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Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Detroit

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Archdiocese of Detroit

Archidiœcesis Detroitensis
Cathedral of the Most Blessed Sacrament
Location
Country United States
Territory Michigan counties of Lapeer, Macomb, Monroe, Oakland, St. Clair, and Wayne
Episcopal conferenceUnited States Conference of Catholic Bishops
Ecclesiastical regionRegion VI
Ecclesiastical provinceDetroit
Statistics
Area3,901 km2 (1,506 sq mi)
Population
- Total
- Catholics		(as of 2021)
Increase 4,325,465
Decrease 1,131,660 (Decrease 26.2%)
Parishes224[1]
Information
DenominationCatholic Church
Sui iuris churchLatin Church
RiteRoman Rite
EstablishedMarch 8, 1833 (191 years ago)
CathedralCathedral of the Most Blessed Sacrament
Patron saintSt. Anne
Current leadership
PopeFrancis
ArchbishopAllen Henry Vigneron
Auxiliary Bishops
Vicar GeneralJeff Day
Bishops emeritus
Map
Website
aod.org

The Archdiocese of Detroit (Latin: Archidiœcesis Detroitensis) is a Latin Church ecclesiastical territory, or archdiocese, of the Catholic Church covering the Michigan in the United States.

The archdiocese consists counties of Lapeer, Macomb, Monroe, Oakland, St. Clair, and Wayne. It is the metropolitan archdiocese of the Ecclesiastical Province of Detroit, which includes all the dioceses in the state of Michigan. In 2000, the archdiocese accepted pastoral responsibility for the Catholic Church in the Cayman Islands.[2][3]

The Diocese of Detroit was erected on March 8, 1833, and elevated to an archdiocese on May 22, 1937. The Cathedral of the Most Blessed Sacrament has served as the mother church of the archdiocese since 1938. The Basilica of Sainte Anne de Détroit is the second oldest continuously operating Catholic parish in the United States, dating back to 1701.[4][5] In the early 21st century the archdiocese faced a sexual abuse scandal, starting with four priests convicted in 2003 of sexual abuse of minors.

History

[edit]
See also: History of Detroit

1600 to 1700

[edit]

The first Catholic presence in present-day Michigan was that of the French Jesuit missionaries, Reverends Charles Raymbaut and Isaac Jogues. The two priests stopped near what is now Sault Ste. Marie in 1641 to visit the Chippewa Nation.[6]

In 1670, Reverend Claude Dablon established the first Catholic mission in the region on Mackinac Island. Reverend Jacques Marquette moved the mission off the island in 1671 to the mainland by the Straits of Mackinac.[7][8] By the late 1600s, Jesuits priests were exploring and setting up missions throughout the region.[6]

1700 to 1800

[edit]
Basilica of Ste. Anne de Détroit (1887)

In 1701, the Diocese of Quebec took jurisdiction over missionary activity in Michigan, now part of the French colony of New France. In July of that year, a group of French-Canadian settlers, led by the explorer Antoine de la Mothe Cadillac, arrived at the mouth of the Detroit River. They immediately started building the first Sainte-Anne-de-Détroit Church, a small wooden structure.[6][9]

When the British took control of New France after the French and Indian War ended in 1763, the Diocese of Quebec retained its jurisdiction there. After the end of the American Revolution, the British transferred control of Michigan to the new United States.[6] In 1789, Pope Pius VI erected the Diocese of Baltimore, with jurisdiction over Catholics in the entire United States.[10]

1800 to 1850

[edit]
Coadjutor Bishop Lefevere

The new Michigan Territory was transferred in 1808 from the Diocese of Baltimore to the Diocese of Bardstown.[11] It was reassigned in 1821 to the Diocese of Cincinnati.[11]

Pope Gregory XVI erected the Diocese of Detroit on March 8, 1833, taking its territory from the Diocese of Cincinnati. He named Monsignor Frederick Rese from Cincinnati as its first bishop.[12] Ste. Anne became the cathedral for the diocese. At the time, the new diocese covered a vast area in the American Midwest and Great Plains, extending through Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota and the Dakotas to the Missouri River.[12] During Rese's tenure, the diocese was in poor financial health and suffered from financial mismanagement.

