Heathrow Airport

Coordinates: 51°28′39″N 000°27′41″W / 51.47750°N 0.46139°W / 51.47750; -0.46139
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London Heathrow Airport
Summary
Airport typePublic
Owner/OperatorHeathrow Airport Holdings
ServesGreater London Urban Area
LocationLondon Borough of Hillingdon, England, United Kingdom
Opened25 March 1946; 78 years ago (1946-03-25)
Hub for
Elevation AMSL83 ft / 25 m
Coordinates51°28′39″N 000°27′41″W / 51.47750°N 0.46139°W / 51.47750; -0.46139
Websitewww.heathrow.com
Map
EGLL is located in Greater London
EGLL
EGLL
EGLL is located in the United Kingdom
EGLL
EGLL
EGLL is located in Europe
EGLL
EGLL
Runways
Direction Length Surface
m ft
09L/27R 3,902 12,802 Grooved asphalt
09R/27L 3,660 12,008 Grooved asphalt
Statistics (2023)
Passengers79,151,723 Increase 28.5%
Aircraft movements454,089 Increase 18.1%
Cargo (tonnes)1,387,060 Increase 2.7%
Economic impact£4.7 billion[1]
Social impact114,000[2]
Land area1,227 ha (3,030 acres)[3]

Heathrow Airport (/ˌhθˈr, ˈhθr/),[6] called London Airport until 1966 (IATA: LHR, ICAO: EGLL),[7] is the main international airport serving London, the capital of England and the United Kingdom. It is the largest of the six international airports in the London airport system (the others being Gatwick, City, Luton, Stansted and Southend). The airport is owned and operated by Heathrow Airport Holdings, owned mostly by Ferrovial and Qatar Investment Authority and CDPQ.[8] In 2022, it was the second-busiest airport in the world by international passenger traffic and the busiest airport in Europe in 2023.[9] It is also the airport with the world's most international connections as of 2023.[10]

Heathrow was founded as a small airfield in 1929 but was developed into a much larger airport after World War II. It lies 14 miles (23 kilometres) west of Central London on a site that covers 4.74 square miles (12.3 square kilometres). It was gradually expanded over 75 years and now has two parallel east–west runways, four operational passenger terminals and one cargo terminal.[7] The airport is the primary hub for British Airways and Virgin Atlantic.

Location[edit]

Heathrow is 14 miles (23 km) west of Central London.[7] It is located 3 miles (4.8 km) west of Hounslow, 3 miles (4.8 km) south of Hayes, and 3 miles (4.8 km) north-east of Staines-upon-Thames.

Heathrow falls entirely within the boundaries of the London Borough of Hillingdon, and under the Twickenham postcode area, with the postcode TW6. It is surrounded by the villages of Sipson, Harlington, Harmondsworth, and Longford to the north and the neighbourhoods of Cranford and Hatton to the east. To the south lie Feltham, Bedfont and Stanwell while to the west Heathrow is separated from Slough, Horton and Windsor in Berkshire by the M25 motorway. The airport is located within the Hayes and Harlington parliamentary constituency.

As the airport is located west of London and as its runways run east–west, an aircraft's landing approach is usually directly over the Greater London Urban Area when the wind is from the south-west — as it is, most of the time.

The airport forms part of a travel to work area consisting of (most of) Greater London, and neighbouring parts of the surrounding Home Counties.

History[edit]

Aerial photo of Heathrow Airport from the 1950s, before the terminals were built

Heathrow Airport began in 1929 as a small airfield (Great West Aerodrome) on land southeast of the hamlet of Heathrow from which the airport takes its name. At that time the land consisted of farms, market gardens and orchards; there was a "Heathrow Farm" approximately where the modern Terminal 2 is situated, a "Heathrow Hall" and a "Heathrow House." This hamlet was largely along a country lane (Heathrow Road), which ran roughly along the east and south edges of the present central terminals area.

Development of the whole Heathrow area as a much larger airport began in 1944 during World War II. It was intended for long-distance military aircraft bound for the Far East. By the time some of the airfields runways were usable, World War II had ended, and the UK Government continued to develop the site as a civil airport. The airport was opened on 25 March 1946 as London Airport. The airport was renamed Heathrow Airport in the last week of September 1966, to avoid confusion with the other two airports which serve London, Gatwick and Stansted.[11] The design for the airport was by Sir Frederick Gibberd. He set out the original terminals and central-area buildings, including the original control tower and the multi-faith Chapel of St George's.

Operations[edit]

Facilities[edit]

A former Qantas Boeing 747-400 passing over Myrtle Avenue on approach to runway 27L at Heathrow.
Heathrow's control tower amidst departure gates at Terminal 3.
G-BOAB, a former British Airways Concorde on display at Heathrow.

Heathrow Airport is used by over 89 airlines flying to 214 destinations in 84 countries. The airport is the primary hub of British Airways and is a base for Virgin Atlantic. It has four passenger terminals (numbered 2 to 5) and a cargo terminal. In 2021 Heathrow served 19.4 million passengers, of which 17 million were international and 2.4 million domestic. The busiest year ever recorded was 2019 when 80.9 million passengers travelled through the airport. Heathrow is the UK's largest port by value with a network of over 218 destinations worldwide. The busiest single destination in passenger numbers is New York, with over three million passengers flying between Heathrow and JFK Airport in 2021.[12]

In the 1950s, Heathrow had six runways, arranged in three pairs at different angles in the shape of a hexagram with the permanent passenger terminal in the middle and the older terminal along the north edge of the field; two of its runways would always be within 30° of the wind direction. As the required length for runways has grown, Heathrow now has only two parallel runways running east–west. These are extended versions of the two east–west runways from the original hexagram. From the air, almost all of the original runways can still be seen, incorporated into the present system of taxiways. North of the northern runway and the former taxiway and aprons, now the site of extensive car parks, is the entrance to the access tunnel and the site of Heathrow's unofficial "gate guardian". For many years the home of a 40% scale model of a British Airways Concorde, G-CONC; the site has been occupied by a model of an Emirates Airbus A380 since 2008.[13] Heathrow Airport has Anglican, Catholic, Free Church, Hindu, Jewish, Muslim and Sikh chaplains. There is a multi-faith prayer room and counselling room in each terminal, in addition to St. George's Interdenominational Chapel in an underground vault adjacent to the old control tower, where Christian services take place. The chaplains organise and lead prayers at certain times in the prayer room.[14]

The airport has its resident press corps, consisting of six photographers and one TV crew, serving all the major newspapers and television stations around the world.[15]

Most of Heathrow's internal roads’ names are coded by their first letter: N in the north (e.g. Newall Road), E in the east (e.g. Elmdon Road), S in the south (e.g. Stratford Road), W in the west (e.g. Walrus Road), C in the centre (e.g. Camborne Road).

Cargo[edit]

The top cargo export destinations include the United States, China and the United Arab Emirates handling 1.4 million tonnes of cargo in 2022. Top products exported were books, salmon and medicine.[16]

Flight movements[edit]

Aircraft destined for Heathrow are usually routed to one of four holding points. Air traffic controllers at Heathrow Approach Control (based in Swanwick, Hampshire) then guide the aircraft to their final approach, merging aircraft from the four holds into a single stream of traffic, sometimes as close as 2.5 nautical miles (4.6 km; 2.9 mi) apart. Considerable use is made of continuous descent approach techniques to minimise the environmental effects of incoming aircraft, particularly at night.[17] Once an aircraft is established on its final approach, control is handed over to Heathrow Tower.

When runway alternation was introduced, aircraft generated significantly more noise on departure than when landing, so a preference for westerly operations during daylight was introduced, which continues to this day.[18] In this mode, aircraft take off towards the west and land from the east over London, thereby minimising the impact of noise on the most densely populated areas. Heathrow's two runways generally operate in segregated mode, whereby landings are allocated to one runway and takeoffs to the other. To further reduce noise nuisance, the use of runways 27R and 27L is swapped at 15:00 each day if the wind is from the west. When landings are easterly there is no alternation; 09L remains the landing runway and 09R the takeoff runway due to the legacy of the now rescinded Cranford Agreement, pending taxiway works to allow the roles to be reversed. Occasionally, landings are allowed on the nominated departure runway, to help reduce airborne delays and to position landing aircraft closer to their terminal, reducing taxi times.

