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Hot flash

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Hot flash
Other namesHot flush
SpecialtyGynecology, Endocrinology
SymptomsFeelings of intense heat on the face or chest, sweating, rapid heartbeat
Duration2–30 minutes

Hot flashes, also known as hot flushes, are a form of flushing, often caused by the changing hormone levels that are characteristic of menopause. They are typically experienced as a feeling of intense heat with sweating and rapid heartbeat, and may typically last from two to 30 minutes for each occurrence.

Signs and symptoms

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Hot flashes, a common symptom of menopause and perimenopause, are typically experienced as a feeling of intense heat with sweating and rapid heartbeat, and may typically last from two to thirty minutes for each occurrence, ending just as rapidly as they began. The sensation of heat usually begins in the face or chest, although it may appear elsewhere such as the back of the neck, and it can spread throughout the whole body.[1] Some people feel as if they are going to faint. In addition to being an internal sensation, the surface of the skin, especially on the face, becomes hot to the touch. This is the origin of the alternative term "hot flush", since the sensation of heat is often accompanied by visible reddening of the face.

The hot-flash event may be repeated a few times each week or every few minutes throughout the day. Hot flashes may begin to appear several years before menopause starts and last for years afterwards. Some people undergoing menopause never have hot flashes. Others have mild or infrequent flashes. Those most affected experience dozens of hot flashes each day. In addition, hot flashes are often more frequent and more intense during hot weather or in an overheated room, the surrounding heat apparently making the hot flashes themselves both more likely to occur, and more severe.

Severe hot flashes can make it difficult to get a full night's sleep (often characterized as insomnia), which in turn can affect mood, impair concentration, and cause other physical problems. When hot flashes occur at night, they are called "night sweats". As estrogen is typically lowest at night, some people get night sweats without having any hot flashes during the daytime.[2]

Young females

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If hot flashes occur at other times in a young female's menstrual cycle, then it might be a symptom of a problem with the pituitary gland; seeing a doctor is highly recommended. In younger females who are surgically menopausal, hot flashes are generally more intense than in older females, and they may last until natural age at menopause.[3]

Males

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Hot flashes in males could have various causes. It can be a sign of low testosterone.[4][5][6] Males with prostate cancer or testicular cancer can also have hot flashes, especially those who are undergoing hormone therapy with antiandrogens, also known as androgen antagonists, which reduce testosterone to castrate levels.[7] Males who are castrated can also get hot flashes.[8][9][10]

Types

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Some menopausal females may experience both standard hot flashes and a second type sometimes referred to as "slow hot flashes" or "ember flashes". The standard hot flash comes on rapidly, sometimes reaching maximum intensity in as little as a minute. It lasts at full intensity for only a few minutes before gradually fading.

Slow "ember" flashes appear almost as quickly but are less intense and last for around half an hour. Females who experience them may undergo them year round, rather than primarily in the summer, and ember flashes may linger for years after the more intense hot flashes have passed.

Mechanism

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Research on hot flashes is mostly focused on treatment options. The exact cause and pathogenesis, or causes, of vasomotor symptoms (VMS)—the clinical name for hot flashes—has not yet been fully studied.[11][12]

Hot flashes are associated with declining levels of estrogen (estrogen withdrawal) and other hormonal changes.[13] It does not appear that low levels of estrogen are the sole cause of hot flashes, as women who experience hot flashes have around the same plasma estrogen levels as women who do not have them, and prepubertal girls do not have hot flashes despite low estrogen levels.[13]

There are indications that hot flashes may be due to a change in the hypothalamus's control of temperature regulation.[14]

Transgender men also commonly report experiences of hot flashes.[15] This is linked to hormonal changes possible from many aspects of masculinizing gender-affirming care, including the use of gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonists as puberty blockers,[16] reduction of estrogen levels after having undergone oopherectomy,[17] and long term testosterone use reducing production of estradiols.[18]

Treatment

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Hormone replacement therapy

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Hormone replacement therapy may relieve many of the symptoms of menopause. However, oral HRT may increase the risk of breast cancer, stroke, and dementia and has other potentially serious short-term and long-term risks.[19][20] Since the incidence of cardiovascular disease in women has shown a rise that matches the increase in the number of post menopausal women, recent studies have examined the benefits and side effects of oral versus transdermal application of different estrogens and found that transdermal applications of estradiol may give the vascular benefits lowering the incidences of cardiovascular events with fewer adverse side effects than oral preparations.[21][22]

