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DNA and RNA codon tables

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The genetic code is traditionally represented as an RNA codon table because, when proteins are made in a cell by ribosomes, it is mRNA that directs protein synthesis. The mRNA sequence is determined by the sequence of genomic DNA. With the rise of computational biology and genomics, most genes are now discovered at the DNA level, so a DNA codon table is becoming increasingly useful.[1] The DNA codons in such tables occur on the sense DNA strand and are arranged in a 5' → 3' direction.

Amino-acid biochemical properties Nonpolar Polar Basic Acidic Termination: stop codon
Standard genetic code (NCBI table 1)[2]
1st
base 		2nd base 3rd
base
T C A G
T TTT (Phe/F) Phenylalanine TCT (Ser/S) Serine TAT (Tyr/Y) Tyrosine TGT (Cys/C) Cysteine T
TTC TCC TAC TGC C
TTA (Leu/L) Leucine TCA TAA Stop (Ochre)[B] TGA Stop (Opal)[B] A
TTG[A] TCG TAG Stop (Amber)[B] TGG (Trp/W) Tryptophan G
C CTT CCT (Pro/P) Proline CAT (His/H) Histidine CGT (Arg/R) Arginine T
CTC CCC CAC CGC C
CTA CCA CAA (Gln/Q) Glutamine CGA A
CTG CCG CAG CGG G
A ATT (Ile/I) Isoleucine ACT (Thr/T) Threonine AAT (Asn/N) Asparagine AGT (Ser/S) Serine T
ATC ACC AAC AGC C
ATA ACA AAA (Lys/K) Lysine AGA (Arg/R) Arginine A
ATG[A] (Met/M) Methionine ACG AAG AGG G
G GTT (Val/V) Valine GCT (Ala/A) Alanine GAT (Asp/D) Aspartic acid GGT (Gly/G) Glycine T
GTC GCC GAC GGC C
GTA GCA GAA (Glu/E) Glutamic acid GGA A
GTG[A] GCG GAG GGG G
A Possible start codons in NCBI table 1. ATG is most common.[3] The two other start codons listed by table 1 (GTG and TTG) are rare in eukaryotes.[4] Prokaryotes have less strigent start codon requirements; they are described by NCBI table 11.
B ^ ^ ^ The historical basis for designating the stop codons as amber, ochre and opal is described in an autobiography by Sydney Brenner[5] and in a historical article by Bob Edgar.[6]

The historical basis for designating the stop codons as amber, ochre and opal is described in an autobiography by Sydney Brenner[7] and in an historical article by Bob Edgar.[6]

Inverse table for the standard genetic code (compressed using IUPAC notation)
Amino acid DNA codons Compressed Amino acid DNA codons Compressed
Ala, A GCT, GCC, GCA, GCG GCN Ile, I ATT, ATC, ATA ATH
Arg, R CGT, CGC, CGA, CGG; AGA, AGG CGN, AGR; or
CGY, MGR 		Leu, L CTT, CTC, CTA, CTG; TTA, TTG CTN, TTR; or
CTY, YTR
Asn, N AAT, AAC AAY Lys, K AAA, AAG AAR
Asp, D GAT, GAC GAY Met, M ATG
Asn or Asp, B AAT, AAC; GAT, GAC RAY Phe, F TTT, TTC TTY
Cys, C TGT, TGC TGY Pro, P CCT, CCC, CCA, CCG CCN
Gln, Q CAA, CAG CAR Ser, S TCT, TCC, TCA, TCG; AGT, AGC TCN, AGY
Glu, E GAA, GAG GAR Thr, T ACT, ACC, ACA, ACG ACN
Gln or Glu, Z CAA, CAG; GAA, GAG SAR Trp, W TGG
Gly, G GGT, GGC, GGA, GGG GGN Tyr, Y TAT, TAC TAY
His, H CAT, CAC CAY Val, V GTT, GTC, GTA, GTG GTN
START ATG, CTG, UTG HTG STOP TAA, TGA, TAG TRA, TAR

See also

References

  1. ^ Kimball, John (2014-05-01). "The Genetic Code". Kimball's Biology Pages.
  2. ^ Elzanowski A, Ostell J (7 January 2019). "The Genetic Codes". National Center for Biotechnology Information. Archived from the original on 5 October 2020. Retrieved 21 February 2019.
  3. ^ Nakamoto T (March 2009). "Evolution and the universality of the mechanism of initiation of protein synthesis". Gene. 432 (1–2): 1–6. doi:10.1016/j.gene.2008.11.001. PMID 19056476.
  4. ^ Asano, K (2014). "Why is start codon selection so precise in eukaryotes?". Translation (Austin, Tex.). 2 (1): e28387. doi:10.4161/trla.28387. PMID 26779403.
  5. ^ Brenner S. A Life in Science (2001) Published by Biomed Central Limited ISBN 0-9540278-0-9 see pages 101-104
  6. ^ a b Edgar B (2004). "The genome of bacteriophage T4: an archeological dig". Genetics. 168 (2): 575–82. PMC 1448817. PMID 15514035. see pages 580-581 Cite error: The named reference "pmid15514035" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  7. ^ Brenner S. A Life in Science (2001) Published by Biomed Central Limited ISBN 0-9540278-0-9 see pages 101-104
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