Jump to content

英文维基 | 中文维基 | 日文维基 | 草榴社区

Intangible cultural heritage

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Intangible heritage)

An intangible cultural heritage (ICH) is a practice, representation, expression, knowledge, or skill considered by UNESCO to be part of a place's cultural heritage. Buildings, historic places, monuments, and artifacts are cultural property. Intangible heritage consists of nonphysical intellectual wealth, such as folklore, customs, beliefs, traditions, knowledge, and language. Intangible cultural heritage is considered by member states of UNESCO in relation to the tangible World Heritage focusing on intangible aspects of culture. In 2001, UNESCO made a survey[1] among states and NGOs to try to agree on a definition, and the Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage[2] was drafted in 2003 for its protection and promotion.

Definition

[edit]
The Viennese coffee house culture, a special form of cultural heritage[3]

The Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage[4] defines the intangible cultural heritage as the practices, representations, expressions, as well as the knowledge and skills (including instruments, objects, artifacts, cultural spaces), that communities, groups, and, in some cases, individuals, recognize as part of their cultural heritage. It is sometimes called living cultural heritage, and is manifested in the following domains, among others:[5]

  • Oral traditions and expressions, including language as a vehicle of the intangible cultural heritage;
  • Performing arts;
  • Social practices, rituals and festive events;
  • Knowledge and practices concerning nature and the universe;
  • Traditional craftsmanship
A painting on an ancient Greek vase depicts a music lesson (c. 510 BC)

Cultural heritage in general consists of the products and processes of a culture that are preserved and passed on through the generations.[6] Some of that heritage takes the form of cultural property, formed by tangible artefacts such as buildings or works of art. Many parts of culture, however are intangible, including song, music, dance, drama, skills, cuisine, sport,[7] crafts, and festivals. These are forms of culture that can be recorded but cannot be touched or stored in physical form, like in a museum, but only experienced through a vehicle giving expression to it. Such cultural vehicles are called "Human Treasures" by the UN. The protection of languages, as the largest and most important intangible cultural heritage, should also be mentioned in this context. According to Karl von Habsburg, President of Blue Shield International, protection of languages is important in the age of identity wars, because language in particular can become a target for attack as a symbolic cultural asset.[8]

Noh mask. Japan was the first country to introduce legislation to protect and promote its intangible heritage.[9]

According to the 2003 Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage, the intangible cultural heritage (ICH) – or living heritage – is the mainspring of humanity's cultural diversity and its maintenance a guarantee for continuing creativity. It is defined as follows:

Intangible Cultural Heritage means the practices, representations, expressions, knowledge, skills – as well as the instruments, objects, artifacts and cultural spaces associated therewith – that communities, groups and, in some cases, individuals recognize as part of their cultural heritage. This intangible cultural heritage, transmitted from generation to generation, is constantly recreated by communities and groups in response to their environment, their interaction with nature and their history, and provides them with a sense of identity and continuity, thus promoting respect for cultural diversity and human creativity. For the purposes of this Convention, consideration will be given solely to such intangible cultural heritage as is compatible with existing international human rights instruments, as well as with the requirements of mutual respect among communities, groups and individuals, and of sustainable development.

Oral history

[edit]

Intangible cultural heritage is slightly different from the discipline of oral history, the recording, preservation and interpretation of historical information (specifically, oral tradition), based on the personal experiences and opinions of the speaker. ICH attempts to preserve cultural heritage 'with' the people or community by protecting the processes that allow traditions and shared knowledge to be passed on while oral history seeks to collect and preserve historical information obtained from individuals and groups.[citation needed]

Food heritage

[edit]

With sustainable development gaining momentum as a priority of UNESCO heritage policies, an increasing number of food-related nominations are being submitted for inscription on the lists of the convention for the safeguarding of the intangible cultural heritage.[10] The Mediterranean diet,[11] the traditional Mexican cuisine and the Japanese dietary culture of washoku are some examples of this.[citation needed]

Dishes

[edit]

Dance heritage

[edit]
Tango, an example of a cultural heritage shared between two countries, Argentina and Uruguay.