Night-time flights at Heathrow are subject to restrictions. Between 23:00 and 04:00, the noisiest aircraft (rated QC/8 and QC/16) cannot be scheduled for operation. Also, during the night quota period (23:30–06:00) there are four limits:

  • A limit on the number of flights allowed.
  • A Quota Count system which limits the total amount of noise permitted, but allows operators to choose to operate fewer noisy aircraft or a greater number of quieter planes.[19]
  • QC/4 aircraft cannot be scheduled for operation.
  • A voluntary agreement with the airlines that no early-morning arrivals will be scheduled to land before 04:30.

A trial of "noise-relief zones" ran from December 2012 to March 2013, which concentrated approach flight paths into defined areas compared with the existing paths which were spread out. The zones used alternated weekly, meaning residents in the "no-fly" areas received respite from aircraft noise for set periods.[20] However, it was concluded that some residents in other areas experienced more noise as a consequence of the trial and that it should therefore not be taken forward in its current form. Heathrow received more than 25,000 noise complaints in just three months over the summer of 2016, but around half were made by the same ten people.[21]

In 2017, Heathrow introduced "Fly Quiet & Green", a quarterly published league table (currently suspended due to the Covid pandemic) that awards points to the 50 busiest airlines at the airport, ostensibly based on their performance relative to each other across a range of seven environmental benchmarks, such as NOx emissions.[22] Heathrow has acknowledged, but not attempted to refute, criticism over discrepancies and a lack of transparency over the way in which the figures are calculated.[23] The airport has always refused to publish a breakdown showing how many "Fly Quiet points" each performance benchmark has contributed towards the total score it awards to an airline, thereby putting obstacles in the way of any independent auditing of the published results.[24] Among other criticisms of the league table are the unexplained omission of some of the poorer performers among the 50 busiest airlines[25] and the emphasis on relative rather than absolute performance,[26] so an airline could well improve its "Fly Quiet" score quarter-on-quarter even if its environmental performance had in fact worsened over the period.

Due to the COVID-19 pandemic Heathrow has seen a big increase in cargo-only flights, not only by already established carriers at the airport operating cargo-only flights using passenger aircraft, but also several cargo-only airlines.[27]

Arrival stacks[edit]

Inbound aircraft to London Heathrow Airport typically follow one of several Standard Arrival Routes (STARs). The STARs each terminate at one of four different VOR installations, and these also define four "stacks"[28] where aircraft can be held, if necessary until they are cleared to begin their approach to land. Stacks are sections of airspace where inbound aircraft will normally use the pattern closest to their arrival route. They can be visualised as a helix in the sky. Each stack descends in 1,000 feet (305 m) intervals from 16,000 feet (4,877 m) down to 8,000 feet (2,438 m). Aircraft hold between 7,000 and 15,000 feet (2,134 and 4,572 m) at 1,000-foot intervals. If these holds become full, aircraft are held at more distant points before being cleared onward to one of the four main holds.

The following four stacks are currently in place:

  • The Bovingdon stack is for arrivals from the northwest. It extends above the village of Bovingdon and the town of Chesham, and uses the VOR BNN ("Bovingdon"), which is situated on the former RAF Bovingdon airfield.
  • The Biggin Hill stack on the southeast edge of Greater London is for arrivals from the southeast. It uses the VOR BIG ("Biggin"), which is situated on London Biggin Hill Airport.
  • The Lambourne stack in Essex is for arrivals from the northeast. It uses the VOR LAM ("Lambourne"), which is situated adjacent to Stapleford Aerodrome.
  • The Ockham stack in Surrey is for arrivals from the southwest. It uses the VOR OCK ("Ockham"), which is situated on the former Wisley Airfield.

In high-traffic situations, Air Traffic Controllers can opt to utilise a number of RNAV STARs to either send traffic to a non-standard stack or move traffic from one stack to another. These are not allowed to be used for flight planning and will be assigned by ATC tactically.

Third runway[edit]

In September 2012, the Government of the United Kingdom established the Airports Commission, an independent commission chaired by Sir Howard Davies to examine various options for increasing capacity at UK airports. In July 2015, the commission backed a third runway at Heathrow, which the government approved in October 2016.[29][30][31] However, the England and Wales Court of Appeal rejected this plan for a third runway at Heathrow, on the basis that the government failed to consider climate change and the environmental impact of aviation.[32] On 16 December 2020, the UK Supreme Court lifted the ban on the third runway expansion, allowing the construction plan to go ahead.[33]

Regulation[edit]

Until it was required to sell Gatwick and Stansted Airports, Heathrow Airport Holdings, owned mostly by FGP and Qatar Investment Authority and CDPQ[8] held a dominant position in the London aviation market and has been heavily regulated by the Civil Aviation Authority (CAA) as to how much it can charge airlines to land. The annual increase in landing charge per passenger was capped at inflation minus 3% until 1 April 2003. From 2003 to 2007 charges increased by inflation plus 6.5% per year, taking the fee to £9.28 per passenger in 2007. In March 2008, the CAA announced that the charge would be allowed to increase by 23.5% to £12.80 from 1 April 2008 and by inflation plus 7.5% for each of the following four years.[34] In April 2013, the CAA announced a proposal for Heathrow to charge fees calculated by inflation minus 1.3%, continuing until 2019.[35] Whilst the charges for landing at Heathrow are determined by the CAA and Heathrow Airport Holdings, the allocation of landing slots to airlines is carried out by Airport Co-ordination Limited (ACL).[36]

Until 2008, air traffic between Heathrow and the United States was strictly governed by the countries' bilateral Bermuda II treaty. The treaty originally allowed only British Airways, Pan Am and TWA to fly from Heathrow to designated gateways in the US. In 1991, Pan Am and TWA sold their rights to United Airlines and American Airlines respectively, while Virgin Atlantic was added to the list of airlines allowed to operate on these routes. The Bermuda II Air Service Agreement was superseded by a new "open skies" agreement that was signed by the United States and the European Union on 30 April 2007 and came into effect on 30 March 2008. Shortly afterwards, additional US airlines, including Northwest Airlines, Continental Airlines, US Airways and Delta Air Lines started services to Heathrow. Following Brexit, the US and UK signed a new US-UK Air Transport Agreement in November 2020 incorporating all the essential elements of Open Skies, which came into effect in March 2021.[37]

The airport was criticised in 2007 for overcrowding and delays;[38] according to Heathrow Airport Holdings, Heathrow's facilities were originally designed to accommodate 55 million passengers annually. The number of passengers using the airport reached a record 70 million in 2012.[39] In 2007 the airport was voted the world's least favourite, alongside Chicago O'Hare, in a TripAdvisor survey.[40] However, the opening of Terminal 5 in 2008 has relieved some pressure on terminal facilities, increasing the airport's terminal capacity to 90 million passengers per year. A tie-up is also in place with McLaren Applied Technologies to optimise the general procedure, reducing delays and pollution.[41]

With only two runways, operating at over 98% of their capacity, Heathrow has little room for more flights, although the use of larger aircraft such as the Airbus A380 has allowed some increase in passenger numbers. It is difficult for existing airlines to obtain landing slots to enable them to increase their services from the airport, or for new airlines to start operations.[42] To increase the number of flights, Heathrow Airport Holdings has proposed using the existing two runways in 'mixed mode' whereby aircraft would be allowed to take off and land on the same runway. This would increase the airport's capacity from its current 480,000 movements per year to as many as 550,000 according to British Airways CEO Willie Walsh.[43] Heathrow Airport Holdings has also proposed building a third runway to the north of the airport, which would significantly increase traffic capacity.[44]

Security[edit]

Policing of the airport is the responsibility of the aviation security, a unit of the Metropolitan Police, although the British Army, including armoured vehicles of the Household Cavalry, has occasionally been deployed at the airport during periods of heightened security.[45] Full body scanners are now used at the airport, and passengers who refuse to use them are required to submit to a hand search in a private room.[46] The scanners display passengers' bodies as cartoon figures, with indicators showing where concealed items may be.[46]

For many decades Heathrow had a reputation for theft from baggage by baggage handlers. This led to the airport being nicknamed "Thiefrow", with periodic arrests of baggage handlers.[47][48]

Following the widespread disruption caused by reports of drone sightings at Gatwick Airport, and a subsequent incident at Heathrow, a drone-detection system was installed airport-wide to attempt to combat disruption caused by the illegal use of drones.[49][50]

Terminals[edit]

Heathrow Airport currently consists of four operational passenger terminals. The former Terminal 1 closed in 2015.

