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List of sovereign states in the 1870s

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This is a list of sovereign states in the 1870s, giving an overview of states around the world during the period between 1 January 1870 and 31 December 1879. It contains entries, arranged alphabetically, with information on the status and recognition of their sovereignty. It includes widely recognized sovereign states, entities which were de facto sovereign but which were not widely recognized by other states.

Sovereign states

[edit]
Name and capital city Information on status and recognition of sovereignty

A

[edit]

 Abuja – Abuja Emirate
Capital: Abuja
Widely recognized state.

Afghanistan – Emirate of Afghanistan (to 24 May 1879)
Capital: Kabul
Widely recognized independent state to 24 May 1879. De-jure British protected state from 24 May 1879.

 Agadez – Tenere Sultanate of Aïr[1]
Capital: Agadez
Widely recognized state.

Andorra – Principality of Andorra[2]
Capital: Andorra la Vella
Widely recognized independent state. The President of France and Bishop of Urgell were ex officio Co-Princes of Andorra. The defense of Andorra was the responsibility of France and Spain.

 Angoche – Angoche Sultanate[3]
Capital: Angoche

Ankole – Kingdom of Ankole[4]
Capital: Mbarara
Widely recognized state.

 Annam – Empire of Annam
Capital: Phú Xuân
Widely recognized state. Internal imperial system within Chinese tributary.

 Anziku – Anziku Kingdom (to 1875)
Capital: Monsol
Widely recognized state to 1875. Annexed by France in 1875.

 Argentina – Argentine Republic[5]
Capital: Buenos Aires

Aro – Aro Confederacy
Capital: Arochukwu
Widely recognized state.

 Ashanti – Asante Union[6]
Capital: Kumasi
Widely recognized state.

Aussa – Sultanate of Aussa[7]
Capital: Aussa
Widely recognized state.

 Austria-Hungary – Austro-Hungarian Empire[8]
Capital: Vienna (Cisleithania), Budapest (Transleithania)
Widely recognized state.

B

[edit]

 Baden – Grand Duchy of Baden[9] (to 18 January 1871)
Capital: Karlsruhe
Widely recognized state to 18 January 1871. State of the North German Confederation to 18 January 1871. Became part of the German Empire on 18 January 1871.

 Baguirmi – Kingdom of Baguirmi[10]
Capital: Massenya
Tributary state of the Bornu Empire.

Bali – Kingdom of Bali
Capital: Klungkung
Widely recognized state. Bali was a series of kingdoms that ruled the island of Bali.

  Baol – Kingdom of Baol[11]
Capital: Diourbel
Widely recognized state.

 Barotseland – Kingdom of Barotseland[12]
Capital: Mongu
Widely recognized state.

 Bavaria – Kingdom of Bavaria (to 18 January 1871)
Capital: Munich
Widely recognized state to 18 January 1871. State of the North German Confederation to 18 January 1871. Became part of the German Empire on 18 January 1871.

 Belgium – Kingdom of Belgium[13]
Capital: Brussels
Widely recognized state. Belgium has sovereignty over 1 condominium:

Beni Abbas – Kingdom of Beni Abbas (to 1872)
Capital: Kalâa of Ait Abbas
Widely recognized state to 1872. Annexed by France in 1872.

 Benin – Kingdom of Benin[14]
Capital: Edo
Widely recognized state.

 Bhutan – Kingdom of Bhutan
Capital: Punakha
Widely recognized state.

 Biu – Biu Kingdom
Capital: Biu
Widely recognized state.

Bolivia Bolivia – Republic of Bolivia
Capital: Sucre (official), La Paz (administrative)
Widely recognized state.

Bora Bora – Kingdom of Bora Bora[15]
Capital: Nunue, Vaitape
Widely recognized state.

Bornu – Bornu Empire[16]
Capital: Ngazargamu
Widely recognized state.