The UNESCO lists of intangible cultural heritage also include a variety of dance genres, often associated with singing, music and celebrations, from all over the world. The lists include: celebratory and ritual dances such as Ma'di bowl lyre music and Sebiba dance from Algeria and dance from Uganda and Kalbelia folk songs and dances of Rajasthan from India, and social dances such as Cuban rumba. Also, some dances are localized and practiced mainly in their country of origin, such as Sankirtana, a performing art that includes drumming and singing, from India.[citation needed]

Other dance forms,[13] however, even if they are officially recognized as heritage from their country of origin, are practiced and enjoyed all over the world. For example, flamenco from Spain and tango, from Argentina and Uruguay, have an international dimension. Dance is a complex phenomenon, which involves culture, traditions, the use of human bodies, artefacts (such as costumes and props), as well as a specific use of music, space and sometimes light. As a result, a lot of tangible and intangible elements[14] are combined within dance, making it a challenging but interesting type of heritage to safeguard.[citation needed]

Digital heritage

[edit]

Digital heritage is a representation of heritage in the digital realm and is a sub-category of Intangible Cultural Heritage.[15] It refers primarily to the use of digital media in the service of preserving cultural or natural heritage.[16][17][18]

Sports heritage

[edit]
Kabaddi, a traditional Indian game which has become increasingly popular around the world.
UNESCO promotes TSG as a form of "intangible cultural heritage", and has a dedicated TSG Advisory Committee.[19][20] Four Collective Consultation Meetings have been held so far by UNESCO, with the fourth Collective Consultation in 2018 gathering more than 82 participants from 40 countries.[21] UNESCO played a pivotal role in founding the International Council of Traditional Sports and Games (ICTSG) in 2018. Khalil Ahmed Khan was appointed as the president, and Shammi Rana assumed the position of Secretary General, with the 14th of August being declared the International Day of Traditional Sports and Games.[22]

Oral continuity

[edit]

Intangible cultural heritage is passed orally within a community, and while there may be individuals who are known tradition bearers, ICH is often broader than one individual's own skills or knowledge. A 2006 report by the government of Newfoundland and Labrador said, regarding oral culture in their area, "The processes involved in the continuation of this traditional knowledge constitute one of the most interesting aspects of our living heritage. Each member of the community possesses a piece of the shared knowledge.[23] Crucial knowledge is passed on during community activities, frequently without any conscious attention to the process."[24]

Preservation

[edit]

Prior to the UNESCO Convention, efforts had already been made by a number of states to safeguard their intangible heritage.[25] Japan, with its 1950 Law for the Protection of Cultural Properties, was the first to introduce legislation to preserve and promote intangible as well as tangible culture: Important Intangible Cultural Properties are designated and "holders" recognized of these craft and performance traditions, known informally as Living National Treasures.[9][26] Other countries, including South Korea (Important Intangible Cultural Properties of Korea), the Philippines, Ukraine, the United States, Thailand, France, Romania, the Czech Republic, and Poland, have since created similar programs.[26]

In 2003 UNESCO adopted the Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage. This went into effect on 20 April 2006. The Convention recommends that countries and scholars develop inventories of ICH in their territory, as well as work with the groups who maintain these ICH to ensure their continued existences; it also provides for funds to be voluntarily collected among UNESCO members and then disbursed to support the maintenance of recognized ICH.[26] UNESCO has also created other intangible culture programs, such as a list called Proclamation of Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity. This list began in 2001 with 19 items and a further 28 were listed in 2003 and another 43 in 2005. In part, the original list was seen as a way to correct the imbalance in the World Heritage List, since it excluded many Southern Hemisphere cultures which did not produce monuments or other physical cultural manifestations.[26] It was superseded in 2008 by the UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists.[citation needed]

According to academic Yi Sun publishing in 2024, "China has played an increasingly dynamic role in energizing" the Intangible Cultural Heritage Cooperation program.[27]: 157 

Recently there has been much debate over protecting intangible cultural heritage through intellectual property rights, as well as the desirability to do so through this legal framework and the risks of commodification derived from this possibility.[28] The issue still remains open in legal scholarship.[citation needed]

UNESCO lists by country

[edit]

Note: Each country may maintain its own cultural heritage lists, items of which are not necessarily inscribed into UNESCO lists.

