Fire coral

Not to be confused with poison fire coral, a poisonous fungus.

Fire coral
Millepora dichotoma
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Cnidaria
Class:	Hydrozoa
Order:	Anthoathecata
Suborder:	Capitata
Family:	Milleporidae Fleming, 1828
Genus:	Millepora Linnaeus, 1758
Diversity
15 species
Fire coral range
Synonyms
(Family) Milleporadae (lapsus) (Genus) Palmipora de Blainville, 1830

Fire corals (Millepora) are a genus of colonial marine organisms that exhibit physical characteristics similar to that of coral. The name coral is somewhat misleading, as fire corals are not true corals but are instead more closely related to Hydra and other hydrozoans, making them hydrocorals. They make up the only genus in the monotypic family Milleporidae.

Anatomy and reproduction

While most fire corals are yellow or orange, they can also be found in shades of brown, green, and even blue, providing a vibrant display underwater.

Fire coral has several common growth forms; these include branching, plate, and encrusting. Branching fire coral adopts a calcareous structure which branches off into rounded, finger-like tips. Plate-growing fire coral forms a shape similar to that of fellow cnidarian lettuce corals - erect, thin sheets, which group together to form a colony. In encrusting fire coral, growth takes place on the surface structure of calcareous coral or gorgonian structures.

The gonophores in the family Milleporidae arise from the coenosarc (the hollow living tubes of the upright branching individuals of a colony), within chambers embedded entirely in the coenosteum (the calcareous mass forming the skeleton of a compound coral).

Reproduction in fire corals is more complex than in other reef-building corals. The polyp of fire coral releases a medusa that releases its eggs in the water stream. Then another male medusa fertilizes the eggs with its sperm, which then produces a planula. A planula then floats in the water under it finds a reef it is able to attach to and grow back into a polyp, settling on a hard surface. Then the cycle repeats.

Habitat and predators

Fire corals are found on reefs in tropical and subtropical waters, such as the Indian Ocean, Pacific Ocean, and Atlantic Ocean and the Caribbean Sea. They are found in shallow reefs where the most amount of sunlight is able to reach them, allowing for a higher rate of photosynthesis of the algae that lives in their tissues. Fire corals thrive in an environment with a high, strong current, and warm water. They are found in almost all places in the world, except for cold coastal regions. They are also abundant on upper reef slopes and in lagoons, and occur down to 40 meters (131 ft) deep.

Fire corals' predatory threats are mainly from fire worms, certain nudibranchs, and filefish. They are predators to the algae that lives within them, and zooplankton/phytoplankton.

Biology and behaviors

The polyps of fire corals are near microscopic size and are mostly embedded in the skeleton and connected by a network of minute canals. All that is visible on the smooth surface are pores of two sizes: gastropores and dactylopores. In fact, Millepora means ‘thousand pores’. Dactylozooids have long fine hairs that protrude from the skeleton. The hairs possess clusters of stinging cells and capture prey, which is then engulfed by gastrozooids, or feeding polyps, situated within the gastropores. As well as capturing prey, fire corals gain nutrients via their special symbiotic relationship with algae known as zooxanthellae. The zooxanthellae live inside the tissues of the coral, and provide the coral with food, which they produce through photosynthesis, so require sunlight. In return, the coral provides the algae with protection and access to sunlight. The hollow tubes in fire coral can also be used to store oxygen to offset any organism that bumps into it.

Stings, symptoms, and treatments

Millepora alcicornis

Upon contact, an intense pain can be felt, lasting from two days to two weeks. Occasional relapses of post-treatment inflammation are common. Prominent side effects can include skin irritation, stinging or burning pain, erythema (skin redness), fever, and/or urticarian (hives) lesions. These side effects are due to venom released from the nematocyte, as venom is part of the defense mechanism of the fire coral. Despite its mild to moderate potential for pain, the venom is nonlethal to humans. The very small nematocysts on fire corals contain tentacles, protruding from numerous surface pores (similar to jellyfish stingers). In addition, fire corals have a sharp, calcified external skeleton that can scrape the skin.

The following treatments are suggestions; always seek a medical professional first.

1. Rinse with seawater. Freshwater will cause the cnidae to release more venom, which will increase pain, so stay clear of freshwater.
2. Apply vinegar or isopropyl alcohol. This helps to deactivate the venom.
3. Heat can also help to deactivate the venom.
4. Remove any parts of the fire coral; tweezers and tape work very well.
5. Keep the infected area still because movement can cause the venom to spread.
6. Apply hydrocortisone cream two to three times daily as needed for itching. Stop immediately if any signs of infection appear.

Again, these are just suggestions; always seek a medical professional first.

Threats and conservation

Fire corals face the many threats impacting coral reefs globally, including poor land management practices releasing more sediment, nutrients, and pollutants into the oceans and stressing the fragile reef ecosystem. Overfishing has ‘knock-on’ effects that result in the increase of macroalgae that can outcompete and smother corals, and fishing using destructive methods physically devastates the reef. A further potential threat is the increase of coral bleaching events, as a result of global climate change.

Coral bleaching is also a major threat to all types of coral. Coral bleaching is when the coral expels the zooxanthella that they feed on, which causes them to turn white, hence "bleaching." Corals can not live long in this state, yet if environmental conditions return to normal, then the zooxanthella can return and the coral will return healthy again.

Most fire coral species have brittle skeletons that can easily be broken, for example, during storms, or by divers when diving for leisure, or when collecting fish for the aquarium trade. For instance, the yellowtail damselfish (Chrysiptera parasema) tends to dwell close to the branching fire coral colonies, and retreats into its branches when threatened. In Brazil, fire coral colonies are extensively damaged when harvesting the yellowtail damselfish, as the corals are often deliberately smashed and fishes hiding amongst the branches are ‘shaken out’ into plastic bags.

Fire corals are listed on Appendix II of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES).

Species

Millepora exaesa holotype specimen and bottle encrusted by the species, Natural History Museum of Denmark

Sixteen species of Millepora are currently recognised:

• Millepora alcicornis Linnaeus, 1758
• Millepora boschmai de Weerdt & Glynn, 1991
• Millepora braziliensis Verrill, 1868
• Millepora complanata Lamarck, 1816
• Millepora dichotoma (Forsskål, 1775)
• Millepora exaesa (Forsskål, 1775)
• Millepora foveolata Crossland, 1952
• Millepora intricata Milne-Edwards & Haime, 1860
• Millepora laboreli Amaral, 2008
• Millepora latifolia Boschma, 1948
• Millepora nitida Verrill, 1868
• Millepora nodulosa Nemenzo, 1984
• Millepora platyphylla Hemprich & Ehrenberg, 1834
• Millepora squarrosa Lamarck, 1816
• Millepora striata Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1864
• Millepora tenera Boschma, 1948

Further reading

• W. H. de Weerdt & P. W. Glynn (1991). "A new and presumably now extinct species of Millepora (Hydrozoa) in the eastern Pacific" (PDF). Zoologische Mededelingen. 65 (20): 267–276.
• Idaz Greenberg (1986). Guide to Corals & Fishes of Florida, the Bahamas and the Caribbean. Seahawk Press. p. 60. ISBN 978-0-913008-08-9.

References

This article incorporates text from the ARKive fact-file "Fire coral" under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License and the GFDL.

External links

• fire-corals/millepora-spp Fire coral media from ARKive
• "Fire Coral Cuts Treatment" at WebMD
• http://www.emedicinehealth.com/wilderness_fire_coral_cuts/article_em.htm