 Brakna – Brakna Emirate
Capital: Aleg
Widely recognized state.

Brazil – Empire of Brazil
Capital: Rio de Janeiro
Brazil was a federation of 20 states and one federal district.[a]

Brunei – Sultanate of Brunei
Capital: Kampong Ayer
Widely recognized state.

Buganda – Kingdom of Buganda
Capital: Mengo
Widely recognized state.

Bulgaria – Principality of Bulgaria (from 1878)[17]
Capital: Sofia
De facto independent, and de jure vassal state under the suzerainty of the Ottoman Empire.

Bukhara – Emirate of Bukhara[18] (to 1873)
Capital: Bukhara
Widely recognized state to 1873. Annexed by Russia in 1873.

Bulungan – Sultanate of Bulungan
Capital: Tanjung Palas
Widely recognized state. Vassal state of Sulu.

Bunyoro – Bunyoro-Kitara Kingdom
Capital: Hoima
Widely recognized state.

Burma – Kingdom of Burma[19]
Capital: Mandalay
Widely recognized state.

 Burundi – Kingdom of Burundi
Capital: Gitega
Widely recognized state.

Busoga – Kingdom of Busoga
Capital: Bugembe
Widely recognized state.

C

[edit]

 Canada – Dominion of Canada
Capital: Ottawa
Widely recognized state. Commonwealth realm.

Cayor – Kingdom of Cayor (to 1879)
Capital: Mboul
Widely recognized state to 1879. Incorporated to French West Africa in 1879.

Champasak – Kingdom of Champasak[20]
Capital: Champasak
Widely recognized state. Vassal state of Siam.

Chile – Liberal Republic of Chile[21]
Capital: Santiago
Widely recognized state.

 Chokwe – Chokwe Kingdom
Capital: Not specified
Widely recognized state.

 China – Great Qing Empire
Capital: Beijing
Widely recognized state. China had sovereignty over the following territories:

Colombia – United States of Colombia
Capital: Bogota
Widely recognized state.

Costa Rica Costa Rica – Republic of Costa Rica
Capital: San Jose
Widely recognized state.

D

[edit]

 Dagbon – Kingdom of Dagbon
Capital: Yendi
Widely recognized state.

Dahomey – Kingdom of Dahomey[22]
Capital: Abomey
Widely recognized state.

Dai Nam – Dai Nam Realm
Capital: Phú Xuân
Widely recognized state. Tributary state of China.

 Damagaram – Sultanate of Damagaram
Capital: Zinder
Widely recognized state.

 Dar al Kuti – Sultanate of Dar Al Kuti[23]
Capital: N'Délé
Widely recognized state. Vassal state of Dar Runga.

Darfur – Sultanate of Darfur (to 1874)
Capital: Al Fashir
Widely recognized state to 1874. Conquered by Mahdist Sudan in 1874

 DenmarkKingdom of Denmark
Capital: Copenhagen
Widely recognized state. Denmark had sovereignty over the following overseas territories:

 Dhala – Emirate of Dhala
Capital: Dhale
Widely recognized state.

Dominican Republic – Second Republic
Capital: Santo Domingo
Widely recognized state.

 Dosso – Dosso Kingdom
Capital: Dosso
Widely recognized state.

E

[edit]

Ecuador Ecuador – Republic of Ecuador
Capital: Quito
Widely recognized state.

El Salvador – Republic of El Salvador
Capital: San Salvador
Widely recognized state.

Ethiopia – Ethiopian Empire
Capital: Addis Ababa
Widely recognized state.

F

[edit]

Fadhli – Fadhli Sultanate[24]
Capital: Shuqrah
Widely recognized state.

 Fante – Fante Confederacy (to 1874)
Capital: Not specified
Widely recognized state to 1874. Incorporated into the Gold Coast in 1874.

France
Capital: Paris
Widely recognized independent state. France had sovereignty over the following overseas territories:

Futa Jallon – Imamate of Futa Jallon
Capital: Timbo
Widely recognized state.