Rank Country No. of elements inscribed by UNESCO[29]
1  China 43[30]
2 Turkey 30[31]
3 France 28[32]
4 Spain 25[33]
5 Iran 24[34]
6 Azerbaijan 23[35]
7 Croatia,  Japan,  South Korea 22[36][37][38]
8 Italy 19[39]
9 Belgium 18[40]
10 India,  Kyrgyzstan,  Mongolia,  Vietnam, United Arab Emirates,  Uzbekistan 15[41][42][43][44][45][46]
11  Colombia, Morocco, Oman, Peru 14[47][48][49][50]
12  Indonesia,  Kazakhstan, Saudi Arabia 13[51][52][53]
13  Mexico 12[54]
14  Algeria, Austria 11[55][56]
15  Czech Republic, Germany, Greece, Portugal,  Romania, Switzerland 10[57][58][59][60][61][62]
16  Bolivia,  Brazil,  Hungary,  Mali,  Slovakia,  Venezuela 9[63][64][65][66][67][68]
17 Armenia,  Bulgaria,  Egypt 8[69][70][71]
18 Cyprus,  Malaysia,  Nigeria,  Slovenia,  Tunisia 7[72][73][74][75][76]
19 Cambodia,  Cuba,  Malawi,  Mauritania, Palestine, Philippines,  Poland,  Syria,  Uganda 6[77][78][79][80][81][82][83][84][85]
20  Bangladesh,  Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina,  Estonia, Kenya, Luxembourg, Netherlands,  Ukraine,  Zambia 5[86][87][88][89][90][91][92][93][94]
21  Dominican Republic,  Ecuador,  Finland,  Guatemala,  Ireland,  Ivory Coast, Kuwait,  Lithuania,  Mauritius,  Moldova,  North Korea, Qatar, Thailand, Yemen 4[95][96][97][98][99][100][101][102][103][104][105][106][107][108]
22 Albania, Andorra, Bahrain,  Botswana,  Latvia,  Madagascar,  Mozambique, Pakistan,  Sweden 3[109][110][111][112][113][114][115][116][117]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Meeting of 2001". UNESCO. Archived from the original on 1 February 2015. Retrieved 20 June 2007.
  2. ^ "Official website". UNESCO. Archived from the original on 3 May 2013. Retrieved 20 June 2007.
  3. ^ "Intangible Cultural Heritage in Austria: Viennese Coffee House Culture". Archived from the original on 18 August 2016. Retrieved 9 December 2020.
  4. ^ "UNESCO". Archived from the original on 11 October 2012. Retrieved 4 February 2016.
  5. ^ LOMITKO (1 October 2005). "Definition of Intangible Heritage". Archived from the original on 3 April 2012. Retrieved 4 February 2016.
  6. ^ Vrdoljak, Ana Filipa (6 December 2017), "Indigenous peoples, intangible cultural heritage and participation in the United Nations", Intellectual Property, Cultural Property and Intangible Cultural Heritage, Routledge, pp. 50–66, doi:10.4324/9781315714288-3, ISBN 978-1-315-71428-8
  7. ^ Phillips, Ryan J.; Martin, George (28 July 2020). "Listing and protecting culturally significant events: intangible cultural heritage and policy considerations for hockey broadcasting in Canada, R. J. Phillips & G. Martin, 26(5) (2020)". International Journal of Cultural Policy. 26 (5): 584–596. doi:10.1080/10286632.2019.1659786. Retrieved 6 June 2024.
  8. ^ Gerold Keusch: Kulturgüterschutz in der Ära der Identitätskriege (German – Protection of cultural property in the era of identity wars). In: Truppendienst – Magazin des Österreichischen Bundesheeres, 24 October 2018.
  9. ^ a b Yang Jongsung (2003). Cultural Protection Policy in Korea: Intangible Cultural Properties and Living National Treasures. Jimoondang International. pp. 33ff. ISBN 978-1931897051.
  10. ^ Chiara Bortolotto (27 May 2016). "At the UNESCO feast: introduction". doi:10.58079/ovpf. Archived from the original on 28 August 2016. Retrieved 12 August 2016.
  11. ^ SILVA, A. J. M. (2016). Create Space (ed.). Le régime UNESCO (Discours et pratiques alimentaires en Méditerranée vol. III) (in French). Charleston. ISBN 978-1532997112. Archived from the original on 29 January 2023. Retrieved 11 August 2016.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  12. ^ "UNESCO - Ceebu Jën, a culinary art of Senegal". ich.unesco.org. Retrieved 29 March 2024.