Terminal 2[edit]

Terminal 2 central departures area

The airport's newest terminal, officially known as the Queen's Terminal, was opened on 4 June 2014 and has 24 gates.[51][52] Designed by Spanish architect Luis Vidal, it was built on the site that had been occupied by the original Terminal 2 and the Queens Building.[53][54] The main complex was completed in November 2013 and underwent six months of testing before opening to passengers. It includes a satellite pier (T2B), a 1,340-space car park, and a cooling station to generate chilled water. There are 52 shops and 17 bars and restaurants.[55]

The airlines moved from their original locations over six months, with only 10% of flights operating from there in the first six weeks (United Airlines' transatlantic flights) to avoid the opening problems seen at Terminal 5. On 4 June 2014, United became the first airline to move into Terminal 2 from Terminals 1 and 4 followed by All Nippon Airways, Air Canada and Air China from Terminal 3. Air New Zealand, Asiana Airlines, Croatia Airlines, LOT Polish Airlines, South African Airways, and TAP Air Portugal moved in on 22 October 2014.[56]

Most flights from Terminal 2 are coming from northern Europe or west Europe. It is primarily used by Star Alliance airlines (consolidating the airlines under Star Alliance's co-location policy "Move Under One Roof"). The terminal is also used by SkyTeam member China Airlines along with a few non-aligned airlines. Terminal 2 is one of the two terminals that operate UK and Irish domestic flights.

The original Terminal 2 opened as the Europa Building in 1955 and was the airport's oldest terminal. It had an area of 49,654 m2 (534,470 sq ft) and was designed to handle around 1.2 million passengers annually. In its final years, it accommodated up to 8 million. A total of 316 million passengers passed through the terminal in its lifetime. The building was demolished in 2010, along with the Queens Building which had housed airline company offices.[57]

Terminal 3[edit]

Terminal 3 bird's-eye view

Terminal 3 opened as the Oceanic Terminal on 13 November 1961 to handle flight departures for long-haul routes for foreign carriers to the United States and Asia.[58] At this time the airport had a direct helicopter service to central London from the gardens on the roof of the terminal building. Renamed Terminal 3 in 1968, it was expanded in 1970 with the addition of an arrivals building. Other facilities added included the UK's first moving walkways. In 2006, the new £105 million Pier 6 was completed[59] to accommodate the Airbus A380 superjumbo; Emirates and Qantas operate regular flights from Terminal 3 using the Airbus A380.

Redevelopment of Terminal 3's forecourt by the addition of a new four-lane drop-off area and a large pedestrianised plaza, complete with a canopy to the front of the terminal building, was completed in 2007. These improvements were intended to improve passengers' experience, reduce traffic congestion and improve security.[60] As part of this project, Virgin Atlantic was assigned its dedicated check-in area, known as 'Zone A', which features a large sculpture and atrium.

As of 2013, Terminal 3 has an area of 98,962 m2 (1,065,220 sq ft) with 28 gates, and in 2011 it handled 19.8 million passengers on 104,100 flights.[61]

Most flights from Terminal 3 are long haul flights from North America, Asia and other foreign countries other than Europe. Terminal 3 is home to Oneworld members (with the exception of Malaysia Airlines, Qatar Airways and Royal Air Maroc, all of which use Terminal 4), SkyTeam members Aeroméxico, Delta Air Lines, Middle East Airlines, Virgin Atlantic, and several long haul unaffiliated carriers. British Airways also operates several flights from this terminal, as does Iberia and Vueling.

Terminal 4[edit]

Terminal 4 bird's-eye view

Opened in 1986, Terminal 4 has 22 gates[citation needed] and is situated to the south of the southern runway next to the cargo terminal and is connected to Terminals 2 and 3 by the Heathrow Cargo Tunnel. The terminal has an area of 105,481 m2 (1,135,390 sq ft) and is now home to the SkyTeam alliance, except China Airlines which uses Terminal 2, and Aeroméxico, Delta Air Lines, Middle East Airlines, and Virgin Atlantic which use Terminal 3, Oneworld carriers Malaysia Airlines, Qatar Airways, Royal Air Maroc, and Gulf Air and to most unaffiliated carriers. It has undergone a £200 million upgrade to enable it to accommodate 45 airlines with an upgraded forecourt to reduce traffic congestion and improve security. Most flights that go to Terminal 4 are flights coming from East Europe, Central Asia, North Africa and the Middle East as well as a few flights to Europe. An extended check-in area with renovated piers and departure lounges and a new baggage system were installed, and four new stands were built to accommodate the Airbus A380; Qatar Airways operates regular A380 flights. Etihad Airways and Malaysia Airlines operate regular A350 flights. China Southern Airlines, El Al,[62] Etihad Airways, Gulf Air, and Vietnam Airlines operate regular Boeing 787 flights.

Terminal 5[edit]

Terminal 5 bird's-eye view
British Airways aircraft at Terminal 5C
Central waiting area in Terminal 5

Terminal 5 lies between the northern and southern runways at the western end of the Heathrow site and was opened by Queen Elizabeth II on 14 March 2008,[63] 19 years after its inception. It opened to the public on 27 March 2008, and British Airways and its partner company Iberia have exclusive use of this terminal, which has 50 gates,[citation needed] including three hardstands. The first passenger to enter Terminal 5 was a UK ex-pat from Kenya who passed through security at 04:30 on the day. He was presented with a boarding pass by British Airways CEO Willie Walsh for the first departing flight, BA302 to Paris. During the two weeks after its opening, operations were disrupted by problems with the terminal's IT systems, coupled with insufficient testing and staff training, which caused over 500 flights to be cancelled.[64] Terminal 5 is exclusively used by British Airways as its global hub. However, because of the merger, between 25 March 2012 and 12 July 2022, Iberia's operations at Heathrow were moved to the terminal, making it the home of International Airlines Group.[65] On 12 July 2022, Iberia's flight operations were moved back to Terminal 3. On 7 July 2020, American moved to Terminal 5, to allow for easier connections from American's transatlantic flights to British Airways flights during the pandemic. However, all the American flights, except JFK, have returned to Terminal 3. China Southern Airlines used Terminal 5 due to the pandemic until it was relocated to Terminal 4 in November 2022.

Built for £4.3 billion, the terminal consists of a four-story main terminal building (Concourse A) and two satellite buildings linked to the main terminal by an underground people mover transit system. Concourse A is dedicated to British Airways's narrowbody fleet for flights around the UK and the rest of Europe, the first satellite (Concourse B) includes dedicated stands for BA and Iberia's widebody fleet except for the Airbus A380, and the second satellite (Concourse C), includes 7 dedicated aircraft stands for the A380. It became fully operational on 1 June 2011. Terminal 5 was voted Skytrax World's Best Airport Terminal 2014 in the Annual World Airport Awards.[66]

The main terminal building (Concourse A) has an area of 300,000 square metres (3,200,000 sq ft) while Concourse B covers 60,000 square metres (650,000 sq ft).[67] It has 60 aircraft stands and capacity for 30 million passengers annually as well as more than 100 shops and restaurants.[68] It is also home to British Airways' Flagship lounge, the Concorde Room, alongside four further British Airways branded lounges.[69] One of those lounges is the British Airways Arrivals Lounge which is located land-side.