By 1837, Rese was incapable of administering the diocese due to mental health problems.[13] Gregory XVI recalled him to Rome and appointed Reverend Peter Paul Lefevere as coadjutor bishop to take over its operation.[14]

When Lefevere arrived in Detroit, the city had only two parishes, with the rest of the diocese having only 25; the diocese was served by only 18 priests.[15] Lefevere went to Belgium to recruit more priests. The Redemptorists became the first religious order to staff a parish in the diocese.

To improve the administration of the diocese, Lefevere established its first set of policies in 1843. That same year, the Vatican reduced the Diocese of Detroit to the State of Michigan, transferring the out-of-state territories to the newly-formed Diocese of Milwaukee.[12] He won a dispute with some of the laity over the ownership of church property. Lefevere bought property throughout the diocese for future churches.[16]

Lefevere and the Four Sisters of Charity established four orphanages, a medical hospital and a mental hospital. The Daughters of Charity became the first religious order of teaching sisters to come to Detroit.[15] The Sisters, Servants of the Immaculate Heart of Mary came to the diocese in 1845. In 1846, Lefevere established St. Thomas Seminary in Detroit, a minor seminary that closed in 1854.[17][15]

1850 to 1880

[edit]
Bishop Borgess

In 1853, Pope Pius IX formed the Vicarate Apostolic of Upper Michigan, taking the Upper Peninsula of Michigan from the Diocese of Detroit.[12] Lefevere in 1854 dedicated Saints Peter and Paul Cathedral in Detroit, which replaced Ste. Anne de Detroit.[18] He presided over the first diocesan synod in 1859.[16]

Lefevere died in 1869. He never became bishop of Detroit because Rese was still alive, living in a sanitarium in Europe. During Lefevere's time as coadjutor bishop, the number of parishes in Detroit increased to 11 and 160 in the rest of the diocese, with 80 priests.[15]

To replace Lefevere as coadjutor bishop of Detroit, Pope Pius IX in 1870 named Monsignor Caspar Borgess of Cincinnati. When Rese died the next year, Borgess automatically succeeded him as bishop of Detroit.[19]

During his tenure as bishop, Borgess earned a reputation as a stern disciplinarian who emphasized his authority. A Catholic property owner in Kalamazoo mortgaged his farm to loan money to his pastor to pay for the construction of St. Augustine's Church. However, since the archdiocese now owned the church, Borgess refused to pay back the loan. When the property owner sued the diocese, Borgess threatened to excommunicate him. The property owner relented.[20] Borgess suspended a priest who published a critical letter about the St. Augustine controversy.[21]

In 1877, the Vatican reinstated a priest whom Borgess had transferred from a parish in Marshall to Traverse City. due to his dissatisfaction with the parish financial reports.[21] That same year, he invited the Jesuits to establish the University of Detroit Jesuit High School in Detroit.

1880 to 1900

[edit]

In 1882, the Vatican erected the Diocese of Grand Rapids in west central Michigan, taking its territory from the Diocese of Detroit.[12] Borgess suspended the pastor of St. Albertus Parish in Detroit in 1885; when the congregation refused to accept their new pastor, Borgess placed the parish under interdict.[21] These controversies and his poor relationship with his priests led Borgess to submit his resignation to the Vatican as bishop of Detroit as early as 1879.[22] However, the Vatican would not let him resign his post until 1887.[19]

The next bishop of Detroit was Reverend John Samuel Foley from Baltimore, named by Pope Leo XIII in 1888.[12] During his tenure, Foley established a seminary for Polish Americans, and later healed a long and damaging schism among them.[23] In 1889, Reverend John A. Lemke was ordained to the priesthood at St. Casimir Church in Detroit. He became the first native American of Polish descent to become a priest.[24]

1900 to 1930

[edit]