  13. ^ "Dance as a form of intangible heritage". 24 January 2016. Archived from the original on 17 April 2023. Retrieved 26 June 2017.
  14. ^ Iacono, Valeria Lo; Brown, David H. K. (May 2016). "Lo Iacono, Valeria and Brown, David – Beyond Binarism: Exploring a Model of Living Cultural Heritage for Dance. Dance Research Journal, Vol. 34, April 2016". Dance Research. 34 (1): 84–105. doi:10.3366/drs.2016.0147. Archived from the original on 20 October 2022. Retrieved 26 June 2017.
  15. ^ Khan, Muqeem (1 March 2015). "Transmitting Al Ardha: Traditional Arab Sword Dance". International Journal of Heritage in the Digital Era. 4 (1): 71–86. doi:10.1260/2047-4970.4.1.71.[permanent dead link]
  16. ^ Yehuda Kalay; Thomas Kvan; Janice Affleck, eds. (2007). New Heritage: New Media and Cultural Heritage. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-135-97770-2.
  17. ^ Ann Marie Sullivan, Cultural Heritage & New Media: A Future for the Past, 15 J. MARSHALL REV. INTELL. PROP. L. 604 (2016) https://repository.jmls.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1392&context=ripl Archived 5 April 2020 at the Wayback Machine
  18. ^ Fiona Cameron; Sarah Kenderdine, eds. (2007). Theorizing Digital Cultural Heritage: A Critical Discourse. MIT Press. ISBN 978-0-262-03353-4.
  19. ^ Kumari, Sonia (29 March 2019). "UNESCO TSG visited for the possibilities of organizing Traditional Sports and Games in South Korea". www.sportskeeda.com. Retrieved 5 November 2023.
  20. ^ Berti, Francesca (10 July 2023). The Shared Space of Play: Traditional Games as a Tool of Intercultural Education. LIT Verlag Münster. ISBN 978-3-643-91231-2.
  21. ^ Khan, Khalil Ahmed; Tluehan, Bekbolat (2019). "UNESCO traditional sports and games". Педагогико-психологические и медико-биологические проблемы физической культуры и спорта. 14 (2 (eng)): 5–8.
  22. ^ "Traditional sports". www.thenews.com.pk. Retrieved 5 November 2023.
  23. ^ Farah, Paolo Davide; Tremolada, Riccardo (15 March 2014). "Desirability of Commodification of Intangible Cultural Heritage: The Unsatisfying Role of Intellectual Property Rights". Transnational Dispute Management. 11 (2). SSRN 2472339.
  24. ^ Creative Newfoundland and Labrador: The Blueprint for Development and Investment in Culture (PDF). St. John's, NL: Government of Newfoundland and Labrador. 2006. Archived (PDF) from the original on 18 July 2017. Retrieved 9 June 2017.
  25. ^ Deacon, Harriet (et al.) (2004). The Subtle Power of Intangible Heritage: Legal and Financial Instruments for Safeguarding Intangible Heritage (PDF). Human Sciences Research Council. p. 21. ISBN 978-0796920744. Archived (PDF) from the original on 20 October 2022. Retrieved 9 June 2017.
  26. ^ a b c d Kurin, Richard (1 May 2004). "Safeguarding Intangible Cultural Heritage in the 2003 UNESCO Convention: a critical appraisal". Museum International. 56 (1–2): 66–77. doi:10.1111/j.1350-0775.2004.00459.x. S2CID 142579517.
  27. ^ Sun, Yi (2024). "Necessitated by Geopolitics: China's Economic and Cultural Initiatives in Central Asia". In Fang, Qiang; Li, Xiaobing (eds.). China under Xi Jinping: A New Assessment. Leiden University Press. ISBN 9789087284411. JSTOR jj.15136086.
  28. ^ "Farah, Paolo Davide and Tremolada, Riccardo Conflict between Intellectual Property Rights and Human Rights: A Case Study on Intangible Cultural Heritage (December 19, 2015). Oregon Law Review, Vol. 94, No. 1, 2015". Archived from the original on 11 April 2024. Retrieved 3 July 2016.
