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General Motors Europe

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For the company that replaced GM Europe after the sale, see Groupe PSA.
"Nick Reilly" redirects here. Not to be confused with Nicky Reilly.

General Motors Europe
Company typeSubsidiary
IndustryAutomotive
FoundedApril 4, 1986
Defunct2017; 7 years ago (2017)
FateSold to PSA Peugeot-Citroën in 2017 and renamed Stellantis in 2021
SuccessorGroupe PSA
HeadquartersZurich, Switzerland
Number of locations
14 manufacturing facilities in nine countries
Area served
Europe
Key people
Nick Reilly, Former CEO
ProductsAutomobiles
Commercial vehicles
Services
  • Vehicle financing
  • Vehicle insurance
Number of employees
54,500 (2009)
ParentGeneral Motors
Subsidiaries

General Motors Europe[1] (often abbreviated to GM Europe) was the European subsidiary of the American automaker General Motors ("GM"). The subsidiary was established by GM in 1986 and operated 14 production and assembly facilities in 9 countries, and employed around 54,500 people.[2] GM's core European brands were Vauxhall and Opel, which both sell much the same range of cars in different markets. GM also owned the Swedish brand Saab until early 2010 and sold Chevrolet models between 2005 and 2015. The U.S. brand Cadillac is imported into Europe in small quantities. In 2009, General Motors (GM) announced to move its European headquarters from Zürich, Switzerland to Rüsselsheim, Germany to strengthen its German subsidiary Opel.[3]

As of July 2022, General Motors's European operations are conducted by Cadillac Europe GmbH (distribution of Cadillac vehicles and Chevrolet sports cars),[4][5] General Motors IT Services (Ireland) Limited in the Republic of Ireland (provision of IT services) and GM Auto LLC (ООО Джи Эм Авто) (a separate subsidiary that distributes the Chevrolet Camaro, Tahoe, and Traverse models in Russia).[6]

Overview

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In Europe, GM Europe operated 14 vehicle production and assembly facilities in nine countries and employed around 54,500* people. Many additional directly related jobs were provided by some 8,700 independent sales and service outlets. In 2005 GM's market share in Europe was 9.4%.

European factories

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The total number of European employees were 54,500 (as of May 2009).[8]

History

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1911–1939

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General Motors entered the European market only three years after the company's foundation in 1908. This involved the construction of Chevrolet cars in Denmark in 1923 and Belgium in 1925. This involvement was greatly expanded by the acquisitions of Vauxhall in 1925 and Opel in 1929. Originally both Vauxhall and Opel had operated independently of each other with totally separate product lines and were direct competitors outside of each other's home markets.

See also David Hayward's Automotive history: GENERAL MOTORS 1908 TO 1933[9] Outlines in detail the company's development, acquisitions, key directors, particularly Guy Nicholas (Nick) Vansittart (1893–1989) see Lendrum & Hartman and James D. Mooney (1884–1957) involvement with Adam Opel A.G. and politics between the wars.

1970–2008

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By the early 1970s, GM began to merge the product lines of Opel and Vauxhall, with the development of a series of common platforms from which a range of vehicles could be derived. These vehicles carried either Vauxhall or Opel branding depending on market – Vauxhall being mainly used in the British market, Opel everywhere else. This in turn allowed manufacturing resources to be pooled, therefore Opel badged vehicles were produced in Vauxhall factories and vice versa. Initially under this arrangement, Vauxhall still retained some degree of design and engineering freedom with their versions of the Opel models carrying their own distinct front and rear styling, and in some cases, their own engine designs; but by the launch of the Opel Kadett D in 1979, the cars only differed in badging and specification. This therefore meant that two ranges of otherwise identical cars were sold in competition with each other under the two brands, this ended in 1982 when both dealer networks were merged as "Vauxhall-Opel", most of the Opel range was discontinued in favour of their Vauxhall equivalents and Opel was positioned in Great Britain as a performance-luxury brand, with only the Manta, Senator and Monza ranges being offered in Great Britain. Elsewhere in Europe, Vauxhall's Bedford brand was used on car-derived vans and heavy commercial vehicles. Vauxhall-badged cars were sold across Europe in small numbers, even in Opel's home market Germany, and remained the longest in Scandinavia and the Benelux countries – markets that did not have their own automobile industry and also retained a residual resistance to German goods following World War II.

General Motors' American-made cars were sold sporadically in Europe in the 1970s and into the early 1980s. One main import centre was Lendrum & Hartman Limited in the United Kingdom (who had assembled GM cars in the pre-war years[10]), but in 1982 there was a push to increase export to Europe and all American (and Canadian) imports were moved to a unified importer in Athens, Greece, called the North American Vehicle Overseas Organisation.[11] This location was chosen as the company would also handle exports to Africa and the Middle East. The export push was a reflection of a weak dollar and the post-oil crisis move to smaller and more efficient cars, more marketable in Europe. General Motors' European spare parts depot for American parts was located in Antwerp, Belgium.[10]

IBC Vehicles, a joint venture between GM and Isuzu was established in 1985. The new company took over the Bedford van plant in Luton, producing a range of badge engineered light vans based on Isuzu and Suzuki designs. IBC would later go on to manufacture the Isuzu-based Frontera SUV model. Isuzu would later pull out of IBC Vehicles in 1998, with Renault (and later the Renault–Nissan Alliance) taking its place in the venture – which was subsequently renamed as GMM Luton, manufacturing the Vivaro family of light cargo vans.