G

[edit]

 Garo – Kingdom of Garo
Capital: Not specified
Widely recognized state.

 Gaza – Gaza Empire[25]
Capital: Manjacaze
Widely recognized state.

 Geledi – Sultanate of the Geledi
Capital: Afgooye
Widely recognized state.

 Gera – Kingdom of Gera
Capital: Chala
Widely recognized state.

 Germany – German Empire (from 18 January 1871)
Capital: Berlin
Widely recognized state from 18 January 1871. The German Empire consisted of 25 constituent states and an imperial territory.

 Gomma – Kingdom of Gomma
Capital: Agaro
Widely recognized state.

Gowa – Sultanate of Gowa
Capital: Jongaya
Widely recognized state.

Greece – Kingdom of Greece
Capital: Athens
Widely recognized state.

Guatemala – Republic of Guatemala
Capital: Guatemala City
Widely recognized state.

 Gumma – Kingdom of Gumma
Capital: Not specified
Widely recognized state.

 Gyaaman – State of Gyaaman
Capital: Sampa, Drobo
Widely recognized state.

H

[edit]

Ha'il – Emirate of Jabal Shammar
Capital: Ha'il
Widely recognized state.

Haiti Haiti – Republic of Haiti[26]
Capital: Port-au-Prince
Widely recognized state.

Harar – Emirate of Harar (to 1875)
Capital: Ge
Widely recognized state to 1875. Client state of the Khedivate of Egypt from 1875.

Hawaii – Kingdom of Hawaii
Capital: Honolulu
Widely recognized state.

Hesse-Darmstadt – Grand Duchy of Hesse and by Rhine (to 18 January 1871)
Capital: Darmstadt
Widely recognized state to 18 January 1871. State of the North German Confederation to 18 January 1871. Became part of the German Empire on 18 January 1871.

Hobyo – Sultanate of Hobyo (from 1878)
Capital: Hobyo
Widely recognized state from 1878.

 Honduras – Republic of Honduras
Capital: Tegucigalpa
Widely recognized state.

Huahine – Kingdom of Huahine
Capital: Huahine
Widely recognized state.

Hunza – State of Hunza
Capital: Baltit
Widely recognized state.

I

[edit]

 Igala – Igala Kingdom[27]
Capital: Idah
Widely recognized state.

 Igara – Kingdom of Igara

Capital: Not specified

Widely recognized state.

 Ilé-Ifẹ̀ – Ilé-Ifẹ̀ Kingdom
Capital: Ilé-Ifẹ̀
Widely recognized state.

Isaaq – Isaaq Sultanate
Capital: Hargeisa
Widely recognized state.

 Italy – Kingdom of Italy
Capital: Rome
Widely recognized independent state.

J

[edit]

 Japan – Empire of Japan
Capital: Tokyo City
Widely recognized state. Japan had sovereignty over the following overseas territories:

 Jimma – Kingdom of Jimma
Capital: Jiren
Widely recognized state.

 Jolof – Jolof Kingdom
Capital: Ouarkhokh
Widely recognized state.

K

[edit]

 Kaarta – Kingdom of Kaarta
Capital: Diangounté, Nioros
Widely recognized state.

 Kabulistan – Kingdom of Kabul (to 12 October 1879)
Capital: Not specified
Widely recognized state to 12 October 1879.

 Kaffa – Kingdom of Kaffa
Capital: Bonga, Anderaccha
Widely recognized state.

 Kajara – Kajara Kingdom
Capital: Not specified
Widely recognized state.

Kakongo – Kingdom of Kakongo
Capital: Kinguele
Widely recognized state.

Kalat – Khanate of Kalat (to 1875)
Capital: Kalat
Widely recognized state to 1875. Incorporated to British India in 1875.