In 1907, St. Francis's Home for Orphan Boys opened in Detroit, built at a cost of $250,000.[23] Foley established the first parish for African Americans, St. Peter Claver, in Detroit, in 1911, although chapels and missions for African-American Catholics had existed since the late 1870s.[25] The development of the automobile industry in Detroit led to a massive increase in population, and the number of Catholics in the diocese more than tripled during Foley's tenure.[26] Although the number of diocesan priests nearly doubled, there still insufficient to minister to the growing population.[26] Despite his popularity and personal charm, Foley was generally regarded as an ineffective bishop with an unsuccessful administration.[26] Foley died in 1918, after 30 years as bishop of Detroit.[12]

The last bishop of Detroit was Bishop Michael Gallagher from Grand Rapids, appointed by Pope Benedict XV in 1918.[27] In 1921, the archdiocese published a poster prohibiting the provision of sterilization and abortion services in its hospitals. This became the basis of the Ethical and Religious Directives for Catholic Health Care Services, published by the US Conference of Catholic Bishops in 1971.[28] In 1919, Gallagher opened Sacred Heart Major Seminary in a temporary structure in Detroit to alleviate the priest shortage. In 1924, after a $4 million fundraising effort, the diocese constructed a permanent facility with a capacity for 500 seminarians.[29][30]

In 1926, Gallagher appointed Reverend Charles Coughlin as pastor of the Shrine of the Little Flower Parish in Royal Oak, Michigan. Coughlin soon started a radio ministry, with Gallagher's approval. Some of the proceeds from his show went to build a church for his parish. As Coughlin started gaining a large national audience for his program, his incendiary comments against Jews and capitalists became more pronounced.

1930 to 1940

[edit]

In 1930, the apostolic delegate for the United States, Cardinal Pietro Fumasoni Biondi, asked Gallagher to curb Coughlin, but Gallagher refused. "I made no mistake and have never doubted my judgment in putting him before the microphone," Gallagher said about Coughlin in 1933.[31]

Again in 1935, Cardinal Amleto Cigognani, the new apostolic delegate, tried to stop Coughlin, but Gallagher still protected him. It was rumored that Pope Pius XI refused to raise Detroit to an archdiocese due to his displeasure over Coughlin.[32][33] In August 1936, Gallagher went to Rome on a routine visit to the Vatican. While he was en route, Coughlin denounced US President Franklin Roosevelt as a liar. Gallagher expressed his public displeasure at Coughlin's comments, forcing him to apologize.[34] While meeting with Pius XI, Coughlin's activities arose for discussion. Gallagher convinced the pope not to censure Coughlin or force him to quit broadcasting.[31]

In May 1937, the Vatican erected the Diocese of Lansing in south central Michigan, taking its territory from the Diocese of Detroit.[12] Gallagher died that same year.[12] In October 1937, Mooney publicly rebuked Coughlin for calling Roosevelt stupid over his nomination of Senator Hugo Black to the US Supreme Court. This reprimand from Mooney led Coughlin to cancel his contract for 26 radio broadcasts.[35]

Pius XI in 1938 elevated the Diocese of Detroit to the Archdiocese of Detroit and appointed Bishop Edward Mooney from the Diocese of Rochester as its first archbishop.[12] At the same time, the Vatican erected the Diocese of Saginaw, taking territory in northeastern Michigan from the Archdiocese of Detroit and the Diocese of Grand Rapids. The Vatican also transferred three more counties from the archdiocese to the Diocese of Lansing.[12] The Cathedral of the Most Blessed Sacrament in Detroit became the mother church of the new archdiocese.

In a 1939 meeting of all the archdiocesan priests, Mooney proposed the establishment of labor schools in the parishes to help "Christian workers to train themselves in principle and technique to assume the leadership in the unions which their numbers justify".[36] An avid golf player, Mooney once remarked to his priests "If your score is over 100, you are neglecting your golf—if it falls below 90, you're neglecting your parish". Every year, he would take a group of altar boys to the opening game of the Detroit Tigers major league baseball team.[37]

1940 to 1950

[edit]

In 1942, the US Department of Justice informed Mooney that it was planning to indict Coughlin on charges of sedition, based on his espousal of Nazi doctrines. As part of a deal to avoid Coughlin's prosecution, Mooney ordered him to end his political activities and work solely as a parish priest. Mooney stated, "My understanding with him [Coughlin] is sufficiently broad and firm to exclude effectively the recurrence of any such unpleasant situation."[38]Pope Pius XII created Mooney as cardinal priest of the Church of Santa Susanna in Rome in 1946.[39]