A further building, designated Concourse D and of similar size to Concourse C, may yet be built to the east of the existing site, providing up to another 16 stands. Following British Airways' merger with Iberia, this may become a priority since the combined business will require accommodation at Heathrow under one roof to maximise the cost savings envisaged under the deal. A proposal for Concourse D was featured in Heathrow's most recent capital investment plan.[when?]

The transport network around the airport has been extended to cope with the increase in passenger numbers. New branches of both the Heathrow Express and the Underground's Piccadilly line serve a new shared Heathrow Terminal 5 station. A dedicated motorway spur links the terminal to the M25 (between junctions 14 and 15). The terminal has a 3,800 spaces multi-storey car park. A more distant long-stay car park for business passengers is connected to the terminal by a personal rapid transit system, the Heathrow Pod, which became operational in the spring of 2011.[70] An automated people mover (APM) system, known as the Transit, transports airside passengers between the main terminal building and the satellite concourses.[71]

Terminal assignments[edit]

As of 2 September 2023, Heathrow's four passenger terminals are assigned as follows:[72]

Terminal Airlines and alliances
Terminal 2 Star Alliance, China Airlines and several short-haul non-aligned airlines
Terminal 3 Oneworld (except Iberia, Malaysia Airlines, Royal Air Maroc and Qatar Airways), Aeromėxico, Delta Air Lines, Middle East Airlines, Virgin Atlantic and several long-haul non-aligned airlines
Terminal 4 SkyTeam (except Aeromėxico, China Airlines, Delta Air Lines, Middle East Airlines, and Virgin Atlantic), Malaysia Airlines, Royal Air Maroc, Qatar Airways as well as most non-aligned airlines
Terminal 5 British Airways (most destinations), Iberia

Following the opening of Terminal 5 in March 2008, a complex programme of terminal moves was implemented. This saw many airlines move to be grouped in terminals by airline alliance as far as possible.[73]

Following the opening of Phase 1 of the new Terminal 2 in June 2014, all Star Alliance member airlines[74] (with the exception of new member Air India which moved in early 2017[75]) along with Aer Lingus and Germanwings relocated to Terminal 2 in a phased process completed on 22 October 2014. Additionally, by 30 June 2015 all airlines left Terminal 1 in preparation for its demolition to make room for the construction of Phase 2 of Terminal 2.[76] Some other airlines made further minor moves at a later point, e.g. Delta Air Lines merging all departures in Terminal 3 instead of a split between Terminals 3 and 4.[77] Iberia moved to Terminal 5 on 1 June 2023.[78]

Terminal usage during the COVID-19 pandemic[edit]

Heathrow Airport has four terminals with a total of 115 gates, 66 of which can support wide-body aircraft and 24 gates that can support an Airbus A380. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, Heathrow's services were sharply reduced. It announced that as of 6 April 2020, the airport would be transitioning to single-runway operations and that it would be temporarily closing Terminals 3 and 4, moving all remaining flights into Terminals 2 or 5.[79] Dual runway operations were restored in August 2020. Heathrow returned to single-runway operations on 9 November 2020. On 11 December 2020, Heathrow announced Terminal 4 would be shut until the end of 2021.[80] Terminal 4 was used sporadically during 2021 for red list passengers who would be subject to mandatory hotel quarantine.[81] Terminal 3 was reopened for use by Virgin Atlantic and Delta on 15 July 2021, and Terminal 4 was reopened to normal operations on 14 June 2022.[82][83]

Former Terminal 1[edit]

Terminal 1 opened in 1968 and was inaugurated by Queen Elizabeth II in April 1969.[84][85] Terminal 1 was the Heathrow base for British Airways' (BA) domestic and European network and a few of its long haul routes before Terminal 5 opened. The acquisition of British Midland International (BMI) in 2012 by BA's owner International Airlines Group meant British Airways took over BMI's short-haul and medium-haul destinations from the terminal.[86] Terminal 1 was also the main base for most Star Alliance members though some were also based at Terminal 3. Prior to the opening of terminal 5, all domestic and Common Travel Area departures and arrivals needed to use terminal 1, which had separate departure piers for these flights.

Terminal 1 closed at the end of June 2015, the site is now being used to extend Terminal 2[87] which opened in June 2014. A number of the newer gates used by Terminal 1 were built as part of the Terminal 2 development and are being retained.[88][89] The last tenants along with British Airways were El Al, Icelandair (moved to Terminal 2 on 25 March 2015) and LATAM Brasil (the third to move in to Terminal 3 on 27 May 2015). British Airways was the last operator in Terminal 1. Two flights of this carrier, one departing to Hanover and one arriving from Baku, marked the terminal closure on 29 June 2015. British Airways operations have been relocated to Terminals 3 and 5.[90]

Airlines and destinations[edit]

Passenger[edit]

The following airlines operate regularly scheduled passenger flights at London Heathrow Airport:[91]

