Gan Chinese-speaking people

Jiangxi/Jiangyou people
江西老表/江右人
	A group of Christians from Jiangxi, 1898.
Total population
	48 million (2004)
Regions with significant populations
People's Republic of China	Jiangxi ; eastern Hunan ; parts of Shaanxi ; parts of Fujian ; parts of Anhui ; Northern Guangdong
Republic of China (on Taiwan)	As part of Waishengren population
Languages
	Gan, Hakka, Jianghuai Mandarin Chinese, Hui, Chuqu Wu dialects, Xiang
Religion
	Mahayana Buddhism, Taoism, Confucianism, and Chinese folk religion
Related ethnic groups
	other Han Chinese, Chuanqing people

The Gan-speaking Chinese or Jiangxi people or Jiangyou people or Kiang-Si people (old romanized spelling) are a subgroup of Han Chinese people. The origin of Gan-speaking people in China are from Jiangxi province in China. Gan-speaking populations are also found in Fujian, southern Anhui and Hubei provinces, and linguistic enclaves are found on Shaanxi, Sichuan, Zhejiang, Hunan, Hainan, Guangdong, Fujian and non-Gan speaking southern and western Jiangxi.

History

The historic homeland of Gan speakers, Jiangxi, was outside the sphere of influence of early Chinese civilization during the Shang dynasty (16th to 11th centuries). Information about this era is scarce, but it is likely that peoples collectively known as the Yue inhabited the region.

The unification of China by the Qin dynasty saw the incorporation of Jiangxi into the Qin empire. The First Emperor of Qin established seven counties in Jiangxi, all of them administered from the commandery seat of Jiujiang, located north of the Yangzi in modern Anhui. All of the commandery seats were located along the Gan River system. Military settlements were known to have existed at least two of the counties. The Qin colonisation formed the earliest settlement structure in Jiangxi and which for the most part, has survived to the present day.

During the early Ming dynasty, there was a forced massive population transfer of Gan speakers living in Jiangxi to depopulated northern and eastern parts of both Hunan and Hubei provinces.^[1] This large-scale resettlement caused the formation of the New Xiang dialect in Hunan. Gan speakers were again forcefully resettled into parts of Hunan and Hubei due to war caused depopulation during the early period of the Qing dynasty known as "江西填湖广" in Chinese.

Culture

Language

Jiangxi is the main area of concentration of the Gan varieties of Chinese, spoken over most of the northern two-thirds of the province. Examples include the Nanchang dialect,^[2] Yichun dialect^[3] and Ji'an dialect. The southern one-third of the province speaks Hakka. There are also Mandarin, Huizhou, and Wu dialects spoken along the northern border.

Cuisine

Although little known outside of the province, Jiangxi cuisine or Gan cuisine is rich and distinctive in its own style. Jiangxi flavors are some of the strongest in China,^{[citation needed]} with heavy use of chile peppers and especially pickled and fermented products.^[4]

Others

Jingdezhen is widely regarded as the producer of the best porcelain in China.

Jiangxi also was a historical center of Chan Buddhism.^[5]

Ganju, or Jiangxi opera, is the type of Chinese opera performed in Jiangxi.^[6]

Areas of significant population

Gan-speaking people are found primarily in Jiangxi, Fujian, Anhui, Hunan, and Hubei provinces.

Enclaves within Shaanxi

Jiangxi Gan-speaking enclaves are found in villages scattered across Shangnan, Danfeng, Shanyang, Zhashui, Zhen'an, Hanbin, and Shiquan counties in Shaanxi province.^[7] The Mandarin-speaking population of Shaanxi refers to the Gan language as spoken in Shaanxi as Manzihua (蠻子話), or 'Barbarian speech'.^[8]

Enclaves in Hubei

There are roughly 5.3 million Gan Chinese Speakers living in Hubei, mostly concentrated in its eastern region.

Enclaves within Guangdong

There are about 20,000 Gan speakers living in Guangdong province, primarily in Nanxiong county and other districts. Hakka-speaking locals refer to the Gan language spoken in Northeastern Guangdong as Jiangxihua (江西話).^[9]

Enclaves within Sichuan

Jiangxi people are also found in Daqiao district in Huidong county in Sichuan province.^[10]

Enclaves within Fujian

There are 270,000 Gan speakers mainly living in North-western Fujian.