Kano – Emirate of Kano
Capital: Takai
Widely recognized state. Vassal of the Sokoto Caliphate

 Kasanje – Jaga Kingdom
Capital: Not specified
Widely recognized state.

Kathiri – Hadhrami Kathiri Dynasty in Seiyun
Capital: Seiyun
Widely recognized state.

 Kebbi – Kebbi Emirate
Capital: Argungu
Widely recognized state.

 Kénédougou – Kénédougou Kingdom
Capital: Sikasso
Widely recognized state.

 Khasso – Kingdom of Khasso
Capital: Médine
Widely recognized state.

Khiva – Khanate of Khiva (to 12 August 1873)
Capital: Khiva
Widely recognized state to 12 August 1873. Annexed by Russia on 12 August 1873.

Kokand – Khanate of Kokand (to 19 February 1876)
Capital: Kokand
Widely recognized state to 19 February 1876.

 Kong – Kong Empire
Capital: Kong
Widely recognized state.

Kongo – Kingdom of Kongo
Capital: Mbanza-Kongo
Vassal of the Kingdom of Portugal.

Korea – Kingdom of Great Joseon
Capital: Seoul
Widely recognized state.

 Koya Temne – Kingdom of Koya
Capital: Grand Cape Mount
Widely recognized state.

 Kuba – Kingdom of Kuba
Capital: Not specified
Widely recognized state.

L

[edit]

 Lafia Beri-Beri – Lafia Beri-Beri Kingdom
Capital: Lafia
Widely recognized state.

 Liberia – Republic of Liberia
Capital: Monrovia
Widely recognized state.

 Liechtenstein – Principality of Liechtenstein
Capital: Vaduz
Widely recognized state.

 Limmu-Ennarea – Kingdom of Limmu-Ennarea
Capital: Saqqa
Widely recognized state.

Loango – Kingdom of Loango
Capital: Buali
Widely recognized state.

Lower Yafa – Sultanate of Lower Yafa
Capital: Jaʿār
Widely recognized state.

 Luba – Luba Empire
Capital: Mwibele
Widely recognized state.

 Lunda – Luba Empire
Capital: Not specified
Widely recognized state.

 Luxembourg – Grand Duchy of Luxembourg
Capital: Luxembourg City
Widely recognized state.

M

[edit]

Maguindanao – Sultanate of Maguindanao
Capital: Kuta Watu
Widely recognized state.

 Mahra – Sultanate of Mahra
Capital: Qishn
Widely recognized state.

Majeerteen Sultanate – Majeerteen Kingdom
Capital: Alula
Widely recognized state.

Maldives – Sultanate of Maldive Islands
Capital: Malé
Widely recognized state.

Mangareva – Kingdom of Mangareva
Capital: Mangareva
Widely recognized state.

 Manipur – Kingdom of Manipur
Capital: Imphal
Widely recognized state.

 Maravi – Kingdom of Maravi
Capital: Manthimba
Widely recognized state.

 Matabeleland – Matabele Kingdom
Capital: Bulawayo
Widely recognized state.

 Mbunda – Mbunda Kingdom

Capital: Not specified

Widely recognized state.

Merina – Kingdom of Imerina
Capital: Antananarivo
Widely recognized state.

Mexico Mexico
Capital: Mexico City
Widely recognized state.

 Monaco – Principality of Monaco
Capital: Monaco
Widely recognized state.

 Montenegro – Principality of Montenegro
Capital: Cetinje
Widely recognized state.

Morocco Morocco – Sultanate of Morocco
Capital: Fes
Widely recognized state.

  Mossi Kingdoms – Mossi Empire
Capital: Multiple capitals
Widely recognized independent state. The following are a number of different kingdoms that make up the Mossi Empire:

  Mthwakazi – Kingdom of Mthwakazi
Capital: Bulawayo
Widely recognized state.

 Muscat and Oman – Sultanate of Muscat and Oman
Capital: Muscat
De jure independent state. De facto a British protectorate.

