikan Matsuura
    • Sakurajima komikan senbatsu
    • Sakurajima komikan Shirahama
  • Kouda mikan
  • Taka mikan

See also

[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Citrus Kinokuni group.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ http://sciencelinks.jp
  2. ^ a b c d e f Karp, David (13 January 2010). "The Seedless Kishu, a small but mighty mandarin". Los Angeles Times.
  3. ^ a b "Kishu". citrusvariety.ucr.edu.
  4. ^ Chavez, Dario J.; Chaparro, José X. (1 May 2011). "Identification of Markers Linked to Seedlessness in Citrus kinokuni hort. ex Tanaka and Its Progeny Using Bulked Segregant Analysis". HortScience. 46 (5): 693–697. doi:10.21273/HORTSCI.46.5.693. ISSN 0018-5345.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l "The History of the Kishu Mandarin". 12 April 2022.
  6. ^ Deng, Xiuxin; Yang, Xiaoming; Yamamoto, Masashi; Biswas, Manosh Kumar (2020-01-01), Talon, Manuel; Caruso, Marco; Gmitter, Fred G. (eds.), "Chapter 3 - Domestication and history", The Genus Citrus, Woodhead Publishing, pp. 33–55, doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-812163-4.00003-6, ISBN 978-0-12-812163-4, S2CID 214015638, retrieved 2023-01-18
  7. ^ a b "Kitsumoto Jinja - The "Mandarin" Shrine - Japan Airlines". jal.japantravel.com. Retrieved 27 October 2024.
  8. ^ "kishu". University of California Riverside Citrus Variety Collection. Archived from the original on 2019-04-25. Retrieved 2016-12-19.
  9. ^ "Kishu Tangerine". Specialty Produce.
  10. ^ a b c d e f g h "Kishu Mandarins". specialtyproduce.com. Retrieved 27 October 2024.
  11. ^ File:Chocolate coated citrus peel 01.jpg
  12. ^ a b c Alder, Greg (14 January 2022). "Satsuma vs. Kishu: Comparing two early mandarins". Greg Alder's Yard Posts: Southern California food gardening. Retrieved 27 October 2024.
  13. ^ Borunda, Alejandra (16 February 2017). "The Fruit I Wait All Year to Eat". Bon Appétit. Retrieved 27 October 2024.
  14. ^ a b c "Kishu Semi-Dwarf Mandarin Tree". Four Winds Growers. Retrieved 27 October 2024.
  15. ^ "Mandarin Kishu". Pépinière Casse-Noisette. Retrieved 27 October 2024.
  16. ^ "All About the Kishu Mandarin Tree". Four Winds Growers. Retrieved 27 October 2024.; 32°F is 0 Celsius, freezing temperature.
  17. ^ a b "Seedless Kishu". Tropic of Canada. Retrieved 27 October 2024.
  18. ^ "Kishu Mandarin Tree for Sale - Buying & Growing Guide". trees.com. Retrieved 27 October 2024.
  19. ^ "Kishu Mandarin Tree". Fast-growing Trees. Retrieved 27 October 2024.
  20. ^ "Kishu mikan" (PDF). Grower's Outlet. Retrieved 27 October 2024.
  21. ^ a b "Seedless Kishu mandarin | Givaudan Citrus Variety Collection at UCR". citrusvariety.ucr.edu. Retrieved 27 October 2024.
  22. ^ a b "CPW Celebrates 20 Years of Churchill Orchard's Kishu Mandarin Magic". Co-op Partners Warehouse. 24 January 2024. Retrieved 27 October 2024.
  23. ^ a b Shimizu, Tokurou; Kitajima, Akira; Nonaka, Keisuke; Yoshioka, Terutaka; Ohta, Satoshi; Goto, Shingo; Toyoda, Atsushi; Fujiyama, Asao; Mochizuki, Takako; Nagasaki, Hideki; Kaminuma, Eli; Nakamura, Yasukazu (2016). "Hybrid Origins of Citrus Varieties Inferred from DNA Marker Analysis of Nuclear and Organelle Genomes". PLOS ONE. 11 (11): e0166969. Bibcode:2016PLoSO..1166969S. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0166969. PMC 5130255. PMID 27902727.
  24. ^ Wu, Guohong Albert; Terol, Javier; Ibanez, Victoria; et al. (February 2018). "Genomics of the origin and evolution of Citrus". Nature. 554 (7692): 311–316. Bibcode:2018Natur.554..311W. doi:10.1038/nature25447. hdl:20.500.11939/5741. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 29414943.
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