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Microdrive

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This article is about the miniature hard disk drive format by IBM and Hitachi. For the similar drive by Hewlett-Packard, see HP Kittyhawk. For other uses, see Microdrive (disambiguation).
Microdrive
1 GB IBM Microdrive
Media typeHard disk drive
EncodingRLL
Capacity170 MB - 16 GB
Developed byIBM, Hitachi
Manufactured byIBM, Hitachi, Seagate Technology, Western Digital, Toshiba, GS Magicstor
Dimensions42.0 mm × 36.0 mm × 5.0 mm
UsagePortable devices, notebooks
ReleasedSeptember 9, 1998
Discontinued2012

The Microdrive is a type of miniature, 1-inch hard disk produced by IBM and Hitachi. These rotational media storage devices were designed to fit in CompactFlash (CF) Type II slots.

By 2010, Microdrives were viewed as obsolete, having been overtaken by solid-state flash media in read/write performance, storage capacity, durability, and price.

History

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IBM and Hitachi Microdrive harddisk drives, with an American quarter for size comparison

Precursors

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Prior to the 1-inch Microdrive, a 1.3-inch HDD nicknamed the "Kittyhawk" was developed and launched in June 1992 by Hewlett Packard with a capacity of 20, then later 40 MB. These units weighed about 28 g (1 oz), with dimensions of 2.0" × 1.44" × 0.414" (50.8 mm × 36.5 mm × 10.5 mm) and were the physically smallest hard drives in the world before the Microdrive. The Kittyhawk was a failure however, and didn't last long in the market.[1] Largely due to Kittyhawk's failure, Hewlett-Packard closed its Disk Memory Division and exited the disk drive business in 1996.

Development

[edit]
Thomas Albrecht (left) and Timothy Reiley showing the Microdrive (right) next to a CompactFlash card

The idea of the Microdrive was created by IBM researcher Timothy J. Reiley who was working at the Almaden Research Center in San Jose. He wanted to create a small form factor hard disk drive with high capacity storage that would be used for mobile devices, after working on a project to look at Micromechanics.[2] Originally Reiley planned for the drive to use Microelectromechanical systems for parts of the drive such as the spindle motor and head actuator. Thomas R. Albrecht, another researcher, collaborated with Reiley to design and create the drive. Thomas changed the drive technology to miniaturized conventional technologies instead due to the increased technical risk and costs of using microelectromechanical systems.[3]

The leader of mobile drive development at the IBM Fujisawa facility at the time, Hideya Ino, highly sought the potential of a 1-inch disk drive. He had a team collaborate with the IBM researchers to create working prototypes. Those prototypes were then used to persuade product planning and marketing teams to support the project. Two notable people from the Japan development team were Mitsuhiko Aoyagi and Kenji Kuroki, who contributed to launching the product line. Bill Healey and John Osterhout worked at the storage technology division in San Jose and were responsible for the business development and marketing of the Microdrive.

Introduction

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In September 1998, IBM announced the Microdrive in North America with a maximum capacity of 340 MB.[4] It was advertised as being about the size of a large coin, weighing less than an AA battery, and storing over 200 times more data than a floppy disk. The Microdrive was expected to be available by mid-1999.[5] At the time, CompactFlash cards had a maximum capacity of 128 MB.[6]

On June 24, 1999, IBM Japan announced the IBM Microdrive 340 MB for ¥58,000 or $475 USD. It was planned to be marketed as a storage device for digital cameras and other handheld devices.[7]

On August 24, 1999, Microtech International announced they would be the first North American distributor of the 340 MB Microdrive.[8]

In June 1999, IBM launched the first generation 1-inch Microdrive. It had storage capacities of 170MB and 340MB at a price of $499. The physical dimensions of Microdrive were 1.65" × 1.42" × 0.197" (42.0 mm × 36.0 mm × 5.0 mm) and conformed to CompactFlash Type II card standard. A second generation of Microdrive was announced by IBM in June 2000 with increased capacities at 512 MB and 1 GB, with the 512 MB model costing $399 and the 1 GB model costing $499.[9][10]

Hitachi 4 GB Microdrive

Following the merger of IBM and Hitachi HDD business units, Hitachi Global Storage Technologies continued the development and marketing of the Microdrive. In 2003, 2 GB and 4 GB models were announced by Hitachi.[11][12] The 4 GB model was first available on February 20, 2004 for a price of $499.[13] This was followed by a 6 GB capacity model in February 2005 for a price of $299, with the 4 GB model dropping to $199.[14][15] Hitachi additionally planned an even smaller 1-inch hard drive with a capacity of 8-10 GB under the code-name "Mikey" for late 2005 with a weight of 14 grams and a size of 40 mm × 30 mm × 5 mm.[16][17]