 Mutayr – Emirate of Mutayr
Capital: Not specified
Widely recognized state.

N

[edit]

Negeri Sembilan
Capital: Seremban
Widely recognized state.

Nejd – Emirate of Nejd
Capital: Riyadh
Widely recognized state.

Nepal – Kingdom of Nepal
Capital: Kathmandu
Widely recognized state.

 Netherlands – Kingdom of The Netherlands
Capital: Amsterdam
Widely recognized state.

Nicaragua – Republic of Nicaragua
Capital: Managua
Widely recognized state.

 Niue – Kingdom of Niue-Fekai
Capital: Not specified
Widely recognized state.

North German Confederation (to 18 January 1871)
Capital: Berlin
Widely recognized state to 18 January 1871. Incorporated to the German Empire on 18 January 1871.

 Nri – Kingdom of Nri
Capital: Igbo-Ukwu
Widely recognized state.

 Nshenyi – Nshenyi Kingdom
Capital: Not specified
Widely recognized state.

O

[edit]

 Obwera – Obwera Kingdom
Capital: Not specified
Widely recognized state.

 Onitsha – Onitsha Kingdom
Capital: Onitsha
Widely recognized state.

 Orange Free State
Capital: Bloemfontein
Widely recognized state.

 Oron – Oron Nation
Capital: Oron
Widely recognized state.

 Orungu – Kingdom of Orungu (to 1873)[28]
Capital: Not specified
Widely recognized state to 1873. Annexed by France in 1873.

 Ottoman Empire – Sublime Ottoman State
Capital: Constantinople
Widely recognized state. The following are autonomous territories of the Ottoman Empire:

 Oyo – Oyo Empire
Capital: Oyo-Ile
Widely recognized state.

P

[edit]

Pahang – Sultanate of Pahang
Capital: Pekan
Widely recognized state.

Papal States – State of the Church (to 20 September 1870)
Capital: Rome
Widely recognized state. Annexed by the Kingdom of Italy on 20 September 1870.

 Paraguay – Republic of Paraguay
Capital: Asunción
Widely recognized state.

 Pate – Pate Sultanate (to 1870)
Capital: Faza
Widely recognized state.

Patani – Sultanate of Patani[29]
Capital: Patani
Widely recognized state.

Perak – Sultanate of Perak (to 20 January 1874)
Capital: Ipoh
Widely recognized state. Annexed by the United Kingdom on 20 January 1874.

Persia – Sublime State of Persia
Capital: Tehran
Widely recognized state.

 Peru
Capital: Lima
Widely recognized state to 2 November 1879. De facto independent state from 2 November 1879.

Portugal – Kingdom of Portugal
Capital: Lisbon
Widely recognized state. The following are colonies, vassal state and possession of Portugal:

 Potiskum – Potiskum Emirate
Capital: Potiskum
Widely recognized state.

Q

[edit]

Qu'aiti – Qu'aiti Sultanate of Shihr and Mukalla[30]
Capital: Al-Shihr
Widely recognized state.

R

[edit]

Raiatea – Kingdom of Raiatea
Capital: Uturoa
Widely recognized state.

Rapa Nui – Kingdom of Rapa Nui
Capital: Anakena
Widely recognized state.

Rarotonga – Kingdom of Rarotonga
Capital: Anakena
Widely recognized state.

Romania – Romanian United Principalities
Capital: Bucharest
Widely recognized state.

 Rujumbura – Rujumbura Kingdom
Capital: Not specified
Widely recognized state.

 Rukiga – Rukiga Kingdom
Capital: Not specified
Widely recognized state.

Russia – Russian Empire
Capital: Saint Petersburg
Widely recognized state.

 Rwanda – Kingdom of Rwanda
Capital: Nyanza
Widely recognized state.