Women who experience troublesome hot flashes are advised by some to try alternatives to hormonal therapies as the first line of treatment. If a woman chooses hormones, they suggest she take the lowest dose that alleviates her symptoms for as short a time as possible.[23] The US Endocrine Society concluded that women taking hormone replacement therapy for 5 years or more experienced overall benefits in their symptoms including relief of hot flashes and symptoms of urogenital atrophy and prevention of fractures and diabetes.[24]

When estrogen as estradiol is used transdermally as a patch, gel, or pessary with micronized progesterone this may avoid the serious side effects associated with oral estradiol HRT since this avoids first pass metabolism (Phase I drug metabolism).[25] Women taking bioidentical estrogen, orally or transdermally, who have a uterus must still take a progestin or micronized progesterone to lower the risk of endometrial cancer. A French study of 80,391 postmenopausal women followed for several years concluded that estrogen in combination with micronized progesterone is not associated with an increased risk of breast cancer.[26] The natural, plant-derived progesterone creams sold over the counter contain too little progesterone to be effective. Wild yam (Dioscorea villosa) extract creams are not effective since the natural progesterone present in the extract is not bioavailable.[27]

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors

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SSRIs are a class of pharmaceuticals that are most commonly used in the treatment of depression. They have been found efficient in alleviating hot flashes.[28] On 28 June 2013 FDA approved Brisdelle (low-dose paroxetine mesylate) for the treatment of moderate-to-severe vasomotor symptoms (e.g. hot flashes and night sweats) associated with menopause. Paroxetine became the first and only non-hormonal therapy for menopausal hot flashes approved by FDA.[29]

Clonidine

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Clonidine is a blood pressure-lowering medication that can be used to relieve menopausal hot flashes when hormone replacement therapy is not needed or not desired. For hot flashes, clonidine works by helping reduce the response of the blood vessels to stimuli that cause them to narrow and widen.[30] While not all women respond to clonidine as a hot flash medication, it can reduce hot flashes by 40% in some peri-menopausal women.[31]

Isoflavones

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Isoflavones are commonly found in legumes such as soy and red clover. The two soy isoflavones implicated in relieving menopausal symptoms are genistein and daidzein, and are also known as phytoestrogens. The half life of these molecules is about eight hours, which might explain why some studies have not consistently shown effectiveness of soy products for menopausal symptoms.[citation needed] Although red clover (Trifolium pratense) contains isoflavones similar to soy, the effectiveness of this herb for menopausal symptoms at relatively low concentrations points to a different mechanism of action.[32]

Other phytoestrogens

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It is believed [by whom?] that dietary changes that include a higher consumption of phytoestrogens from sources such as soy, red clover, ginseng, and yam may relieve hot flashes.

  • Ginseng: Very few studies exist on the effect of ginseng for relief of menopausal symptoms. In a large double-blinded randomized controlled trial, reduction in hot flashes was not statistically significant but showed a strong trend towards improvement.[33] Lack of statistical significance suggests future research, but does not meet the scientific bar for ginseng to be deemed effective.
  • Flaxseed: There have also been several clinical trials using flaxseed. Flaxseed is the richest source of lignans, which is one of three major classes of phytoestrogen.[34] Lignans are thought to have estrogen agonist and antagonist effects as well as antioxidant properties. Flaxseed and its lignans may have potent anti-estrogenic effects on estrogen receptor positive breast cancer and may have benefits in breast cancer prevention efforts.[35][36] One recent study done in France, looked at four types of lignans, including that found in flaxseed (Secoisolariciresinol) in a prospective cohort study to see if intake predicted breast cancer incidence.[36] The authors report lowered risk of breast cancer among over 58,000 postmenopausal women who had the third highest quartile of lignan intake. There have been a few small pilot studies that have tested the effect of flaxseed on hot flashes. Currently there is a large study sponsored by the National Cancer Institute that is ongoing, but not accepting any new participants.[37] The rationale for the study is that estrogen can relieve the symptoms of menopause, but can also cause the growth of breast cancer cells. Flaxseed may reduce the number of hot flashes and improve mood and quality of life in postmenopausal women not receiving estrogen therapy.