By 2007, sales and profit of the Microdrive were dwindling so Hitachi discontinued production of 1 inch hard disk drives. Sales of 1-inch drives were only about 3,000 in a three-month period in 2007, while 560,000 units of 1-1.8-inch drives were sold throughout July to September 2007. Hitachi wanted to shift over to bigger 2.5 and 3.5-inch hard disk drives, rather than retain focus on the small hard disk drive business.[18]\

Other Manufacturers

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Seagate

[edit]
Seagate 2.5 GB Microdrive

In 2004, Seagate launched 2.5 and 5 GB hard disk drives in the same small physical form-factor as IBM Microdrive and referred to them as either 1-inch hard drives or CompactFlash hard drives due to the trademark issue. These drives were also commonly known as the Seagate ST1. In 2005, Seagate launched an 8 GB model. Seagate also sold a standalone consumer product based on these drives with a product known as the Pocket Hard Drive. These devices came in the shape of a hockey puck with an integrated USB 2.0 cable.

Seagate launched their 6 GB mini drive on the same day as Hitachi, in February 2005.[19]

Western Digital

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In early 2005, Western Digital announced they would be joining the mini hard drive market with their own drives. These would be available by the second half of 2005 and reach capacities up to 6 GB.[20]

Western Digital launched a 6 GB external USB 2.0 microdrive as a part of the Passport Pocket brand in March 2006. This was made as a competitor to the Seagate Pocket Hard Drive. The unit had 2 MB of cache, 11 ms seek, spun at 3,600 RPM, and was 60 × 45 × 9 mm. The price for the unit was $130 upon release. [21]

GS Magicstor

[edit]
Magicstor 2.2 GB Microdrive

On July 16, 2003, a Chinese manufacturer called GS Magicstor, Inc. (subsidiary of GS Magic, Inc.) announced it had produced 1-inch hard disk drive with capacity of 2.4 GB at the beginning of the year 2003, originally marketed as an alternative to Microdrive by Hitachi Global Storage Technologies. It was to be followed by 2.2 and 4.8 GB 1-inch HDD that was unveiled in 2004 International CES, with 0.8-inch HDD. On December 28, 2004, Hitachi Global Storage Technologies announced it had filed lawsuit against GS Magicstor, Inc., GS Magic, Inc., and Riospring, Inc. for infringement of multiple Hitachi GST's patents relating to hard disk drives, after GS Magic Inc. had started promoting mini-HDD (small form factor hard disk drive).

Cornice

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Cornice 4 GB Microdrive

Cornice was founded in 2000. Based in Longmont (Colorado), it quickly came out with 4GB and 8GB microdrive models, destined to the MP3 player and mobile phone markets. Hit with patent infringement lawsuits by Seagate and other disk drive companies, and faced with stiff competition and lagging sales, the company eventually folded in 2007.[22]

Toshiba

[edit]
Toshiba 4 GB 0.85" drive

Toshiba decided to skip the 1" form factor, and in March 2004 announced a 0.85" drive that shipped in September of the same year.[23] This form factor remains the smallest one ever shipped. Capacities of 2 and 4 GB were offered,[24] destined primarily to the cellular phone market [25]

Samsung

[edit]
Samsung 30 GB microdrive

Samsung entered the microdrive market at a very late stage in 2008 with announced capacities of 20, 30 and 40 GB.[26] Doing away with the bulky compact flash II connector, Samsung Spinpoint A1 microdrives were able to use a 1.3" diameter disk, while keeping the same outer microdrive dimensions (42.8mmx32.4mmx5mm). They also used perpendicular recording technology which had just been introduced in the hard disk industry. At the time when flash memory was becoming the medium of choice for all portable application, Samsung's entry was very short lived, with only one product carrying the 30 GB model known to ship: JVC's Everio GZ-MG73, an ultra-slim camcorder[27]

Discontinuation

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By 2006, flash-based CompactFlash cards surpassed Microdrives in maximum size and over time became less expensive as well, which rendered the technology obsolete.[28] As of July 2012, there are no known manufacturers of 1-inch form-factor hard disk drives. Hitachi had also stopped production of its trademarked Microdrive product.

