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Battle Organization of Russian Nationalists

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Battle Organization of Russian Nationalists
Боевая организация русских националистов
Founded2007
Years active2007–2011
EthnicityRussian
Leader(s)
ActivitiesMurder
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The Battle Organization of Russian Nationalists (Russian: Боевая организация русских националистов) or the Combat Organization of Russian Nationalists, often abbreviated as BORN (Russian: БОРН), was a Russian neo-Nazi group based out of Moscow. Members were accused of a series of murders and attempted murders, leading to the deaths of at least ten people.

Background

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See also: Neo-Nazism in Russia § Post-Soviet period

BORN was one of the numerous far-right groups that arose in post-Soviet Russia between the late 1990s and early 2000s.[1][2] This trend was seen as a direct result of the economic, cultural and social changes in Russian society that came following the dissolution of the Russian SFSR and the Soviet Union.[3]

Numerous extremist cells similar to BORN participated in militaristic training and embarked on violent campaigns of attacks towards their perceived opponents: typically non-Slavic immigrants, radical anti-fascist protesters, Jewish persons, left-wing activists who opposed racism, ethnic Gypsies, members of the LGBT community, Muslims - and, to a lesser extent, civilians with stigmatized lifestyle situations such as transients or prostitutes.[4][5][6]

Formation

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Ilya Goryachev [ru] and Nikita Tikhonov founded the group in 2007.[7][8][9]: 9  Goryachev had previously been the leader of the Russian Image organization in the early 2000s.[10] Goryachev was reported to have Kremlin contacts.[9][11] Goryachev and Tikhonov had met at Moscow’s Historical Library in 2002.[9]: 40  It was the militant wing of the Russian Image (Russkii obraz) organization.[12]

It is alleged that Goryachev maintained connections with high-ranking Kremlin personnel in Russia’s presidential administration who knowingly turned a blind eye to the group's illicit actions.[9] This theory goes on to insinuate that the Russian government officials were attracted to Goryachev and BORN's extreme patriotic support for the nation and some of the overlapping ideals that the Russian government shared with them - such as Anti-LGBT rhetoric.[13] Goryachev would later appear in public wearing a shirt which celebrated Russia's 2014 annexation of Crimea.[14]

Crimes

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Under the direction of Goryachev, several murders were committed by members of BORN. Such homicides had been carried out with the intent to spread far-right ideals as well as propagate fear amongst their political adversaries. Not all of BORN's followers approved of such killings, however - as some of its members claimed they merely wanted the group to simply be a political organization rather than an extremist paramilitary gang of combatants.[15] The actions of the group involved numerous murders and attempted murders, leading to the deaths of at least ten people.[14][16]

On the early morning of October 10th, 2008, 27-year-old Antifa leader and anti-racist Trojan skinhead Fyodor "Nok" Filatov was approached by four to eight BORN members armed with knives who cornered the unsuspecting Filatov as he was departing from his apartment building on his way to work. He would end up dying later that day in a Moscow-area hospital via the lethal stab wounds he sustained from the attack. Two days after Fyodor Filatov's murder, the group promptly boasted about killing him on neo-Nazi internet forums.[17]

A human rights lawyer and a journalist, Stanislav Markelov and Anastasia Baburova, were gunned down by BORN member Nikita Tikhonov in broad daylight on 19 January 2009.[18][19][20] This drew the group international attention.[21][22]

Alexei Korshunov, a member of the group, was suspected of killing Ivan Khutorskoy, and fled to Zaporizhzhia, Ukraine.[23][24] Khutorskoy, the leader of a local Antifa faction, was shot twice in his head inside his apartment building. Korshunov later died in September 2011, having blown himself up with a grenade he was carrying.[12][24]

On 16 November 2009 an outspoken anti-fascist activist, Ilya Dzhaparidze was killed after being ambushed by BORN militants who were equipped with knives and air pistols.[25][26] In addition to his antifascist stance, Dzhaparidze was also thought to be targeted by the group because of his ethnicity.