As the northern suburbs of Detroit grew after World War II ended in 1945, Mooney added parishes in Oakland County. In 1948, he appointed Reverend Frederick Delaney to begin opening additional parishes in the rural areas of the county.[40] That same year, Pope Pius XII named Bishop John Dearden from the Diocese of Pittsburgh as coadjutor archbishop to assist Mooney.[12]

1950 to 1980

[edit]

After Mooney died in 1958, Dearden automatically succeeded him as archbishop of Detroit. He was active in community causes, such as supporting equal employment opportunities and encouraging his diocese to work for better racial relations in Detroit. His commitment to racial justice frequently put him at odds with priests and lay Catholics at the parish level, who organized to fight racial integration of their neighborhoods.[41]

In 1965, Dearden helped inaugurate Project Equality, an interfaith program that asked businesses to pledge to a policy of non-discrimination in hiring and hire employees.[42] He also announced that the archdiocese would give preferential treatment to suppliers who provided equal employment opportunities to minority groups.[43]

When voters amended the Michigan State Constitution in 1970 to bar all taxpayer aid to private schools in 1970, Dearden ordered all of his parishes to examine their finances in light of this decision and determine if their schools would be a financial drain due to reduced enrollment. Dearden ultimately ordered the closing of 56 parish schools.[44] That same year, the Vatican transferred two counties from the Archdiocese of Detroit to the Diocese of Lansing.[12]

After the permanent diaconate was restored during the Second Vatican Council, Dearden in 1971 became the first American bishop or archbishop to ordain married laymen as deacons.[44]

1980 to 2000

[edit]
Cardinal Maida

After suffering a heart attack, Dearden retired as archbishop of Detroit in 1980. To replace Dearden, Pope John Paul II named Bishop Edmund Szoka from the Diocese of Gaylord. In 1983, he dealt with Sister Agnes Mary Mansour, who was appointed as the director of the Michigan Department of Community Health. This state agency provided Medicaid funding for abortion services for women. Szoka had given Mansour permission to take the job, but insisted that she oppose publicly funded abortion services. Mansour believed that abortion was a tragic decision for the pregnant woman, but should be legal. He refused to oppose public funding of it. Szoka then appealed to Mansour's superiors in the Sisters of Mercy to order Mansour to change her stance, but the order supported her.[45]

In 1989, Szoka closed 30 parishes within the archdiocese and ordered 25 other parishes to improve their financial situation or face closure.[46] The plan resulted from a five-year study that analyzed parish maintenance costs, priest availability, parish income and parish membership.[47] Szoka resigned as archbishop of Detroit in 1990 to assume a position in the Roman Curia.

The next archbishop of Detroit was Bishop Adam Maida from the Diocese of Green Bay, appointed by John Paul II in 1990.

2000 to present

[edit]
Archbishop Vigneron (2014)

In 2007, Maida relieved Auxiliary Bishop Emeritus Thomas Gumbleton of his pastoral duties at St. Leo Parish in Detroit. Gumbleton claimed that Maida was punishing him for his outspoken views on sexual abuse crimes by clergy. Maida said that he was following the Vatican rules on the retirement age of bishops.[48] Maida retired in 2009. Pope Benedict XVI then named Bishop Allen Vigneron from the Diocese of Oakland as Maida's replacement.[12]

In 2011, Vigneron announced that Pope Benedict XVI had approved his request to name Saint Anne as patroness of the archdiocese.[49] In 2012, Vigneron announced a new plan to consolidate parishes in order to address declining parish membership and clergy availability within the archdiocese. Under the plan, two parishes would close in 2012 and 60 others were to consolidate into 21 parishes by the end of 2013. The archdiocese asked six additional parishes to submit plans to either repay their debts or merge with other parishes. The remaining 214 parishes were asked to submit plans to share resources or merge.[50]