  29. ^ "Map of the Intangible Cultural Heritage". UNESCO. Archived from the original on 10 May 2017. Retrieved 10 May 2017.
  30. ^ "China – intangible heritage". Archived from the original on 4 December 2021. Retrieved 7 December 2017.
  31. ^ "Turkey – intangible heritage". Archived from the original on 4 December 2021. Retrieved 7 December 2017.
  32. ^ "France – intangible heritage". Archived from the original on 5 December 2021. Retrieved 7 December 2017.
  33. ^ "Spain – intangible heritage". Archived from the original on 5 December 2021. Retrieved 7 December 2017.
  34. ^ "Iran – intangible heritage". Archived from the original on 7 December 2021. Retrieved 7 December 2017.
  35. ^ "Azerbaijan – intangible heritage". Archived from the original on 4 December 2021. Retrieved 7 December 2017.
  36. ^ "Croatia – intangible heritage". Archived from the original on 5 December 2021. Retrieved 7 December 2017.
  37. ^ "Japan – intangible heritage". Archived from the original on 4 December 2021. Retrieved 7 December 2017.
  38. ^ "Republic of Korea – intangible heritage". Archived from the original on 4 December 2021. Retrieved 7 December 2017.
  39. ^ "Italy – intangible heritage". Archived from the original on 5 December 2021. Retrieved 7 December 2017.
  40. ^ "Belgium – intangible heritage". Archived from the original on 4 December 2021. Retrieved 7 December 2017.
  41. ^ "India – intangible heritage". Archived from the original on 4 December 2021. Retrieved 7 December 2017.
  42. ^ "Kyrgyzstan – intangible heritage". Archived from the original on 4 December 2021. Retrieved 22 December 2020.
  43. ^ "Mongolia – intangible heritage". Archived from the original on 4 December 2021. Retrieved 7 December 2017.
  44. ^ "Viet Nam – intangible heritage". Archived from the original on 4 December 2021. Retrieved 7 December 2017.
  45. ^ "United Arab Emirates – intangible heritage". Archived from the original on 14 December 2021. Retrieved 7 December 2017.
  46. ^ "Uzbekistan – intangible heritage". Archived from the original on 4 December 2021. Retrieved 22 December 2020.
  47. ^ "Colombia – intangible heritage". Archived from the original on 14 December 2023. Retrieved 9 December 2023.
  48. ^ "Morocco – intangible heritage". Archived from the original on 14 December 2021. Retrieved 7 December 2017.
  49. ^ "Oman – intangible heritage". Archived from the original on 14 December 2021. Retrieved 7 December 2017.
  50. ^ "Peru – intangible heritage". Archived from the original on 14 December 2023. Retrieved 9 December 2023.
  51. ^ "Indonesia – intangible heritage". Archived from the original on 16 December 2021. Retrieved 7 December 2017.
  52. ^ "Kazakhstan – intangible heritage". Archived from the original on 4 December 2021. Retrieved 7 December 2017.
  53. ^ "Saudi Arabia – intangible heritage". Archived from the original on 14 December 2021. Retrieved 22 December 2020.
  54. ^ "Mexico – intangible heritage". Archived from the original on 5 December 2021. Retrieved 7 December 2017.
  55. ^ "Algeria – intangible heritage". Archived from the original on 14 December 2021. Retrieved 22 December 2020.
  56. ^ "Austria – intangible heritage". Archived from the original on 4 December 2021. Retrieved 22 December 2020.
  57. ^ "Czech Republic – intangible heritage". Archived from the original on 16 December 2023. Retrieved 12 December 2023.
  58. ^ "Germany – intangible heritage". Archived from the original on 13 December 2023. Retrieved 12 December 2023.