In 1986,[1] GM officially inaugurated GM Europe, the same year as the last "true" Vauxhall – the Bedford CF panel van – ceased manufacture. In 1987, GM Europe sold the heavy trucks division of Bedford to AWD Ltd, the Bedford brand continued on light commercial vehicles until 1990 when it was dropped completely. The newly created AWD struggled as an independent business away from GM, and collapsed in 1992, bringing an end to the lineage of Bedford trucks and the Dunstable plant was later closed.

In 1988, following the discontinuation of the Manta model (the Senator had become a Vauxhall in 1984, while the Monza coupe was killed off in 1987), the Opel brand was formally dropped in the UK market – while Vauxhall was discontinued in the Republic of Ireland in favour of Opel six years earlier. GM Europe announced in 1991 that the sixth generation Opel Kadett platform would adopt the Astra name (already used by Vauxhall) – ushering in a new policy of standardization of model names across both brands, further diluting Vauxhall's independence from Opel. In 2002, it was announced that the Vauxhall car production lines at Luton would close following the introduction of the third generation Vectra.

Also in 1986, GM bought Lotus in England – the first fruit of the purchase being the special edition Lotus Omega/Carlton performance saloon. Seven years later, on August 27, 1993, GM sold the company for £30 million to owners of Bugatti. GM acquired a 50 percent stake in Saab of Sweden in 1989, taking full ownership in 2000. General Motors also developed a partnership with and acquired a stake in Fiat in 2000. GM divested its minority equity interests and dissolved the partnership in 2005, following a legal fight regarding the conditions of a put option afforded Fiat.

Restructuring

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Following the 2008 global financial crisis, and GM's plunge towards bankruptcy, on May 30, 2009, it was announced that a deal had been reached to transfer New Opel (Opel plus Vauxhall, minus Saab)[12] assets to a separate company, controlled by a trustee.

The deal, underwritten by the German Government, was negotiated by German Chancellor Angela Merkel. GM was expected to keep a 35% minority stake in the new company,[13][14] Opel staff 10%,[15] with a plan which proposed to sell the majority of the business to one of two partners:

The new company would not be allowed to sell Opel cars in the US (permanently) and China (at least temporarily) markets, which are the two biggest markets in the world.[16]

On June 1, 2009, GM filed for bankruptcy in a court in New York. As the sale of Opel has been negotiated two days before, with the preferred bidder the Magna consortia, both companies were in effect ring-fenced from any GM asset liquidation.[17][18][19][20] Magna stated that their plans for Opel included attracting GM or third-party carmakers to build their cars and electric vehicles in Antwerp.[21] If Opel needed to reduce production of its own core models then any unused capacity could be used to manufacture vehicles for other carmakers. Inside sources close to Magna revealed that some of the possible third party carmakers include the U.S carmaker Ford and the French company PSA Peugeot-Citroën (PSA).[22] However, negotiations broke down with Magna over details, particularly the sale of intellectual property rights and distribution of all future GM products in the former Soviet Union.

GM announced that final bids were to be placed with them by July 20, which resulted in three bidders:[23]

  • Magna, still backed by Sberbank, had made a last-minute change to its bid to placate concerns about its Russian partner's influence. This would result in both partners having a 27.5% share in the new company, with GM retaining 35%
  • Belgian-based investor RHJ International
  • China's Beijing Automotive Industries – disqualified over "intellectual property issues" a few days later[24]

Towards the end of August 2009 there were doubts over whether a sale of Opel would actually go ahead, though a German government official later revealed that talks were continuing.[25] This was followed by RHJ International raising its bid for Opel to €300m from €275m.[26]

On September 10, 2009, GM agreed to sell a 55% stake in the German brand Opel to the Magna group with the approval of the German government.[27] With this move, Magna chairman Frank Stronach aims to take Magna from its current role as a parts supplier to an expanded role as a global automaker that ranks "amongst the leaders in selling and building electric cars."[28] However, on November 3, 2009, the GM board called off the Magna deal after coming to the conclusion that Opel was crucial to GM's global strategy.[29]

With ongoing restructuring plans Opel announced the closure of its Antwerp plant in Belgium.

Sale of Saab to Spyker

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Originally GM planned to sell Saab to Swedish sportscar maker Koenigsegg.

On June 11, 2009, a letter of intent was signed by GM to sell Saab to Koenigsegg,[30] but the deal fell through in November 2009. On January 26, 2010, Saab was sold to Spyker Cars, forming a company known as Swedish Automobile.