AirlinesDestinations
Aegean Airlines Athens
Aer Lingus Cork, Dublin, Knock, Shannon
Aeroméxico Mexico City
Air Algérie Algiers
Air Astana Aktau, Almaty
Air Canada Calgary, Halifax,[92] Montréal–Trudeau, Toronto–Pearson, Vancouver
Seasonal: Mumbai[93]
Air China Beijing–Capital,[94] Chengdu–Tianfu
Air France Nice, Paris–Charles de Gaulle
Air India Delhi, Mumbai
Air Malta Malta (ends 30 March 2024)[95]
Air Serbia Belgrade
All Nippon Airways Tokyo–Haneda[96]
American Airlines Boston, Charlotte, Chicago–O'Hare, Dallas/Fort Worth, Los Angeles, Miami, New York–JFK, Philadelphia, Phoenix–Sky Harbor, Raleigh/Durham
Asiana Airlines Seoul–Incheon
Austrian Airlines Vienna
Avianca Bogotá
Azerbaijan Airlines Baku[97]
Beijing Capital Airlines Qingdao
Biman Bangladesh Airlines Dhaka, Sylhet
British Airways Aberdeen, Abu Dhabi (resumes 20 April 2024),[98] Abuja, Accra, Amman–Queen Alia, Amsterdam, Athens, Atlanta, Austin, Bahrain, Baltimore,[99] Bangalore, Barbados, Barcelona, Basel/Mulhouse, Beijing–Daxing, Belfast–City, Belgrade,[100] Berlin, Bermuda, Billund, Bologna, Boston, Brussels, Bucharest–Otopeni, Budapest, Buenos Aires–Ezeiza, Cairo, Cape Town, Chennai, Chicago–O'Hare,[101] Cincinnati, Copenhagen, Cologne/Bonn, Dallas/Fort Worth, Delhi, Denver, Doha,[102] Dubai–International, Dublin, Düsseldorf, Edinburgh, Frankfurt, Funchal (ends 26 October 2024),[103] Geneva, Gibraltar, Glasgow, Gothenburg, Grand Cayman, Hamburg, Hanover, Hong Kong, Houston–Intercontinental, Hyderabad, Inverness, Islamabad, Istanbul, Istanbul–Sabiha Gökçen, Jersey, Johannesburg–O.R. Tambo,[99] Kraków, Kuala Lumpur–International (resumes 10 November 2024),[104] Kuwait City, Lagos, Larnaca, Las Vegas, Lisbon, Ljubljana, Los Angeles, Luxembourg, Lyon, Madrid, Málaga, Malé, Manchester, Marrakesh, Marseille, Mexico City, Miami, Milan–Linate, Milan–Malpensa, Montréal–Trudeau, Mumbai, Munich, Nairobi–Jomo Kenyatta, Naples, Nashville, Nassau, Newark, Newcastle upon Tyne, New Orleans, New York–JFK, Nice, Oslo, Paris–Charles de Gaulle, Philadelphia, Phoenix–Sky Harbor, Pisa, Pittsburgh, Portland (OR), Prague, Providenciales, Reykjavík–Keflavík, Riga, Rio de Janeiro–Galeão, Riyadh, Rome–Fiumicino, San Diego,[99] San Francisco, Santiago de Chile, São Paulo–Guarulhos, Seattle/Tacoma, Shanghai–Pudong, Singapore,[99] Sofia, Stockholm–Arlanda, Stuttgart, Sydney, Tel Aviv (resumes 1 April 2024),[105] Tenerife–South, Tirana, Tokyo–Haneda, Toronto–Pearson, Toulouse, Valencia, Vancouver, Venice, Vienna, Warsaw–Chopin, Washington–Dulles, Zagreb, Zürich
Seasonal: Bodrum, Brindisi, Chania, Corfu, Dalaman, Dubrovnik, Faro, Figari, Florence, Grenoble, Heraklion, Ibiza, Innsbruck, İzmir (begins 18 May 2024),[106] Kalamata, Kefalonia, Kos, Mykonos, Olbia, Palermo, Palma de Mallorca, Paphos, Perugia, Ponta Delgada, Preveza/Lefkada, Pula, Rhodes, Salzburg, Santorini, Split, Thessaloniki, Turin,[107] Zakynthos
Brussels Airlines Brussels
Bulgaria Air Sofia
Cathay Pacific Hong Kong
China Airlines Taipei–Taoyuan
China Eastern Airlines Shanghai–Pudong
China Southern Airlines Beijing–Daxing,[108] Guangzhou, Wuhan[109]
Croatia Airlines Zagreb
Seasonal: Split
Delta Air Lines Atlanta, Boston, Detroit, Los Angeles (ends 6 May 2024),[110] Minneapolis/St. Paul, New York–JFK, Salt Lake City, Seattle/Tacoma
Egyptair Cairo
Seasonal: Luxor
El Al Tel Aviv
Emirates Dubai–International
Ethiopian Airlines Addis Ababa
Etihad Airways Abu Dhabi
Eurowings Cologne/Bonn, Düsseldorf, Hamburg, Stuttgart
EVA Air Bangkok–Suvarnabhumi, Taipei–Taoyuan
Finnair Helsinki
Gulf Air Bahrain
Hainan Airlines Changsha, Haikou
Iberia Madrid
Icelandair Reykjavík–Keflavík
Iran Air Tehran–Imam Khomeini
ITA Airways Milan–Linate,[111] Rome–Fiumicino (both end 30 March 2024)[112]
Japan Airlines Tokyo–Haneda
JetBlue Boston, New York–JFK
Kenya Airways Nairobi–Jomo Kenyatta[113]
KLM Amsterdam
KM Malta Airlines Malta (begins 31 March 2024)[95]
Korean Air Seoul–Incheon
Kuwait Airways Kuwait City
LATAM Brasil São Paulo–Guarulhos
Loganair Derry, Dundee, Isle of Man, Kirkwall, Sumburgh
LOT Polish Airlines Warsaw–Chopin
Lufthansa Frankfurt, Munich
Seasonal: Salzburg[114]
Malaysia Airlines Kuala Lumpur–International
Middle East Airlines Beirut
Oman Air Muscat
Qantas Melbourne (ends 14 July 2024),[115][a] Perth, Singapore, Sydney[b]
Qatar Airways Doha
Royal Air Maroc Casablanca
Royal Brunei Airlines Bandar Seri Begawan, Dubai–International
Royal Jordanian Amman–Queen Alia
RwandAir Kigali
Saudia Jeddah, Neom Bay, Riyadh
Scandinavian Airlines Copenhagen, Oslo, Stavanger, Stockholm–Arlanda
Seasonal: Bergen (resumes 27 June 2024)[116]
Shenzhen Airlines Shenzhen
Singapore Airlines Singapore
SriLankan Airlines Colombo–Bandaranaike
Swiss International Air Lines Geneva, Zürich
TAP Air Portugal Lisbon
TAROM Bucharest–Otopeni
Thai Airways International Bangkok–Suvarnabhumi
Tianjin Airlines Chongqing, Tianjin, Xi'an
Tunisair Tunis
Turkish Airlines Istanbul
Turkmenistan Airlines Aşgabat (ends 2 April 2024)[117]
United Airlines Chicago–O'Hare, Denver, Houston–Intercontinental, Los Angeles, Newark, San Francisco, Washington–Dulles
Uzbekistan Airways Tashkent[118]
Vietnam Airlines Hanoi,[119] Ho Chi Minh City
Virgin Atlantic Antigua, Atlanta, Bangalore (begins 31 March 2024),[120] Barbados, Boston, Delhi, Grenada, Johannesburg–O.R. Tambo, Lagos, Las Vegas, Los Angeles, Miami, Montego Bay,[121] Mumbai, Nassau,[121] New York–JFK, Orlando, Providenciales,[120][121] San Francisco, Seattle/Tacoma, Shanghai–Pudong, St. Vincent–Argyle, Tampa, Tel Aviv (resumes 4 September 2024),[122] Washington–Dulles
Seasonal: Cape Town, Dubai–International, Malé,[123] St. Lucia–Hewanorra
Vistara Delhi, Mumbai
Vueling Barcelona (resumes 7 April 2024),[124] Paris–Orly (begins 7 April 2024)[124]
WestJet Calgary

Cargo[edit]

AirlinesDestinations
Aerotranscargo[125][126] Astana, Hong Kong
Cathay Pacific Cargo[127] Dubai–Al Maktoum, Hong Kong, Paris–Charles de Gaulle
DHL Aviation[128] Amsterdam, Brussels, Cincinnati, Cologne/Bonn, Frankfurt, Leipzig/Halle, Milan–Malpensa, Porto
Emirates SkyCargo[129] Dubai–Al Maktoum, Frankfurt
Korean Air Cargo[130] Frankfurt, Paris–Charles de Gaulle, Seoul–Incheon
Lufthansa Cargo[131][132] Frankfurt
One Air[133] Jinan
Qatar Airways Cargo[134][135] Basel/Mulhouse, Doha, Munich
Singapore Airlines Cargo[136] Amsterdam, Sharjah, Singapore
Turkish Cargo[137] Istanbul

Air traffic and statistics[edit]

Overview[edit]

Development of passenger numbers, aircraft movements and air freight between 1986 and 2014

When ranked by passenger traffic, Heathrow is the eighth busiest airport internationally, behind Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport, Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport, Denver International Airport, Chicago O'Hare International Airport, Dubai International Airport, Los Angeles International Airport, and Istanbul Airport, for the 12 months ending December 2022.[138] London Heathrow Airport was noted as the best-connected airport globally in 2019 according to the OAG's Megahubs Index with a connectivity score of 317. Dominant carrier British Airways was recorded as holding a 51% share of flights at the hub.[139]

In 2015, Heathrow was the busiest airport in Europe in total passenger traffic, with 14% more passengers than Paris–Charles de Gaulle Airport[140] and 22% more than Istanbul Atatürk Airport.[141] Heathrow was the fourth busiest European airport by cargo traffic in 2013, after Frankfurt Airport, Paris–Charles de Gaulle and Amsterdam Airport Schiphol.[142]

In 2020, Heathrow's passenger numbers dropped sharply by over 72%, (a decrease of 58 million travellers compared to 2019), due to the impact caused by restrictions and/or bans on travel caused by the global COVID-19 pandemic. More than four million passengers travelled on domestic and international flights in and out of Heathrow in March 2023, meaning it was once again the busiest airport in Europe after falling to the second spot in November 2022.[143]

Annual traffic statistics[edit]

Overview[edit]

Annual passenger traffic at LHR airport. See Wikidata query.