 Ryūkyū Kingdom (to 13 March 1879)
Capital: Shuri
Widely recognized state to 13 March 1879. Annexed by Japan on 27 March 1879

S

[edit]

Samoa – Kingdom of Samoa
Capital: Apia
Widely recognized state.

 San Marino – Most Serene Republic of San Marino
Capital: San Marino
Widely recognized state.

 Sarawak – Kingdom of Sarawak
Capital: Kuching
Widely recognized state.

Selangor – Sultanate of Selangor (to 1875)
Capital: Klang
Widely recognized state to 1875. Annexed by the United Kingdom in 1875.

Serbia – Principality of Serbia (from 1878)
Capital: Belgrade
Widely recognized state.

Setul Mambang Segara – Kingdom of Setul Mambang Segara
Capital: Kota Mambang Segara
Widely recognized state.

Thailand Siam – Kingdom of Siam
Capital: Bangkok
Widely recognized state. The following are vassal states of Siam:

Sokoto – Sokoto Caliphate
Capital: Sokoto
Widely recognized state.

Spain[31]
Capital: Madrid
Widely recognized state. Spain had three colonies, and two possessions:

Sulu – Sultanate of Sulu
Capital: Maimbung
Widely recognized state.

 Sweden and Norway – United Kingdoms of Sweden and Norway
Capital: Stockholm, Christiania
Personal union of the separate kingdoms of Sweden and Norway.

Switzerland Switzerland – Swiss Confederation
Capital: Bern
Widely recognized state. Switzerland was a federation of 25 cantons.[b]

T

[edit]

 Tagant – Emirate of Tagant
Capital: Tidjikja
Widely recognized state.

Tahiti – Kingdom of Tahiti
Capital: Tidjikja
Widely recognized state.

Tonga – Kingdom of Tonga
Capital: Nuku'alofa
Widely recognized state.

Tooro – Tooro Kingdom (to 1876)
Capital: Kabarole
Widely recognized state to 1876. Absorbed by Bunyoro-Kitara in 1876

 Toucouleur – Toucouleur Empire
Capital: Segou
Widely recognized state.

 Transvaal – South African Republic
Capital: Pretoria
Boer republic.

 Trarza – Emirate of Trarza
Capital: Mederdra
Widely recognized state.

 Tuggurt – Sultanate of Tuggurt
Capital: Tuggurt
Widely recognized state.

U

[edit]

 United Kingdom – United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
Capital: London
Widely recognized state. The following are colonies, territories, dependencies and protectorates of the United Kingdom:

 United States – United States of America
Capital: Washington D.C.
Widely recognized state. The following are territories of the United States of America:

  Upper Aulaqi Sultanate
Capital: Nişāb
Widely recognized state.

  Upper Aulaqi Sheikhdom
Capital: Sa'id
Widely recognized state.

 Upper Yafa – State of Upper Yafa
Capital: Mahjaba
Widely recognized state.

 Uruguay – Eastern Republic of Uruguay
Capital: Montevideo
Widely recognized state.

V

[edit]

 VenezuelaUnited States of Venezuela
Capital: Caracas
Widely recognized state.

W

[edit]

 Wadai – Wadai Empire
Capital: Abéché
Widely recognized state.

 Wahidi Balhaf – Wahidi Sultanate of Balhaf
Capital: Balhaf
Widely recognized state.

 Wahidi Haban – Wahidi Sultanate of Haban
Capital: Habban
Widely recognized state.

 Wajoq – Kingdom of Wajoq
Capital: Tosora
Widely recognized state.

Wassoulou – Wassoulou Empire (from 1878)
Capital: Bissandugu
Widely recognized state from 1878.

Wituland – Witu Sultanate
Capital: Witu
Widely recognized state.

 Wolaita – Kingdom of Wolaita (to November 1894)
Capital: Lasho, Dalbo, Sodo
Widely recognized state.

Württemberg – Kingdom of Württemberg (to 18 January 1871)
Capital: Stuttgart
Widely recognized state up to 18 January 1871. Became part of the German Empire on 18 January 1871.