  59. ^ "Greece – intangible heritage". Archived from the original on 5 December 2021. Retrieved 22 December 2020.
  60. ^ "Portugal – intangible heritage". Archived from the original on 5 December 2021. Retrieved 7 December 2017.
  61. ^ "Romania – intangible heritage". Archived from the original on 5 December 2021. Retrieved 7 December 2017.
  62. ^ "Switzerland – intangible heritage". Archived from the original on 13 December 2023. Retrieved 10 December 2023.
  63. ^ "Bolivia – intangible heritage". Archived from the original on 5 December 2021. Retrieved 22 December 2020.
  64. ^ "Brazil – intangible heritage". Archived from the original on 5 December 2021. Retrieved 7 December 2017.
  65. ^ "Hungary – intangible heritage". Archived from the original on 11 December 2023. Retrieved 12 December 2023.
  66. ^ "Mali – intangible heritage". Archived from the original on 9 December 2021. Retrieved 22 December 2020.
  67. ^ "Slovakia – intangible heritage". Archived from the original on 5 December 2021. Retrieved 22 December 2020.
  68. ^ "Venezuela – intangible heritage". Archived from the original on 5 December 2021. Retrieved 22 December 2020.
  69. ^ "Armenia – intangible heritage". Archived from the original on 4 December 2021. Retrieved 22 December 2020.
  70. ^ "Bulgaria – intangible heritage". Archived from the original on 4 December 2021. Retrieved 22 December 2020.
  71. ^ "Egypt – intangible heritage". Archived from the original on 12 December 2023. Retrieved 10 December 2023.
  72. ^ "Cyprus – intangible heritage". Archived from the original on 12 December 2023. Retrieved 9 December 2023.
  73. ^ "Malaysia – intangible heritage". Archived from the original on 16 December 2023. Retrieved 17 December 2023.
  74. ^ "Nigeria – intangible heritage". Archived from the original on 13 December 2023. Retrieved 10 December 2023.
  75. ^ "Slovenia – intangible heritage". ich.unesco.org. Archived from the original on 13 December 2023. Retrieved 10 December 2023.
  76. ^ "Tunisia – intangible heritage". Archived from the original on 12 December 2023. Retrieved 10 December 2023.
  77. ^ "Cambodia – intangible heritage". Archived from the original on 24 June 2023. Retrieved 31 July 2023.
  78. ^ "Cuba – intangible heritage". UNESCO. Archived from the original on 19 December 2023.
  79. ^ "Malawi – intangible heritage". UNESCO. Archived from the original on 19 December 2023.
  80. ^ "Mauritania – intangible heritage". Archived from the original on 10 December 2023. Retrieved 10 December 2023.
  81. ^ "Palestine – intangible heritage". Archived from the original on 19 May 2021. Retrieved 9 December 2023.
  82. ^ "Philippines – intangible heritage". Archived from the original on 7 December 2023. Retrieved 10 December 2023.
  83. ^ "Poland – intangible heritage". Archived from the original on 12 December 2023. Retrieved 12 December 2023.
  84. ^ "Syria – intangible heritage". Archived from the original on 2 October 2017. Retrieved 2 December 2022.
  85. ^ "Uganda – intangible heritage". Archived from the original on 14 December 2023. Retrieved 10 December 2023.
  86. ^ "UNESCO - Bangladesh". ich.unesco.org. Archived from the original on 3 December 2023. Retrieved 7 December 2023.
  87. ^ "Belarus – intangible heritage". Archived from the original on 13 December 2023. Retrieved 12 December 2023.
  88. ^ "Bosnia and Herzegovina – intangible heritage". Archived from the original on 19 December 2023. Retrieved 2 January 2024.
  89. ^ "Estonia – intangible heritage". Archived from the original on 12 December 2023. Retrieved 10 December 2023.