Acupuncture

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Acupuncture has been suggested to reduce incidence of hot flashes in women with breast cancer and men with prostate cancer, but the quality of evidence is low.[38][39]

Epidemiology

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It has been speculated that hot flashes are less common among Asian women.[40][41]

Menopausal women who have more hot flashes have a higher risk of hypertension and cardiovascular disease.[42]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ "Hot Flashes - Symptoms and causes - Mayo Clinic". www.mayoclinic.org. Retrieved 31 March 2021.
  2. ^ University of Glasgow (24 October 2007). "Doctors seek the key to understanding hot flushes". University News (Archive of news). University of Glasgow. Retrieved 19 April 2013.
  3. ^ "Menopause". About.com. n.d. Archived from the original on 9 March 2011. Retrieved 19 April 2013.
  4. ^ Bunyavanich S (6 June 2007). "Low Testosterone Could Kill You". ABC News. ABC News Internet Ventures. Retrieved 20 April 2013.
  5. ^ "Hot Flashes in Men: An Update". Harvard Medical School. March 2014. Retrieved 5 May 2020.
  6. ^ Petering, Ryan C.; Brooks, Nathan A. (1 October 2017). "Testosterone Therapy: Review of Clinical Applications". American Family Physician. 96 (7): 441–449. ISSN 0002-838X. PMID 29094914.
  7. ^ "What to Expect During Therapy". Lupron Depot. Abbott Laboratories. Retrieved 20 April 2013.
  8. ^ "Hot Flashes in Men -- Mayo Clinic Researchers Describe A Treatment". ScienceDaily. Science Daily LLC. 19 October 2004. Retrieved 20 April 2013.
  9. ^ Engstrom CA, Kasper CE (March 2007). "Physiology and endocrinology of hot flashes in prostate cancer". American Journal of Men's Health. 1 (1): 8–17. doi:10.1177/1557988306294162. PMID 19482779. S2CID 20123822.
  10. ^ Anitei S (16 April 2007). "Men Can Experience Hot Flashes, Just Like Women in Menopause". Softpedia. Retrieved 20 April 2013.
  11. ^ Utian WH (1 June 2012). "Recent Developments in Pharmacotherapy for Vasomotor Symptoms". Current Obstetrics and Gynecology Reports. 1 (2): 43–49. doi:10.1007/s13669-012-0009-4. ISSN 2161-3303.
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  13. ^ a b Freedman RR (July 2014). "Menopausal hot flashes: mechanisms, endocrinology, treatment". The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. Current Views of Hormone Therapy for Management and Treatment of Postmenopausal Women. 142: 115–20. doi:10.1016/j.jsbmb.2013.08.010. PMC 4612529. PMID 24012626.
  14. ^ Spetz AC, Zetterlund EL, Varenhorst E, Hammar M (November–December 2003). "Incidence and management of hot flashes in prostate cancer". The Journal of Supportive Oncology. 1 (4): 263–6, 269–70, 272–3, discussion 267-8, 271–2. PMID 15334868.
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  17. ^ Casimiro I (13 February 2019). "Severe Vasomotor Symptoms Post-Oophorectomy Despite Testosterone Therapy in a Transgender Man: A Unique Case Study". Journal of the Endocrine Society. 3 (4): 743–736. doi:10.1210/js.2018-00367. PMC 6436763. PMID 30931422.
  18. ^ Mueller A, Haeberle L, Zollver H, Claassen T, Kronawitter D, Oppelt PG, Cupisti S, Beckmann MW, Dittrich R (1 September 2010). "Effects of Intramuscular Testosterone Undecanoate on Body Composition and Bone Mineral Density in Female-to-Male Transsexuals". The Journal of Sexual Medicine. 7 (9): 3190–3198. doi:10.1111/j.1743-6109.2010.01912.x. PMID 20584125.
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  20. ^ Rossouw JE, Anderson GL, Prentice RL, LaCroix AZ, Kooperberg C, Stefanick ML, et al. (July 2002). "Risks and benefits of estrogen plus progestin in healthy postmenopausal women: principal results From the Women's Health Initiative randomized controlled trial". JAMA. 288 (3): 321–33. doi:10.1001/jama.288.3.321. PMID 12117397.
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  22. ^ Løkkegaard E, Andreasen AH, Jacobsen RK, Nielsen LH, Agger C, Lidegaard Ø (November 2008). "Hormone therapy and risk of myocardial infarction: a national register study". European Heart Journal. 29 (21): 2660–8. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehn408. PMID 18826989.
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  25. ^ L'Hermite M (August 2013). "HRT optimization, using transdermal estradiol plus micronized progesterone, a safer HRT". Climacteric. 16 (Suppl 1): 44–53. doi:10.3109/13697137.2013.808563. PMID 23848491. S2CID 20401584.