Features

[edit]
The iPod Mini 1st Gen., which uses a Microdrive to store data

Microdrives weigh less than a roll of 35mm film.[29]

Until 2006, Microdrives had higher capacity than CompactFlash cards. As of 2006, Microdrive's capacity advantages were exceeded by CompactFlash cards (which are the same size and are often compatible with each other), and USB flash drives. [30]

Microdrives allow more write cycles than flash storage, making them suitable for use as swap space in embedded applications. Flash storage always needs to move some old data around while writing, to ensure the flash's finite write life is consumed equally. Microdrives are better at handling power loss in the middle of writing: a bug in the wear levelling algorithm can cause data loss in flash storage were a card unplugged at the exact wrong time. Data on rotational disks is modified in place, and hard drive algorithms at the time were much more advanced than those of flash storage. Being mechanical devices however, they are more sensitive to physical shock and temperature changes than flash memory. For example, a microdrive will generally not survive a 4-foot (1.2-meter) drop onto a hard surface whereas CF cards can survive much higher falls.[citation needed] They are not designed to operate at high altitudes (over 10,000 feet or 3,000 meters) but can be safely used on most commercial aircraft as cabins are generally pressurized.[citation needed]

Microdrives are not as fast as the high-end CompactFlash cards; they generally operate at around 4–6 megabytes per second while high-end CF cards can operate at 45 megabytes per second.[citation needed]

Unlike flash storage, Microdrives require power even when no data is being transferred to or read from them, just to keep the disk spinning in order to maintain quick access. As a result, many devices such as the iPod mini leave the drive switched off for most of the time while periodically starting it up to fetch data from it to fill the device's buffer. Microdrives will switch off after idling for more than a few seconds to counter this problem; however, this means that it needs to spin up for the next access, which takes about 1 second. This effect would be particularly problematic if an operating system is being run from the drive, as seen in the case of the Palm LifeDrive.[citation needed]

Since they are thicker than flash-based CF cards, Microdrives require a Type II slot. Many newer compact cameras only have a Type I slot due to the increasing popularity of flash-based cards, so Microdrives have limited popularity outside of the professional photography market.[citation needed]

Certain bus-powered CF card readers lack the power needed to run a Microdrive although they do take CF II cards. When using such a device, it will usually be detected by the host, but errors will occur once the user attempts to access the drive.[citation needed]

Some "OEM Only" drives use the CompactFlash form factor but only provide a 5V IDE/ATA interface. These will not work in readers or devices which expect a 3.3V interface and full CompactFlash functionality.[citation needed]

Models

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A pair of 1gb IBM Microdrives, with a PCMCIA/Cardbus adapter
Size comparison from top to bottom: microSD, miniSD, SD card, Microdrive

By timeline

[edit]
Date of release of large sizes.
Date
June 1999 IBM releases 170, 340 MB Microdrives
June 2000 IBM releases 512 MB, 1 GB Microdrives
2003 2 GB, 4 GB (Hitachi)
2004 2.5 and 5 GB (Seagate)
February 2005 6 GB (Hitachi), 8 GB (Seagate)
2006 8 GB (Hitachi)

By manufacturer

[edit]
Inside a 1-inch Seagate 5 GB drive, with a 50 cent euro coin for size comparison
IBM
  • 170 MB
  • 340 MB
  • 512 MB
  • 1 GB
  • 4 GB
  • 8 GB
  • 16 GB

Several physical examples of Microdrives are held by the Computer History Museum.[31]

Hitachi
  • 512 MB
  • 1 GB
  • 2 GB
  • 3 GB
  • 4 GB
  • 5 GB
  • 6 GB
  • 8 GB

IBM and Hitachi models were fitted with 128 KB of cache memory.

GS Magicstor
  • 2.2 GB ATA, USB (NATIVE), & CF variants
  • 3 GB ATA
  • 4 GB ATA & CF variants
  • 6 GB
Seagate ST1
  • 2.5 GB
  • 4 GB
  • 5 GB
  • 6 GB
Seagate ST1.2
  • 4 GB
  • 8 GB
Seagate ST1.3
  • 12 GB

These Seagate models were fitted with 2MB of cache memory.