  90. ^ "Kenya – intangible heritage". Archived from the original on 8 December 2023. Retrieved 10 December 2023.
  91. ^ "Luxembourg – intangible heritage". Archived from the original on 13 December 2023. Retrieved 9 December 2023.
  92. ^ "Netherlands – intangible heritage". Archived from the original on 13 December 2023. Retrieved 14 December 2023.
  93. ^ "Ukraine – intangible heritage". Archived from the original on 6 July 2022. Retrieved 12 December 2023.
  94. ^ "Zambia – intangible heritage". Archived from the original on 12 December 2023. Retrieved 10 December 2023.
  95. ^ "Dominican Republic – intangible heritage". Archived from the original on 14 December 2023. Retrieved 10 December 2023.
  96. ^ "Ecuador – intangible heritage". Archived from the original on 10 December 2023. Retrieved 10 December 2023.
  97. ^ "Finland – intangible heritage". Archived from the original on 13 December 2023. Retrieved 12 December 2023.
  98. ^ "Guatemala – intangible heritage". Archived from the original on 14 December 2023. Retrieved 10 December 2023.
  99. ^ "Ireland – intangible heritage". Archived from the original on 13 December 2023. Retrieved 12 December 2023.
  100. ^ "Ivory Coast – intangible heritage". Archived from the original on 10 December 2023. Retrieved 10 December 2023.
  101. ^ "Kuwait – intangible heritage". Archived from the original on 14 December 2023. Retrieved 10 December 2023.
  102. ^ "Lithuania – intangible heritage". Archived from the original on 11 April 2024. Retrieved 10 December 2023.
  103. ^ "Mauritius – intangible heritage". Archived from the original on 13 December 2023. Retrieved 10 December 2023.
  104. ^ "Moldova – intangible heritage". Archived from the original on 12 December 2023. Retrieved 10 December 2023.
  105. ^ "North Korea – intangible heritage". Archived from the original on 10 December 2023. Retrieved 10 December 2023.
  106. ^ "Qatar – intangible heritage". Archived from the original on 14 December 2023. Retrieved 10 December 2023.
  107. ^ "Thailand – intangible heritage". Archived from the original on 14 December 2023. Retrieved 12 December 2023.
  108. ^ "Yemen – intangible heritage". Archived from the original on 14 December 2023. Retrieved 10 December 2023.
  109. ^ "Albania – intangible heritage". Archived from the original on 19 December 2023. Retrieved 24 December 2023.
  110. ^ "Andorra – intangible heritage". Archived from the original on 12 December 2023. Retrieved 9 December 2023.
  111. ^ "Bahrain – intangible heritage". Archived from the original on 12 December 2023. Retrieved 10 December 2023.
  112. ^ "Botswana – intangible heritage". Archived from the original on 13 December 2023. Retrieved 10 December 2023.
  113. ^ "Latvia – intangible heritage". Archived from the original on 12 December 2023. Retrieved 10 December 2023.
  114. ^ "Madagascar – intangible heritage". Archived from the original on 12 December 2023. Retrieved 10 December 2023.
  115. ^ "Mozambique – intangible heritage". Archived from the original on 12 December 2023. Retrieved 10 December 2023.
  116. ^ "Pakistan – intangible heritage". Archived from the original on 14 December 2023. Retrieved 10 December 2023.
  117. ^ "Sweden – intangible heritage". Archived from the original on 13 December 2023. Retrieved 12 December 2023.

Further reading

[edit]
  • Petrillo Pier Luigi, Biocultural diversity and the Mediterranean Diet, in FAO, Sustainable diets and biodiversity, Rome 2012
  • Petrillo Pier Luigi, The Legal Protection of Intangible Cultural Heritage. A comparative Perspective, Springer 2020
[edit]