In table[edit]

Annual traffic statistics at Heathrow[144]
Year Passengers handled[c] Cargo Aircraft movements
Numbers % Change (tonnes) % Change Numbers % Change
1986 31,675,779 Steady 537,131 Steady 315,753 Steady
1987 35,079,755 Increase10.7 574,116 Increase6.9 329,977 Increase 4.3
1988 37,840,503 Increase7.9 642,147 Increase11.8 351,592 Increase 6.1
1989 39,881,922 Increase5.4 686,170 Increase6.9 368,429 Increase 4.6
1990 42,950,512 Increase7.7 695,347 Increase1.3 390,372 Increase 5.6
1991 40,494,575 Decrease5.7 654,625 Decrease5.9 381,724 Decrease 2.3
1992 45,242,591 Increase11.7 754,770 Increase15.3 406,481 Increase 6.1
1993 47,899,081 Increase5.9 846,486 Increase12.2 411,173 Increase 1.1
1994 51,713,366 Increase8.0 962,738 Increase13.7 424,557 Increase 3.2
1995 54,461,597 Increase5.3 1,031,639 Increase7.2 434,525 Increase 2.3
1996 56,049,706 Increase2.9 1,040,486 Increase0.9 440,343 Increase 1.3
1997 58,185,398 Increase3.8 1,156,104 Increase11.1 440,631 Increase 0.1
1998 60,683,988 Increase4.3 1,208,893 Increase4.6 451,382 Increase 2.4
1999 62,268,292 Increase2.6 1,265,495 Increase4.7 458,300 Increase 1.5
2000 64,618,254 Increase3.8 1,306,905 Increase3.3 466,799 Increase 1.8
2001 60,764,924 Decrease6.0 1,180,306 Decrease9.6 463,567 Decrease 0.7
2002 63,362,097 Increase4.3 1,234,940 Increase4.6 466,545 Increase 0.6
2003 63,495,367 Increase0.2 1,223,439 Decrease0.9 463,650 Decrease 0.6
2004 67,342,743 Increase6.1 1,325,173 Increase8.3 476,001 Increase 2.6
2005 67,913,153 Increase0.8 1,305,686 Decrease1.5 477,887 Increase 0.4
2006 67,527,923 Decrease0.6 1,264,129 Decrease3.2 477,048 Decrease 0.2
2007 68,066,028 Increase0.8 1,310,987 Increase3.7 481,476 Increase 0.9
2008 67,054,745 Decrease1.5 1,397,054 Increase6.6 478,693 Decrease 0.6
2009 66,036,957 Decrease1.5 1,277,650 Decrease8.5 466,393 Decrease 2.6
2010 65,881,660 Decrease 0.2 1,472,988 Increase15.3 454,823 Decrease 2.5
2011 69,433,230 Increase 5.4 1,484,351 Increase0.8 480,906 Increase 5.4
2012 70,037,417 Increase 0.9 1,464,390 Decrease1.3 475,176 Decrease 1.2
2013 72,367,054 Increase 3.3 1,422,939 Decrease2.8 471,936 Decrease 0.7
2014 73,374,825 Increase 1.4 1,498,906 Increase5.3 472,802 Increase 0.2
2015 74,959,058 Increase 2.2 1,496,551 Decrease0.2 473,087 Increase 2.7
2016 75,676,223 Increase 1.0 1,541,029 Increase3.0 473,231 Increase 0.2
2017 77,988,752 Increase 3.1 1,698,455 Increase9.3 474,033 Increase 0.6
2018 80,102,017 Increase 2.7 1,788,815 Increase5.3 477,604 Increase 1.0
2019 80,884,310 Increase 0.9 1,587,451 Decrease11.2 475,861 Decrease 0.3
2020 22,109,723 Decrease 72.7 1,150,030 Decrease28.0 200,905 Decrease57.8
2021 19,393,145 Decrease 12.3 1,402,913 Increase22.0 190,032 Decrease5.4
2022 61,611,838 Increase 217.6 1,350,878 Decrease3.7 384,383 Increase98.7
2023 79,151,723 Increase 28.5 1,387,060 Increase2.7 454,089 Increase18.1

Busiest routes[edit]

Busiest routes from LHR (2023)
Rank Destination Passengers Change 2022 / 23
1 United States New York–JFK, United States 3,073,200 Increase 29.48%
2 United Arab Emirates Dubai–International, United Arab Emirates 2,438,593 Increase 7.89%
3 Qatar Doha, Qatar 1,712,158 Increase 14.80%
4 Republic of Ireland Dublin, Republic of Ireland 1,693,197 Increase 28.26%
5 United States Los Angeles, United States 1,662,464 Increase 35.66%
6 Spain Madrid, Spain 1,471,836 Increase 24.16%
7 Singapore Singapore–Changi, Singapore 1,426,108 Increase 50.15%
8 Netherlands Amsterdam, Netherlands 1,385,530 Increase 21.11%
9 Germany Frankfurt, Germany 1,333,000 Increase 27.44%
10 India Mumbai, India 1,284,213 Increase 97.83%
11 Turkey Istanbul, Turkey 1,231,667 Increase 11.57%
12 Germany Munich, Germany 1,209,739 Increase 29.53%
13 Hong Kong Hong Kong, Hong Kong 1,184,050 Increase 395.38%
14 Switzerland Zurich, Switzerland 1,119,529 Increase 35.22%
15 Canada Toronto, Canada 1,109,113 Increase 41.02%
16 United States Chicago–O'Hare, United States 1,093,196 Increase 21.91%
17 India Delhi, India 1,083,003 Increase 61.74%
18 United States San Francisco, United States 1,065,276 Increase 21.21%
19 France Paris–Charles de Gaulle, France 1,058,813 Increase 15.40%
20 United States Newark, United States 1,056,347 Increase 30.40%
Source: CAA Statistics[145]
Busiest domestic routes from LHR (2022)
Rank Destination Passengers Change 2021 / 22
1 Edinburgh 732,421 Increase 91%
2 Glasgow 694,334 Increase 88%
3 Belfast-City 598,977 Increase 77%
4 Manchester 412,547 Increase 81%
5 Aberdeen 411,683 Increase 68%
6 Newcastle upon Tyne 328,801 Increase 184%
7 Jersey 316,997 Increase 101%
8 Inverness 132,529 Increase 107%
9 Isle of Man 20,345 Increase 194%
10 Newquay 11,704 Increase 14%
Source: CAA Statistics[145]

Other facilities[edit]

The Compass Centre, the head office of Heathrow Airport Holdings

The head office of Heathrow Airport Holdings (formerly BAA Limited) is located in the Compass Centre by Heathrow's northern runway, a building that previously served as a British Airways flight crew centre.[146] The World Business Centre Heathrow consists of three buildings. 1 World Business Centre houses offices of Heathrow Airport Holdings, Heathrow Airport itself, and Scandinavian Airlines.[147] Previously International Airlines Group had its head office in 2 World Business Centre.[148][149]

At one time the British Airways head office was located within Heathrow Airport at Speedbird House[150] before the completion of Waterside, the current BA head office in Harmondsworth, in June 1998.[151]

To the north of the airfield lies the Northern Perimeter Road, along which most of Heathrow's car rental agencies are based, and Bath Road, which runs parallel to it, but outside the airport campus.

Transport[edit]

Public transport[edit]

Heathrow Airport tube and rail stations (Note: The map is outdated as TfL Rail is now the Elizabeth line.)

Train[edit]

Heathrow Express Class 387 at London Paddington

There are three train services to Central London:

Bus and coach[edit]

Many bus and coach services operate from Heathrow Central bus station, which serves Terminal 2 and Terminal 3. Services also operate from the bus stations located at Terminal 4 and Terminal 5.

Inter-terminal transport[edit]

Terminal 5 airside transit system

Terminals 2 and 3 are within walking distance of each other. Transfers from Terminals 2 and 3 to Terminals 4 and 5 are provided by Elizabeth line and Heathrow Express trains and the London Underground Piccadilly line.[154] Direct transfer between Terminals 4 and 5 is provided for free by route H30, introduced by Diamond Buses on 1 December 2022.[155]

Transit passengers remaining airside are provided with free dedicated transfer buses between terminals. These use dedicated airside tunnels (Heathrow Cargo Tunnel between Terminals 2/3 and 4, Heathrow Airside Road Tunnel between Terminals 2/3 and 5) to minimise disruption to aircraft operations.