In 2019, Vigneron published the pastoral note "The Day of the Lord". This note ended required Sunday sports practices and games in Catholic schools so that students could spend that day focused on prayer, family and rest. Vigneron announced in June 2020 that the archdiocese was restructuring 200 parishes into 60 to 80 parish families to deal with the shortage of priests.[51]

Sexual abuse

[edit]

In 2002, Wayne County prosecutors indicted Reverends Harry Benjamin, Robert Burkholder, Edward Olszewski, and Jason E. Sigler on criminal sexual conduct charges. The four priests, all residing outside of Michigan, had previously been incardinated in the Archdiocese of Detroit. They were all accused of sexually molesting 11 to 13-year-old boys.[52]

In May 2019, Michigan Attorney General Dana Nessel indicted two priests who had previously served in the archdiocese:[53]

  • Neil Kalina, a former priest at St. Kiernan Parish in Shelby Township, was indicted on four counts of second-degree criminal sexual conduct in 1984 with a boy between the ages of 12 and 14 and for supplying the boy with cocaine and marijuana. He had left the priesthood in 1993 after a 1985 conviction in Michigan for drug possession.[54] Kalina was convicted and sentenced in July 2022 to up to 15 years in state prison.[55]
  • Reverend Patrick Casey was charged with raping a 24-year-old gay man in 2013. At the time of the assault, Casey was counseling the victim, who was experiencing suicidal feelings, during confession. Casey fondled the victim and then performed oral sex on him.[56] In October 2019, Casey pled guilty to a misdemeanor charge of aggravated assault and was sentenced to 45 days in jail.[57][58]

In July 2019, the archdiocese removed Reverend Eduard Perrone, pastor of Assumption Grotto Parish in Detroit from public ministry after determining that allegations that he sexually abused a child decades ago were "credible." Perrone denied the charges.[59] The archdiocese took action based on accusations from a Wayne County police detective who claimed that Perrone sexually assaulted a boy 40 years earlier. However, the alleged victim later retracted his allegations. In August 2020, Perrone received a $125,000 settlement from Wayne County for a defamation lawsuit he filed against the detective[60] That same month, 20 parishioners from Assumption Grotto sued the archdiocese. They claimed that the archdiocese framed Perrone on the sexual abuse allegations because he was a traditionalist Catholic priest who had allegedly exposed scandals in the archdiocese.[61] Perrone was found guilty of three violations of canon law in May 2022. He was allowed to resume public ministry, but could not return to Assumption Grotto.[62]

In July 2019, Reverend Joseph Baker was indicted on first-degree criminal sexual conduct with someone under age 13. The archdiocese had previously placed limits on his public ministry.[63] Baker was convicted in October 2022 and was sentenced to three to 15 years in prison.[64]

In September 2020, Reverend Gary Berthiaume was charged with sexually assaulting a 14-year-old at Our Lady of Sorrows Parish in Farmington during the 1970s. He was additionally charged in June 2021 with sexually assault two young teenagers at St. Joseph Catholic Church in Wyandotte during the same time period.[65][66] Berthiaume pleaded guilty in November 2021 to two counts of second-degree criminal sexual conduct and no contest to one count of gross indecency in the two cases. He was sentenced to 16 to 17 months in prison.[67]

In December 2020, several male employees of Orchard Lake Schools in Orchard Lake, Michigan, sued their employer and Vigneron. They alleged that Reverend Miroslaw Krol, the director of the Schools, had sexually abused them. Although the Schools were located in the archdiocese, they were not operated by it. However, the lawsuit stated that Vigneron, as a member of the Schools board, knew about the accusations against Krol and did nothing about them.[68]

In March 2021, a Michigan man filed a lawsuit against Vigneron and the archdiocese. The plaintiff claimed that he was raped in 2010, when he was eight years old, by Aloysius Volskis, then a teacher at Bishop Kelly Catholic School in Lapeer, Michigan. Volskis allegedly told the boy that he had power with the devil and would kill his mother if the boy revealed anything about the assault. After a female student reported an assault by Volskis to police, he fled the country. The suit claimed that Vigneron and the archdiocese were negligent in their oversight of the school. Volkis had been assigned to Bishop Kelly after he was accused of sexual misconduct at Divine Providence Parish in Southfield, Michigan.[69][70]