On 12 April 2010, federal city court judge Eduard Chuvashov [ru] of the Moscow City Court, who handed down a verdict in the case of the murders of Markelov and Baburova, was murdered on by BORN member Alexei Korshunov, who fired gunshots into his chest and head..[20][27][28] Chuvashov was selected by the group on account that he had issued numerous guilty verdicts on dozens of high-profile criminal cases involving hate crimes.[29] Prior to his demise, many Russian far-right political figures and like-minded untranationalist organizations similar to BORN had called for Eduard Chuvashov to be killed.[30][31]

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Ryno and Skachevsky were sentenced on 7 April 2010. As they were both under the age of majority, neither could be sentenced to more than ten years in prison.[32] After the arrests of Khasis and Tikhonov in November 2009, the group ceased its activities, and disbanded entirely in 2010.[12]

In 2011, Tikhonov, one of the organization's leaders and founders, was sentenced to life imprisonment for the murders of Markelov and Baburova, and his roommate Yevgenia Khasis received 18 years in a penal colony.[19][33] The court ordered a review of the case in 2021.[34] In April 2015, Maxim Baklagin and Vyacheslav Isayev were sentenced to life imprisonment, and Mikhail Volkov was sentenced to 24 years in prison.[35] In July 2015 Goryachev was sentenced to life imprisonment for organizing a gang, five murders, and arms trafficking.[8][36] During the trials, the defendants repeatedly claimed that BORN did not exist.[37]

The members of BORN were charged with racketeering, illicit arms trafficking and several counts of mission-oriented killings, in addition to attempted murder of law enforcement personnel.[38] The Supreme Court of Russia sentenced Goryachev to life imprisonment on 24 July 2015 after he was found guilty for ordering five killings, creating and running an extremist cell, and illegal possession of firearms.[39]