  26. ^ Fournier A, Fabre A, Mesrine S, Boutron-Ruault MC, Berrino F, Clavel-Chapelon F (March 2008). "Use of different postmenopausal hormone therapies and risk of histology- and hormone receptor-defined invasive breast cancer". Journal of Clinical Oncology. 26 (8): 1260–8. doi:10.1200/jco.2007.13.4338. PMC 2346534. PMID 18323549.
  27. ^ Harvard Women's Health Watch (August 2006). "What are bioidentical hormones?". Harvard Women's Health Watch. Retrieved 20 September 2014.
  28. ^ Sicat BL, Brokaw DK (January 2004). "Nonhormonal alternatives for the treatment of hot flashes". Pharmacotherapy. 24 (1): 79–93. doi:10.1592/phco.24.1.79.34812. PMID 14740790. S2CID 22844064.
  29. ^ Food and Drug Administration (28 June 2013). "FDA NEWS RELEASE: FDA approves the first non-hormonal treatment for hot flashes associated with menopause". FDA.
  30. ^ "Apo-Clonidine - Uses, Side Effects, Interactions - Drug Factsheets - C-Health". chealth.canoe.com. Archived from the original on 22 December 2015. Retrieved 21 December 2015.
  31. ^ "What Patients Need to Know About Hot Flashes". Medscape. (subscription required)
  32. ^ Nissan HP, Lu J, Booth NL, Yamamura HI, Farnsworth NR, Wang ZJ (May 2007). "A red clover (Trifolium pratense) phase II clinical extract possesses opiate activity". Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 112 (1): 207–10. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2007.02.006. PMID 17350196.
  33. ^ Wiklund IK, Mattsson LA, Lindgren R, Limoni C (1999). "Effects of a standardized ginseng extract on quality of life and physiological parameters in symptomatic postmenopausal women: a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Swedish Alternative Medicine Group". International Journal of Clinical Pharmacology Research. 19 (3): 89–99. PMID 10761538.
  34. ^ Basch E, Bent S, Collins J, Dacey C, Hammerness P, Harrison M, et al. (2007). "Flax and flaxseed oil (Linum usitatissimum): a review by the Natural Standard Research Collaboration". Journal of the Society for Integrative Oncology. 5 (3): 92–105. PMID 17761128. S2CID 37254359.
  35. ^ Bergman Jungeström M, Thompson LU, Dabrosin C (February 2007). "Flaxseed and its lignans inhibit estradiol-induced growth, angiogenesis, and secretion of vascular endothelial growth factor in human breast cancer xenografts in vivo". Clinical Cancer Research. 13 (3): 1061–7. doi:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-06-1651. PMID 17289903.
  36. ^ a b Touillaud MS, Thiébaut AC, Fournier A, Niravong M, Boutron-Ruault MC, Clavel-Chapelon F (March 2007). "Dietary lignan intake and postmenopausal breast cancer risk by estrogen and progesterone receptor status". Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 99 (6): 475–86. doi:10.1093/jnci/djk096. PMC 2292813. PMID 17374837.
  37. ^ "Flaxseed in Treating Postmenopausal Women With Hot Flashes Who Have a History of Breast Cancer or Other Cancer or Who Do Not Wish to Take Estrogen Therapy". ClinicalTrials.gov. U.S. National Institute of Health. November 2010. Retrieved 20 April 2013.
  38. ^ Frisk JW, Hammar ML, Ingvar M, Spetz Holm AC (May 2014). "How long do the effects of acupuncture on hot flashes persist in cancer patients?". Supportive Care in Cancer. 22 (5): 1409–15. doi:10.1007/s00520-014-2126-2. PMID 24477325. S2CID 9607095.
  39. ^ Lee MS, Kim KH, Shin BC, Choi SM, Ernst E (July 2009). "Acupuncture for treating hot flushes in men with prostate cancer: a systematic review". Supportive Care in Cancer. 17 (7): 763–70. doi:10.1007/s00520-009-0589-3. PMID 19224253. S2CID 21847920.
  40. ^ Messina M, Hughes C (2003). "Efficacy of soyfoods and soybean isoflavone supplements for alleviating menopausal symptoms is positively related to initial hot flush frequency". Journal of Medicinal Food. 6 (1): 1–11. doi:10.1089/109662003765184697. PMID 12804015.
  41. ^ Lock M (May–August 1994). "Menopause in cultural context". Experimental Gerontology. 29 (3–4): 307–17. doi:10.1016/0531-5565(94)90011-6. PMID 7925751. S2CID 25719669.
  42. ^ Lee, Emma; Anselmo, Miguel; Tahsin, Chowdhury Tasnova; Vanden Noven, Marnie; Stokes, William; Carter, Jason R.; Keller-Ross, Manda L. (1 December 2022). "Vasomotor symptoms of menopause, autonomic dysfunction, and cardiovascular disease". American Journal of Physiology. Heart and Circulatory Physiology. 323 (6): H1270–H1280. doi:10.1152/ajpheart.00477.2022. ISSN 1522-1539. PMC 9744645. PMID 36367692.
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