Sale of Vauxhall and Opel to Groupe PSA Peugeot-Citroën, then merger with FCA to became Stellantis

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On March 6, 2017, General Motors (GM) and PSA Peugeot-Citroën (PSA) announced their agreement that the French carmaker would buy GM's Vauxhall and Opel subsidiaries in a deal worth US$2.2 billion.[31][32] PSA Peugeot-Citroën (PSA) would later merge with Fiat Chrysler Automobiles, with the combined company's name being Stellantis in 2021.

References

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  1. ^ a b "General Motors Europe AG in Glattbrugg".
  2. ^ "2005 at a Glance". GM Europe. Retrieved November 27, 2010.[permanent dead link‍]
  3. ^ "GM Europe to move its headquarters to Germany | DW | 14.11.2009".
  4. ^ Hummer y Cadillac podrían volver a Europa como marcas eléctricas. Motor1.com, June 27, 2022
  5. ^ GM to mobilize electric sales in Europe, June 20, 2022, on Electrive.com
  6. ^ GM to Change Business Model in Russia – GM Press Release, March 18, 2015
  7. ^ "Hyundai Acquires Decommissioned GM Factory in Russia". December 23, 2020.
  8. ^ "Fiat denies 18,000 job cuts plan". BBC News. May 6, 2009. Retrieved May 7, 2009.
  9. ^ "General Motors History by David Hayward".
  10. ^ a b "U.S. Car Concessionaires in Great Britain". Motor Sport. Vol. XLIV, no. 4. Teesdale Publishing Company Ltd. April 1968. p. 286.
  11. ^ Hutton, Ray, ed. (June 5, 1982). "US cars return". Autocar. Vol. 156, no. 4459. IPC Business Press Ltd. p. 3.
  12. ^ "DETNEWS | Weblogs | Autos Blog". Apps.detnews.com. June 14, 2009. Archived from the original on May 15, 2011. Retrieved June 28, 2009.
  13. ^ "Germany picks Magna to save Opel". BBC News. May 30, 2009.
  14. ^ Weber, Tim (May 30, 2009). "Analysis: Opel's survival still at stake". BBC News.
  15. ^ "Opel". www.tagesschau.de. Archived from the original on June 2, 2009.
  16. ^ Palmer, Randall (June 2, 2009). "Magna says can't sell Opel cars in U.S., China". Reuters.
  17. ^ Sandler, Linda; Chris Scinta; Bob Van Voris; Jeff Green (June 1, 2009). "GM Files Bankruptcy to Spin Off More Competitive Firm (Update4)". Bloomberg.com. Bloomberg LP. Retrieved June 1, 2009.
  18. ^ Sanger, David E.; Jeff Zeleny; Bill Vlasic (May 31, 2009). "G.M. to Seek Bankruptcy and a New Start: A Risky Bet to Save an Icon of American Capitalism". New York Times. Retrieved June 1, 2009.
  19. ^ Sanger, David E. (May 31, 2009). "G.M. to Seek Bankruptcy and a New Start". New York Times. Retrieved June 1, 2009.
  20. ^ Maynard, Micheline (May 29, 2009). "After 93 Years, G.M. Shares Go Out on a Low Note". New York Times. Retrieved June 1, 2009.
  21. ^ Hetzner, Christiaan (May 29, 2009). "FACTBOX: Magna's plans for Opel". Reuters. Retrieved June 28, 2009.
  22. ^ Weber, Jeremy (May 17, 2009). "Report: Magna considers using Opel to build cars for other brands". MotorAuthority. Retrieved October 25, 2009.
  23. ^ "GM receives three bids for Opel". BBC News. July 20, 2009. Retrieved July 20, 2009.
  24. ^ "Beijing Auto fails in bid for GM's Opel". Chinadaily.com.cn. Retrieved October 25, 2009.
  25. ^ GM 'still intends to sell Opel' BBC News. August 25, 2009
  26. ^ RHJ raises bid for carmaker Opel BBC News. September 2, 2009
  27. ^ "Opel and Vauxhall to go to Magna". BBC News. September 10, 2009. Retrieved September 10, 2009.
  28. ^ Garthwaite, Josie (June 2, 2009). "Magna Moves on Opel, Gears Up for Electric Car Bet". Earth2tech.com. Retrieved October 25, 2009.
  29. ^ Vlasic, Bill (November 3, 2009). "G.M. Decides to Keep Opel, Its European Unit". New York Times. Retrieved November 3, 2009.
  30. ^ "Koenigsegg, Norwegian investors to buy Saab-Swedish TV | Markets | Markets News". Reuters. June 11, 2009. Retrieved October 25, 2009.
  31. ^ "Exclusive: PSA agrees to buy Opel from GM, wins board approval – sources". Reuters. March 3, 2017. Retrieved March 3, 2017.
  32. ^ "Opel/Vauxhall to join PSA Group". PSA Group. March 6, 2017. Archived from the original on March 6, 2017. Retrieved March 7, 2017.
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