The Heathrow Pod personal rapid transit system shuttles passengers between Terminal 5 and the business car park using 21 small, driverless transportation pods. The pods are battery-powered and run on-demand on a four-kilometre track, each able to carry up to four adults, two children, and their luggage.[156] Plans exist to extend the Pod system to connect Terminals 2 and 3 to remote car parks.[157]

An underground automated people mover system known as the Transit operates within Terminal 5, linking the main terminal with the satellite Terminals 5B and 5C. The Transit operates entirely airside using Bombardier Innovia APM 200 people mover vehicles.[158][159]

Hotel access[edit]

The Hotel Hoppa bus network connects all terminals to major hotels in the area.[160]

Taxi[edit]

Taxis are available at all terminals.[161]

Car[edit]

Heathrow is accessible via the nearby M4 motorway or A4 road (Terminals 2–3), the M25 motorway (Terminals 4 and 5) and the A30 road (Terminal 4). There are drop-off and pick-up areas at all terminals and short-[162] and long-stay[163] multi-storey car parks. All the Heathrow forecourts are drop-off only.[164] There are further car parks, not run by Heathrow Airport Holdings, just outside the airport: the most recognisable is the National Car Parks facility, although there are many other options; these car parks are connected to the terminals by shuttle buses.

Four parallel tunnels under the northern runway connect the M4 Heathrow spur and the A4 road to Terminals 2–3. The two larger tunnels are each two lanes wide and are used for motorised traffic. The two smaller tunnels were originally reserved for pedestrians and bicycles; to increase traffic capacity the cycle lanes have been modified to each take a single lane of cars, although bicycles still have priority over cars. Pedestrian access to the smaller tunnels has been discontinued, with the free bus services being used instead.

Bicycle[edit]

There are (mainly off-road) bicycle routes to some of the terminals.[165] Free bicycle parking places are available in car parks 1 and 1A, at Terminal 4, and to the North and South of Terminal 5's Interchange Plaza. Cycling is not currently allowed through the main tunnel to access the central area and Terminals 2 and 3.[166]

Incidents and accidents[edit]

  • On 3 March 1948, Sabena Douglas DC-3 OO-AWH crashed in fog. Three crew and 19 of the 22 passengers on board died.[167]
  • On 31 October 1950, BEA Vickers Viking G-AHPN crashed at Heathrow after hitting the runway during a go-around. Three crew and 25 passengers died.[168]
  • On 16 January 1955, a BEA Vickers Viscount (registered as G-AMOK) crashed into barriers whilst taking off in the fog from a disused runway strip parallel to the desired runway. There were two injuries.[169]
  • On 22 June 1955, a BOAC de Havilland Dove (registration: G-ALTM) crashed just short of the runway during a filming flight when the pilot shut down the incorrect engine. There were no casualties.[170]
  • On 1 October 1956, XA897, an Avro Vulcan strategic bomber of the Royal Air Force, crashed at Heathrow after an approach in bad weather. The Vulcan was the first to be delivered to the RAF and was returning from a demonstration flight to Australia and New Zealand. The pilot and co-pilot ejected and survived, but the four other occupants were killed.[171]
  • On 7 January 1960, Vickers Viscount G-AOHU of BEA was damaged beyond economic repair when the nose wheel collapsed on landing. A fire then developed and burnt out the fuselage. There were no casualties among the 59 people on board.[172]
  • On 27 October 1965, BEA Vickers Vanguard G-APEE, flying from Edinburgh, crashed on Runway 28R while attempting to land in poor visibility. All 30 passengers and six crew on board died.[173][174]
  • On 8 April 1968, BOAC Flight 712 Boeing 707 G-ARWE, departing for Australia via Singapore, suffered an engine fire just after take-off. The engine fell from the wing into a nearby gravel pit in Staines, before the plane managed to perform an emergency landing with the wing on fire. However, the plane was consumed by fire once on the ground. Five people – four passengers and a flight attendant – died, while 122 survived. The flight attendant, Barbara Harrison, who helped with the evacuation, was posthumously awarded the George Cross.[175]
  • On 3 July 1968, the port flap operating rod of G-AMAD, an Airspeed Ambassador operated by BKS Air Transport failed due to fatigue, thereby allowing the port flaps to retract. This resulted in a rolling movement to the port which could not be controlled during the approach, causing the aircraft to contact the grass and swerve towards the terminal building. It hit two parked British European Airways Hawker Siddeley Trident aircraft, burst into flames and came to rest against the ground floor of the terminal building. Six of the eight crew died, as did eight horses on board. Trident G-ARPT was written off,[176] and Trident G-ARPI was badly damaged, but subsequently repaired, only to be lost in the Staines crash in 1972.
  • On 18 June 1972, Trident G-ARPI, operating as BEA548, crashed in a field close to the Crooked Billet Public House, Staines, two minutes after taking off. All 118 passengers and crew on board died.[177]
  • On 17 January 2008, a British Airways Boeing 777-236ER, G-YMMM, operating flight BA038 from Beijing, crash-landed at Heathrow. The aircraft landed on grass short of the south runway, then slid to the edge of the runway and stopped on the threshold, leading to 18 minor injuries. The aircraft was later found to have suffered a loss of thrust caused by fuel icing.[178]
  • On 28 September 2022, there was a ground collision involving a Korean Air Boeing 777 that was about to take off to Seoul, and an Icelandair Boeing 757 which had landed from Reykjavik. The 777 aborted its takeoff and no injuries were reported, but the aircraft suffered minor damage.[179]

Terrorism and security incidents[edit]

  • On 8 June 1968, James Earl Ray, the man convicted of the 4 April 1968 assassination of Martin Luther King Jr., was captured and arrested at Heathrow Airport while attempting to leave the United Kingdom for Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe) on a false Canadian passport.[180]
  • On 6 September 1970, El Al Flight 219 experienced an attempted hijack by two PFLP members. One hijacker was killed and the other was subdued as the plane made an emergency landing at Heathrow Airport.
  • On 19 May 1974, the IRA planted a series of bombs in the Terminal 1 car park. Two people were injured by the explosions.[181]
  • On 26 November 1983, the Brink's-Mat robbery occurred, in which 6,800 gold bars worth nearly £26 million were taken from a vault near Heathrow. Only a small amount of the gold was recovered and only two men were convicted of the crime.[182]
  • On 17 April 1986, semtex explosives were found in the bag of a pregnant Irishwoman attempting to board an El Al flight. The explosives had been given to her by her Jordanian boyfriend and the father of her unborn child Nizar Hindawi. The incident became known as the Hindawi Affair.[183]
  • On 21 December 1988, Pan Am Flight 103 exploded mid-air over the town of Lockerbie, killing all 259 onboard and eleven people on the ground. The flight originated from Frankfurt as a feeder flight with a change of aircraft at Heathrow and was on its transatlantic leg to New York's JFK airport at the time of the incident. An unaccompanied suitcase containing a boombox radio/cassette player which housed the explosive was checked in at Malta and forwarded as interline baggage for this flight at Frankfurt, wherein it made its way to the transatlantic leg.
  • In 1994, over six days, Heathrow was targeted three times (8, 10, and 13 March) by the IRA, which fired 12 mortars. Heathrow was a symbolic target due to its importance to the UK economy, and much disruption was caused when areas of the airport were closed over the period. The gravity of the incident was heightened because the Queen was being flown back to Heathrow by the RAF on 10 March.[184]
  • In March 2002, thieves stole US$3 million that had arrived on a South African Airways flight. Just a few weeks earlier, a similar amount of money was stolen from a British Airways flight that arrived from Bahrain.[185]
  • In February 2003, the British Army was deployed to Heathrow along with 1,000 police officers in response to intelligence reports suggesting that al-Qaeda terrorists might launch surface-to-air missile attacks at British or American airliners.[186]
  • On 17 May 2004, Scotland Yard's Flying Squad foiled an attempt by seven men to steal £40 million in gold bullion and a similar quantity of cash from the Swissport warehouse at Heathrow.[187]
  • On 25 February 2008, Greenpeace activists protesting against the planned construction of a third runway managed to cross the ramp and climb atop a British Airways Airbus A320, which had just arrived from Manchester Airport. At about 09:45 GMT the protesters unveiled a "Climate Emergency – No Third Runway" banner over the aircraft's tailfin. By 11:00 GMT four arrests had been made.[188]
  • In October 2010, an Angolan national was being deported on a British Airways plane. Security guards were heavy-handed with him and they put him in a dangerous position, leading to asphyxia. He did not survive.[189]
  • On 13 July 2015, thirteen activists belonging to the climate change protest group Plane Stupid managed to break through the perimeter fence and get onto the northern runway. They chained themselves together in protest, disrupting hundreds of flights. All were eventually arrested.[190][191]
  • In June 2022, many protesters gathered at Heathrow and Gatwick airports to protest the UK-Rwanda deal. A flight which was supposed to carry asylum seekers from the UK to Rwanda was cancelled.[192]
  • In December 2022, a piece of uranium metal discovered in the airport triggered a counter-terrorism investigation. It was found in the scrap metal package originated from Pakistan via a passenger flight from Oman on 29 December. It was bound for an Iranian business with premises in the UK.[193]