Enclaves within Guizhou

Qiandongnan Miao and Dong Autonomous Prefecture also has a Gan-speaking minority.^[11]

Enclaves within Hainan

In Danzhou, Changjiang, and Sanya, some villages speak a "Hakka-Gan dialect".^[12]

Enclaves within Taiwan

According to the Presbyterian Church in Taiwan, the number of Jiangxi people living in Taiwan is 124,670. Thus the number of Gan speakers is around 100 to 200 thousand.^[13]

Notable Gan speaker descendants

Ouyang Xiu, Jinshi scholar
Yuan Longping (Chinese: 袁隆平; born September 7, 1930) is a Chinese agronomist and educator, known for developing the first hybrid rice varieties.
Xie Jin, Chief Grand Secretary of the Ming Empire.
Liu Shaoqi, Chairman of the People's Republic of China
Ang Lee, Taiwanese movie director
Ouyang Nana, Taiwanese actress

References

^ Perdue, Peter C. Exhausting the Earth: State and Peasant in Hunan, 1500–1850. Harvard University. p. 96.
^ Youguang Zhou (2003). The historical evolution of Chinese languages and scripts. National East Asian Languages Resource Center, Ohio State University. p. 166. ISBN 08-741-5349-2.
^ Brian Nolan, Gudrun Rawoens & Elke Diedrichsen (2015). Causation, Permission, and Transfer: Argument realisation in GET, TAKE, PUT, GIVE and LET verbs. John Benjamins Publishing Company. p. 178. ISBN 978-90-272-6897-6.
^ "Jiangxi". Chinatour.com International, Inc. 2014. Archived from the original on 2016-03-22. Retrieved 2017-06-09.
^ Jiang Wu (2011). Enlightenment in Dispute: The Reinvention of Chan Buddhism in Seventeenth-Century China. Oxford University Press, USA. p. 96. ISBN 978-01-998-9556-4.
^ Tan Ye (2008). Historical Dictionary of Chinese Theater. Scarecrow Press. p. 148. ISBN 978-14-616-5921-1.
^ 張盛裕、張成材《陝甘寧青四省區漢語方言的分區
^ 孟萬春、姜國棟《商南蠻子話語音研究》 2006年
^ 梁猷剛《廣東省北部漢語方言的分佈
^ 崔榮昌《四川省西南官話以外的漢語方言》
^ 蔣希文《黔東南漢語方言》
^ Ting, Pang-hsin (丁邦新) 《海南島方言調查報告》
^ 《自由時報》1992年11月28日報導內政部戶政司資料。

[1] Perdue, Peter C. Exhausting the Earth: State and Peasant in Hunan, 1500–1850. Harvard University. p. 96.

[2] Youguang Zhou (2003). The historical evolution of Chinese languages and scripts. National East Asian Languages Resource Center, Ohio State University. p. 166. ISBN 08-741-5349-2.

[3] Brian Nolan, Gudrun Rawoens & Elke Diedrichsen (2015). Causation, Permission, and Transfer: Argument realisation in GET, TAKE, PUT, GIVE and LET verbs. John Benjamins Publishing Company. p. 178. ISBN 978-90-272-6897-6.

[4] "Jiangxi". Chinatour.com International, Inc. 2014. Archived from the original on 2016-03-22. Retrieved 2017-06-09.

[5] Jiang Wu (2011). Enlightenment in Dispute: The Reinvention of Chan Buddhism in Seventeenth-Century China. Oxford University Press, USA. p. 96. ISBN 978-01-998-9556-4.

[6] Tan Ye (2008). Historical Dictionary of Chinese Theater. Scarecrow Press. p. 148. ISBN 978-14-616-5921-1.

[7] 張盛裕、張成材《陝甘寧青四省區漢語方言的分區

[8] 孟萬春、姜國棟《商南蠻子話語音研究》 2006年

[9] 梁猷剛《廣東省北部漢語方言的分佈

[10] 崔榮昌《四川省西南官話以外的漢語方言》

[11] 蔣希文《黔東南漢語方言》

[12] Ting, Pang-hsin (丁邦新) 《海南島方言調查報告》

[13] 《自由時報》1992年11月28日報導內政部戶政司資料。

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