References

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  1. ^ Enstad, Johannes Due (2018). "Right-Wing Terrorism and Violence in Putin's Russia" (PDF). Perspectives on Terrorism. 12 (6): 89–103. ISSN 2334-3745. JSTOR 26544645.
  2. ^ Horvath, Robert (23 February 2022). "Russia's long history of neo-Nazis". La Trobe University.
  3. ^ Ellis, Anthony (1 September 2008). "Origins and Development of Racist Skinheads in Moscow". In Gemert, Frank van; Peterson, Dana; Lien, Inger-Lise (eds.). Street Gangs, Migration and Ethnicity (1st ed.). Cullompton: Willan. pp. 97–114. ISBN 978-1-84392-397-8.
  4. ^ Neely, Harriet (2015). "Neo-Nazism and Racist Violence in Russia" (PDF).
  5. ^ "Moscow Skinheads Murder 20 Immigrants". Southern Poverty Law Center. 26 February 2009.
  6. ^ "(Neo-Nazi) Military Organization of Russian Nationalists (BORN)". Tracking Terrorism.
  7. ^ Mrázek, Ondřej (1 December 2014). "Russia: Neo-Nazi gang connected to Kremlin murdered anti-Fascists, immigrants and judges". Romea. Retrieved 7 December 2023.
  8. ^ a b Ragozin, Leonid (29 June 2017). "Why Russian Ultranationalists Confronted Their Own Government on the Battlefields of Ukraine". Eurasianet. Retrieved 7 December 2023.
  9. ^ a b c d Horvath, Robert (2021). Putin's Fascists: Russkii Obraz and the Politics of Managed Nationalism in Russia. BASEES/Routledge series on Russian and East European studies. London New York: Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group. ISBN 978-0-367-47413-3.
  10. ^ Kravtsova, Yekaterina (12 May 2013). "2 Militant Nationalists Arrested for Killings". The Moscow Times. Retrieved 7 December 2023.
  11. ^ "Russia: Witness Says 'Leader' of Neo-Nazi Group Had Links With Kremlin". Organized Crime and Corruption Reporting Project. 10 June 2015. Retrieved 9 December 2023.
  12. ^ a b c Yudina, Natalia (December 2020). "The New Exile Strategy of Russian Nationalists". Illiberalism Studies Program. Retrieved 9 December 2023.
  13. ^ "BORN in the Kremlin? Russian ultranationalist trial and links with Ukraine". Human Rights in Ukraine.
  14. ^ a b Mirovalev, Mansur (23 September 2015). "Behind Russia's ultra-nationalist crackdown". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 8 December 2023.
  15. ^ Litoy, Alexandr (2 July 2015). "I was on a Russian nationalist hit list". openDemocracy.
  16. ^ Mitrokhin, Nikolay (7 March 2023). "Where Are Russia's Nationalists in the War Against Ukraine?". Carnegie Politika. Retrieved 8 December 2023.
  17. ^ "Anti-fascist Activist Killed in Moscow". The Other Russia. 15 October 2008.
  18. ^ "Moscow murders: Two Russian nationalists jailed". BBC News. 6 May 2011.
  19. ^ a b "Russia's Supreme Court Sends Murder Convictions Of Two Neo-Nazis Back For Review". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 9 December 2021. Retrieved 7 December 2023.
  20. ^ a b "Russian Ultrationalists Allegedly Involved In High-Profile Killings Detained". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 13 May 2013. Retrieved 7 December 2023.
  21. ^ Sukhankin, Sergey (September 2015). "Russia for Russians!" Ultranationalism and xenophobia in Russia: from marginality to state promoted philosophy (Report). Barcelona Centre for International Affairs. Retrieved 7 December 2023.
  22. ^ Harding, Luke (20 January 2009). "Human rights lawyer murdered in Moscow". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077.
  23. ^ Volodzko, David (3 May 2022). "The Shadowy Russian Scheme That Dumped Nazis Into Ukraine". The Daily Beast. Retrieved 7 December 2023.
  24. ^ a b "В Москве ОМОН сорвал турнир памяти Ивана Хуторского. 50 задержанных". Radio Svoboda (in Russian). 17 November 2019. Retrieved 7 December 2023.
  25. ^ "Convicted Leader of Murderous Russian Ultranationalist Group Gets Life in Prison". The Moscow Times. 24 July 2015.
  26. ^ "Russian Murder Underscores Danger Faced by Antifascist Activists". Human Rights First. 17 November 2009.
  27. ^ Афонский, Алексей (21 April 2015). "Фигуранты дела БОРН получили от 24 лет до пожизненного заключения". РАПСИ. Archived from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 21 April 2015.
  28. ^ "Judge in neo-Nazi trials shot dead in Moscow". The Guardian. Associated Press. 12 April 2010. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 7 December 2023.
  29. ^ Dolgov, Anna (24 July 2015). "Russia Proposes Alternative UN Resolution to MH17 — on Ukraine". The Moscow Times.
  30. ^ Barry, Ellen (13 April 2011). "Russia: Moscow Man Sought in Judge's Killing". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331.
  31. ^ "Ultranationalists Suspected In Russian Judge's Killing". RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty. 13 April 2010. Retrieved 21 December 2023.
  32. ^ Федосенко, Владимир (9 April 2010). "Десять лет за ненависть. Лидеры бандитской группировки осуждены повторно". Rossiyskaya Gazeta (in Russian). Vol. 75, no. 5154. Archived from the original on 27 June 2021. Retrieved 27 March 2023.
  33. ^ "В Москве начались задержания участников марша памяти Маркелова и Бабуровой". Mediazona (in Russian). 19 January 2019. Retrieved 7 December 2023.
  34. ^ "Russian Supreme Court Trims Sentence Of Ex-Neo-Nazi Activist Jailed For Murders Of Journalist, Lawyer". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 27 January 2022. Retrieved 7 December 2023.
  35. ^ "Life In Prison For Russian Ultranationalists". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 21 April 2015. Retrieved 7 December 2023.
  36. ^ "Илью Горячева приговорили к пожизненному заключению". Руфабула (in Russian). 24 July 2015. Archived from the original on 28 June 2021. Retrieved 19 June 2021.
  37. ^ "БОРН. Графический рассказ Виктории Ломаско Как судили самую жестокую националистическую группировку в России". Meduza (in Russian). 21 April 2015. Retrieved 7 December 2023.
  38. ^ "Russian Supreme Court upholds life sentence for nationalist Goryachev". RAPSI. 16 February 2016.
  39. ^ "Leader of Russian neo-Nazi group sentenced to life". Associated Press. 24 July 2015.
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