Other incidents[edit]

  • On 18 December 2010, (9 cm, according to the Heathrow Winter Resilience Enquiry)[194] snowfall caused the closure of the entire airport, causing one of the largest incidents at Heathrow of all time. Some 4,000 flights were cancelled over five days and 9,500 passengers spent the night at Heathrow on 18 December following the initial snowfall.[195] The problems were caused not only by snow on the runways but also by snow and ice on the 198 parking stands which were all occupied by aircraft.[196]
  • On 12 July 2013, the ELT on an Ethiopian Airlines Boeing 787 Dreamliner parked at Heathrow airport caught fire due to a short circuit.[197] There were no passengers aboard and no injuries.[198][199]
  • From 12 September 2019, the climate change campaign group, Heathrow Pause attempted to disrupt flights into and out of Heathrow Airport in London by flying drones in the airport's exclusion zone. The action was unsuccessful in disrupting flights and nineteen people were arrested.[200]

Future expansion and plans[edit]

Runway and terminal expansion[edit]

British Airways aircraft queuing for take-off

There is a long history of expansion proposals for Heathrow since it was first designated as a civil airport. Following the cancellation of the Maplin project in 1974, a fourth terminal was proposed but expansion beyond this was ruled out. However, the Airports Inquiries of 1981–83 and the 1985 Airports Policy White Paper considered further expansion and, following a four-year-long public inquiry in 1995–99, Terminal 5 was approved. In 2003, after many studies and consultations, the Future of Air Transport White Paper was published which proposed a third runway at Heathrow, as well as a second runway at Stansted Airport.[201] In January 2009, the Transport Secretary at the time, Geoff Hoon announced that the British government supported the expansion of Heathrow by building a third 2,200-metre (7,200 ft) runway and a sixth terminal building.[202] This decision followed the 2003 white paper on the future of air transport in the UK,[203] and a public consultation in November 2007.[204] This was a controversial decision which met with widespread opposition because of the expected greenhouse gas emissions, impact on local communities, as well as noise and air pollution concerns.[205]

Before the 2010 general election, the Conservative and Liberal Democrat parties announced that they would prevent the construction of any third runway or further material expansion of the airport's operating capacity. The Mayor of London, then Boris Johnson, took the position that London needs more airport capacity, favouring the construction of an entirely new airport in the Thames Estuary rather than expanding Heathrow.[206] After the Conservative-Liberal Democrat coalition took power, it was announced that the third runway expansion was cancelled.[207] Two years later, leading Conservatives were reported to have changed their minds on the subject.[208]

Another proposal for expanding Heathrow's capacity was the Heathrow Hub, which aims to extend both runways to a total length of about 7,000 metres and divide them into four so that they each provide two, full-length runways, allowing simultaneous take-offs and landings while decreasing noise levels.[209][210]

In July 2013, the airport submitted three new proposals for expansion to the Airports Commission, which was established to review airport capacity in the southeast of England. The Airports Commission was chaired by Sir Howard Davies. He, at the time of his appointment, was in the employ of GIC Private Limited (formerly known as Government Investment Corporation of Singapore) and a member of its International Advisory Board. GIC Private Limited was then (2012), as it remains today, one of Heathrow's principal owners. Sir Howard Davies resigned from these positions upon confirmation of his appointment to lead the Airports Commission, although it has been observed that he failed to identify these interests when invited to complete the Airports Commission's register of interests. Each of the three proposals that were to be considered by Sir Howard Davies's commission involved the construction of a third runway, either to the north, northwest or southwest of the airport.[211]

The commission released its interim report in December 2013, shortlisting three options: the north-west third runway option at Heathrow, extending an existing runway at Heathrow, and a second runway at Gatwick Airport. After this report was published, the government confirmed that no options had been ruled out for airport expansion in the South-east and that a new runway would not be built at Heathrow before 2015.[212] The full report was published on 1 July 2015, and backed a third, north-west, runway at Heathrow.[213] Reaction to the report was generally adverse, particularly from London Mayor Boris Johnson. One senior Conservative told Channel 4: "Howard Davies has dumped an utter steaming pile of poo on the Prime Minister's desk."[214] On 25 October 2016, the government confirmed that Heathrow would be allowed to build a third runway; however, a final decision would not be taken until winter of 2017/18, after consultations and government votes. The earliest opening year would be 2025.

On 5 June 2018, the UK Cabinet approved the third runway, with a full vote planned for Parliament.[215] On 25 June 2018, the House of Commons voted, 415–119, in favour of the third runway. The bill received support from most MPs in the Conservative and Labour parties.[216] A judicial review against the decision was launched by four London local authorities affected by the expansion—Wandsworth, Richmond, Hillingdon and Hammersmith and Fulham—in partnership with Greenpeace and London mayor Sadiq Khan.[217] Khan previously stated he would take legal action if it were passed by Parliament.[218]

In February 2020, the Court of Appeal ruled that the plans for a third runway were illegal since they did not adequately take into account the government's commitments to the Paris climate agreement.[219] However, this ruling was later overturned by the Supreme Court in December 2020.[220]

New transport proposals[edit]

One of the transport projects being considered is the Western Rail Approach to Heathrow

Currently, all rail connections with Heathrow airport run along an east–west alignment to and from central London, and a number of schemes have been proposed over the years to develop new rail transport links with other parts of London and with stations outside the city.[221] This mainline rail service is due to be extended to central London and Essex when the Elizabeth line, currently under construction, opens.[222]

A 2009 proposal to create a southern link with London Waterloo via the Waterloo–Reading line was abandoned in 2011 due to lack of funding and difficulties with a high number of level crossings on the route into London,[223][224] and a plan to link Heathrow to the planned High Speed 2 (HS2) railway line (with a new station, Heathrow Hub) was also dropped from the HS2 plans in March 2015.[225][226][227]

Among other schemes that have been considered is a rapid transport link between Heathrow and Gatwick Airports, known as Heathwick, which would allow the airports to operate jointly as an airline hub;[228][229] In 2018, the Department for Transport began to invite proposals for privately funded rail links to Heathrow Airport.[230] Projects being considered under this initiative include:

See also[edit]

Notes[edit]

  1. ^ Melbourne service is a continuation of Perth service as same flight number
  2. ^ Sydney service is a continuation of the Singapore service as the same flight number
  3. ^ Number of passengers including domestic, international and transit

References[edit]

Citations[edit]

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External links[edit]