The archdiocese in June 2021 restrict the public ministry of Reverend Lawrence Fares, a 96 year old retired priest. It had received credible allegations in 2019 of child sexual abuse against him, dating back to his early years as a priest.[71]

LGBTQ community

[edit]

In 1974, Brian McNaught, a reporter and columnist for the Michigan Catholic newspaper, revealed in a Detroit News article that he was gay. The Catholic then dropped his column, citing space issues in the publication. In response, McNaught filed a complaint against the Catholic with the Human Rights Commission for the City of Detroit, claiming sexual discrimination. The newspaper ultimately fired him. McNaught later founded the Detroit chapter of DignityUSA, a support organization for LGBTQ Catholics.[72]

Vigneron in 2013 stated that he would not allow Catholics who support same-sex marriage to receive communion in the archdiocese. He said that taking communion while disagreeing with the church on this issue was"double-dealing that is not unlike perjury."[73]

In 2020, the archdiocese fired Terry Gonda, the music director at St. John Fisher Parish in Auburn Hills, for being married to another woman.[74] In August 2020, Vigneron banned DignityUSA and Fortunate Families, a ministry for families of LGBTQ Catholics, from gathering at archdiocesan churches or having priests perform mass for them. He stated that the two groups were incompatible with the virtue of chastity.[75]

Vigneron wrote a pastoral letter in 2024 to the leaders of Catholic schools and other institutions in the archdiocese. It stated that all their employees, students, and youth program participants must "...respect their God-given biological sex." This meant that transgender individuals had to use restrooms and follow dress codes that corresponded to their so-called biological sex. Vigneron said that accommodating "individuals experiencing gender confusion" is dangerous. In a podcast following his letter, Vigneron called acceptance of transgender individuals by society as "...a toxin that's been deposited in our culture" and compared transgenderism to a virus.[76]

Bishops and archbishops

[edit]

Bishops

[edit]
  1. Frederick Rese (1833–1871)
    - Peter Paul Lefevere (coadjutor bishop 1841–1869); died before his succession as bishop
  2. Caspar Borgess (1871–1887)
  3. John Samuel Foley (1888–1918)
  4. Michael Gallagher (1918–1937)

Archbishops

[edit]
  1. Cardinal Edward Aloysius Mooney (1937–1958)
  2. Cardinal John Francis Dearden (1958–1980)
  3. Cardinal Edmund Casimir Szoka (1981–1990), appointed President of the Prefecture for the Economic Affairs of the Holy See and later President of the Pontifical Commission for Vatican City State and Governatorate of Vatican City State
  4. Cardinal Adam Joseph Maida (1990–2009)[77]
  5. Allen Henry Vigneron (2009–present)[78]

Current auxiliary bishops

[edit]

Former auxiliary bishops

[edit]

Other archdiocesan priests who became bishops

[edit]

Coat of arms

[edit]
Former archdiocesan coat of arms (1937–2017)

In June 2017, the archdiocese adopted a new coat of arms. It features the archdiocesan patroness St. Anne, three stars representing the Holy Trinity, a door representing Blessed Solanus Casey of Detroit, and waves representing the Great Lakes. It replaced a coat of arms featuring antlers and martlets that dated back to 1937.[83]

Churches and regions

[edit]
Main article: List of Roman Catholic churches in the Archdiocese of Detroit

The Archdiocese of Detroit is divided into four administrative regions:

Each region is divided into vicariates.[84] In 2021, to promote a more missionary focus, the archdiocese grouped its parishes into families. Each family consists of three or more parishes that are close to each other.[85]

The Cathedral of the Most Blessed Sacrament has served as the mother church of the archdiocese since 1938. Earlier cathedrals were:

Schools

[edit]
Mercy High School in Farmington Hills, Michigan
Main article: List of schools in the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Detroit