Sony Compact Vault
  • 2 GB (rebadged Hitachi)
  • 4 GB (rebadged Hitachi)
  • 5 GB (rebadged Seagate)
  • 8 GB (rebadged Seagate)
Toshiba (0.85" Form Factor)
  • 2 GB
  • 4 GB
Cornice
  • 2 GB
  • 4 GB
  • 8 GB
Western Digital
  • 6 GB

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Gilbert, Clark (15 September 2003). "The Lessons of New-Market Disruption; Hewlett-packard: Small Drive, Big Hopes". Harvard Business School. Retrieved 14 September 2022.
  2. ^ Costlow, Terry (7 July 1999). "One inch no cinch for IBM storage gurus". EE Times. Retrieved 12 August 2022.
  3. ^ "1999: IBM Microdrive, First One-Inch HDD" (PDF). Retrieved 12 August 2022.
  4. ^ Farrance, Rex (11 September 1998). "IBM unveils smallest-ever hard drive". CNN. Retrieved 27 May 2022.
  5. ^ "IBM shows tiny disk drive; New microdrive, size of a large coin, is aimed at portable electronic devices". CNN. 9 September 1998. Retrieved 27 May 2022.
  6. ^ "Liverpool and Manchester Photographic Journal". 2002.
  7. ^ "The World's Smallest Hard Drive; IBM Japan pulls a tiny surprise out of its pocket". IGN. 24 June 1999. Retrieved 14 September 2022.
  8. ^ "Microtech first to distribute IBMs 340MB Microdrive". Digital Photography Review. 24 August 1999. Retrieved 14 September 2022.
  9. ^ "IBM makes 512MB and 1GB Microdrive official". Digital Photography Review. 21 June 2000. Retrieved 27 May 2022.
  10. ^ "IBM unveils 1GB mini drive; New Microdrive triples capacity of miniature hard disk drive for portables". CNN. 20 June 2000. Retrieved 27 May 2022.
  11. ^ "HITACHI GLOBAL : News Releases from Headquarters : Jan 6, 2003". www.hitachi.com. Retrieved 2022-05-27.
  12. ^ Bennett, Amy (26 August 2003). "Hitachi to ship 2GB, 4GB Microdrives this year". Computerworld. Retrieved 27 May 2022.
  13. ^ Frauenheim, Ed (11 February 2004). "IBM to ship 4GB microdrive; Big Blue unveils tiny hard drive made by Hitachi, targeting laptop users". ZDnet. Retrieved 27 May 2022.
  14. ^ Williams, Martyn (23 February 2005). "Hitachi slashes Microdrive prices, debuts 6GB model". Computerworld. Retrieved 27 May 2022.
  15. ^ "Hitachi 6GB Microdrive sells for just $299". Digital Photography Review. 24 February 2005. Retrieved 27 May 2022.
  16. ^ Kanellos, Michael (7 January 2005). "Hitachi drives get bigger--and smaller; Company cuts some fat from its diminutive devices, to squeeze them into cell phones, while upping the capacity of PC drives". Cnet. Retrieved 27 May 2022.
  17. ^ "Hitachi Global Storage Technologies Announces New Hard Drives". Videomaker. 7 January 2005. Retrieved 27 May 2022.
  18. ^ "Hitachi to phase out small hard drives". Reuters. 4 January 2008. Retrieved 27 May 2022.
  19. ^ Hachman, Mark (23 February 2005). "Seagate, Hitachi Announce 6-GB 1-Inch Drives". Extreme Tech. Retrieved 27 May 2022.
  20. ^ Shim, Richard (19 January 2005). "Western Digital to enter minidrive arena; Hard drive maker plans to start shipping a one-inch product in the second quarter". CNET. Retrieved 27 May 2022.
  21. ^ Smith, Tony (29 March 2006). "WD unveils 6GB pocket drive". The Register. Retrieved 27 May 2022.
  22. ^ "Thinking Big, Building Small: Cornice Case Studye". Gillware. 22 September 2015.
  23. ^ "Toshiba Enters Guinness World Records Book with the World's Smallest Hard Disk Drive". Toshiba.
  24. ^ Corporation, Bonnier (December 11, 2004). "Popular Science". Bonnier Corporation – via Google Books.
  25. ^ "World's smallest HDD (0.85-inch Toshiba 4GB in Nokia N91)". Reddit. 5 October 2022.
  26. ^ "Ultra mobile PATA & CEATA Spinpoint A1" (PDF). Seagate.
  27. ^ "Samsung's Spinpoint A1 Miniature HDD Gets Popular". Softpedia. 17 January 2008.
  28. ^ "25 Years of CompactFlash: A Look Back at the Pioneering Format". PCMAG.
  29. ^ Hitachi Microdrive with PCMCIA advert on the box: https://allegro.pl/oferta/dysk-hd-cf-hitachi-4gb-microdrive-hms360404d5cf00-8477630440
  30. ^ Corsair launches 16GB Flash Voyager drive
  31. ^ "IBM family of Microdrives", Data sheet G225-6801-02
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