Y

[edit]

 Yamma – Kingdom of Yamma
Capital: Fofa
Widely recognized state.

Yeke – Yeke Kingdom
Capital: Bunkeya
Widely recognized state.

Z

[edit]

 Zabarma – Zabarma Emirate
Capital: Not specified
Widely recognized state.

Zanzibar – Sultanate of Zanzibar
Capital: Stone Town
Widely recognized state.

Zululand – Kingdom of Zulu
Capital: Bulawayo
Widely recognized state.

States claiming sovereignty

[edit]
Aceh – Sultanate of Aceh
Capital: Kutaraja
Protectorate of the Ottoman Empire.

Assiniboia – Provisional Government of Assiniboia (to 1870)
Capital: Batoche
Unrecognized state, Provisional Government. Claimed by the Dominion of Canada.

Cartagena – Canton of Cartagena (from 12 July 1873 to 13 January 1874)
Capital: Cartagena
Unrecognized state. Claimed by the First Spanish Republic.

Cuba – Republic of Cuba
Capital: Havana
Unrecognized state.

Fiji Fiji – Kingdom of Fiji (from 5 June 1871 to 10 October 1874)
Capital: Suva
Unrecognized state. Claimed by the United Kingdom on 10 October 1874.

 Goust – Republic of Goust
Capital: None
Unrecognized state.

Griqualand East (to 1874)
Capital: Kokstad
Unrecognized state. Annexed by the United Kingdom in 1874.

Málaga – Canton of Málaga (from 18 July 1873 to 19 September 1873)
Capital: Málaga
Unrecognized state. Claimed by the First Spanish Republic.

Paris – Paris Commune (from 18 March 1871 to 28 May 1871)
Capital: None
Unrecognized state. Claimed by the French Republic.

Tamrash – Republic of Tamrash (from 1878)
Capital: Málaga
Unrecognized state. Self-governing administrative structure of the Pomaks.

Valencia – Canton of Valencia (from 18 July 1873 to 8 August 1873)
Capital: Valencia
Unrecognized state. Claimed by the First Spanish Republic.

Xibei San Ma
Capital: None
Unrecognized state.

Yettishar – Kingdom of Kashgaria (to 18 December 1877)
Capital: Kashgar
Unrecognized state. Vassal of the Ottoman Empire from 1873 to 18 December 1877.

Notes

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ James B. Minahan (2016). Encyclopedia of Stateless Nations: Ethnic and National Groups around the World, 2nd Edition. ABC-CLIO. p. 418. ISBN 978-1-61069-954-9.
  2. ^ "Andorra". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. November 3, 2021. Retrieved 2021-11-17.
  3. ^ Syed, Muzaffar Husain; Akhtar, Syed Saud; Usmani, B. D. (14 September 2011). Concise History of Islam. New Delhi, India: Vij Books India Pvt Ltd. p. 162. ISBN 978-93-82573-47-0. Retrieved 6 May 2023.
  4. ^ Briggs, Philip; Roberts, Andrew (5 November 2016). Uganda. Bradt Travel Guides. p. 534. ISBN 9781784770228. Retrieved 29 December 2016.
  5. ^ "Argentina". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. 2021-11-16. Retrieved 2021-11-19.
  6. ^ "Asante empire". Britannica. Retrieved December 1, 2021.
  7. ^ Thesiger, Wilfred (1935). "The Awash River and the Aussa Sultanate". The Geographical Journal. 85 (1): 1–19. Bibcode:1935GeogJ..85....1T. doi:10.2307/1787031. JSTOR 1787031.
  8. ^ McCarthy, Justin (1880). A History of Our Own Times, from 1880 to the Diamond Jubilee. New York, United States of America: Harper & Brothers, Publishers. pp. 475–476.
  9. ^  One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domainChisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Baden, Grand Duchy of". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
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