In 1964, the archdiocese operated 360 schools with an enrollment of 203,000 students. These included 110 primary schools and 55 secondary schools. The Catholic school population decreased over the decades due to the increase of charter schools, the rise in tuition at Catholic schools, the small number of African-American Catholics, the exodus of White Catholics to the suburbs, and the decreased number of teaching nuns.[88]

As of 2024, the archdiocese was operating 24 secondary schools and 62 primary schools, serving 27,000 students.[89][90]

Universities and colleges

[edit]
[edit]
  • Chapel of the Felician Sisters, Livonia
    Chapel of the Felician Sisters, Livonia
  • The former Duns Scotus College, Southfield
    The former Duns Scotus College, Southfield
  • Sacred Heart Major Seminary, Detroit
    Sacred Heart Major Seminary, Detroit
  • University of Detroit Mercy, Detroit
    University of Detroit Mercy, Detroit
  • Madonna University, Livonia
    Madonna University, Livonia

Suffragan sees

[edit]
Ecclesiastical Province of Detroit

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Archdiocese of Detroit". Catholic-Hierarchy.org. David M. Cheney. Retrieved October 23, 2018.
  2. ^ "Mission "Sui Iuris" of Cayman Islands". Catholic-Hierarchy.org. David M. Cheney. Retrieved January 21, 2015.
  3. ^ "St. Ignatius Parish". Archdiocese of Detroit. Retrieved January 21, 2011.
  4. ^ Woodford, Arthur M. (2001). This is Detroit 1701–2001. Detroit: Wayne State University Press. p. 19. ISBN 978-0-8143-2914-6.
  5. ^ Poremba, David Lee (2001). Detroit in Its World Setting (timeline). Wayne State University Press. p. 7. ISBN 978-0-8143-2870-5.
  6. ^ a b c d "Michigan, Catholic Church in | Encyclopedia.com". www.encyclopedia.com. Retrieved December 6, 2024.
  7. ^ "St. Ignace Mission". Michigan State Housing Development Authority. Archived from the original on December 24, 2012. Retrieved May 12, 2012.
  8. ^ Joseph Scott Mendinghall (May 7, 1975). "National Register of Historic Places Inventory-Nomination: St. Ignace Mission" (pdf). National Park Service. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help) and Accompanying four photos, from 1974 (32 KB)
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  14. ^ Delaney, John J, Tobin, James Edward (1961). Dictionary of Catholic Biography. Garden City, New York: Doubleday. pp. 684–5.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
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  26. ^ a b c Tentler, Leslie Woodcock (December 1992). Seasons of Grace: A History of the Catholic Archdiocese of Detroit. Wayne State University Press.
  27. ^ "Bishop Michael James Gallagher [Catholic-Hierarchy]". www.catholic-hierarchy.org. Retrieved December 8, 2024.
  28. ^ Hamel, Ron (November–December 2019). "100th Anniversary - The Ethical and Religious Directives: Looking Back to Move Forward". Health Progress.
  29. ^ "Bishop Gallagher's never-quit approach led to construction of Sacred Heart Seminary". Detroit Catholic. Retrieved July 3, 2022.
  30. ^ "Sacred Heart Seminary | Historic Detroit". historicdetroit.org. Retrieved July 3, 2022.
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  34. ^ "Coughlin is chided by Detroit bishop; Gallagher, sailing for Vatican, deplores priest's reference to president as liar. Holds course untactful but prelate praises policies of radio preacher and defends his right to criticize". The New York Times. Retrieved July 2, 2022.
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  37. ^ "Religion: 17th Archdiocese - TIME". web.archive.org. October 25, 2012. Retrieved December 3, 2024.
  38. ^ "The Press: Coughlin Quits - TIME". web.archive.org. October 14, 2010. Retrieved December 3, 2024.
  39. ^ "Edward Aloysius Cardinal Mooney [Catholic-Hierarchy]". www.catholic-hierarchy.org. Retrieved December 3, 2024.
  40. ^ "Our History". Our Lady of the Lakes Parish. Retrieved December 3, 2024.
  41. ^ Gregory, James N. (2005). The Southern Diaspora: How the Great Migrations of Black and White Southerners Transformed America. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press. p. 232. ISBN 0-8078-7685-2. OCLC 70273090.
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