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Majority minority

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A majority-minority or minority-majority area is a term used to refer to a subdivision in which one or more racial, ethnic, and/or religious minorities (relative to the whole country's population) make up a majority of the local population.

Terminology

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The exact terminology used differs from place to place and language to language. In many large, contiguous countries like China, there are many autonomous regions where a minority population is the majority. These regions are generally the result of historical population distributions, not because of recent immigration or recent differences in birth and fertility rates between various groups.

Background

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Majority minority areas exist in two main forms. One form is when a homogeneous grouping residing within an area make up a majority of the local population. This grouping would otherwise be a minority in the broader jurisdiction. The other type occurs when several disparate groupings, when counted together, form a percentage-share majority of the local population, outnumbering the historically dominant group as a composite of diverse minority groups.[1]

Whether distinctions between groups are religious, ethnic, linguistic or racial; these different forms of majority-minority scenarios, or areas, tend to contribute towards different socio-political and cultural environments. For example, a study of the 2006 European Social Survey found that people of localized majority-minority status across 21 EU countries were more supportive of stronger political European integration than existing national native majorities,[2] and a 2019 Pew Research Center study found that 46 percent of white Americans believed national majority-minority demography would negatively impact American culture.[3]

There has also been study on groupings said to have 'old' and 'new' majority-minority status in specific areas. In research funded by the EU's Framework Programmes, a 2015 study explored this difference, finding that, for example, ethnic Austrians living in South Tyrol manifest a culture which tends to oblige ethnic Italians to learn the German language for advancement in the province, such as access to the administration of local government. This was contrasted with 'new' immigration-derived majority-minority populaces in Europe.[4]

Schools

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In the United States, the vast majority of African Americans and Hispanic and Latino Americans attend schools where white Americans are in the minority.[5] 2006 research from The Civil Rights Project found that, on average, white students attend schools that are 78% white, while black and Hispanic students attend schools which are 29% white. A study on this suggested that; "This data is important because "majority minority" schools have the worst facilities (buildings, labs, libraries, athletic facilities), the least qualified teachers, the worst overcrowding, and the least financial support."[6] In regards to racial classification at a national level, public schools in the US obtained majority minority status in 2014.[7] At the university level, Harvard University's first case of a majority-minority freshman class was reported in 2017.[8]

In the Netherlands, majority-minority schools emerged in the post-war period, starting as a phenomenon in Amsterdam with immigration from Surinam and from Curaçao, right after World War II. In the 1970 and 80s, second-generation black Dutch students with ancestry from the Netherlands Antilles, were joined in classes by the children of workers emigrating from Turkey and Morocco, creating ethnic Dutch minorities in some schools within the country's capital.[9] In a 2020 study of school classes in European cities, research on Turks in Austria and Belgium found that "a 'majority minority' school environment may empower minority group members so that relative numbers would protect them from becoming the target of discrimination."[10]

Observation by settlement

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Towns and cities

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Many cities in North America have majority-minority scenarios (based upon racial classifications in the US census and the census in Canada).[11] Since the late 20th century, areas of Northern and Western Europe have been undergoing demographic transformation resulting in majority minority cities.[12] A 2018 study in Frontiers in Psychology analyzed:[13]

In the United States and Canada racial minorities already comprise a larger share of the population than Whites in dozens of major cities (e.g., Vancouver and New York). These cities have been dubbed majority-minority areas—or places where the racial/ethnic majority comprise less than half the population (Frey, 2011; Jedwab, 2016). Western Europe is also becoming more diverse, albeit more slowly (Browne, 2000). London, England is one of the few major European cities that has been designated a majority–minority area.

Based upon the UK's Office for National Statistics racial or ethnic categorization, demographic research suggests that Leicester and Birmingham will each join London in majority minority status in the 2020s.[14][15] University of Antwerp's professor Dirk Geldof, writing in 2016, noted that "within a matter of years, Antwerp will also become a majority-minority city, as will many other European cities."[16] An education inclusion project at Hague University published that; "In superdiverse cities like Paris, The Hague and Brussels there is no majority anymore. These are so-called majority minority cities".[17] According to a study at the European Commission's research repository CORDIS:[18]

In cities like Amsterdam, now only one in three youngsters under age fifteen is of native descent. This situation, referred to as a majority-minority context, is a new phenomenon in Western Europe and it presents itself as one of the most important societal and psychological transformations of our time.

In the course of two generations places in Northwestern Europe, such as Amsterdam and Brussels, have become majority minority, with ethnic Dutch, Flemings and Walloons, respectively, representing less than 50 percent of the population of the capitals.[9]

States and regions

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See also: Majority minority in the United States

In 2010, the BBC reported that "America's two largest states - California and Texas - became "majority-minority" states (with an overall minority population outnumbering the white majority) in 1998 and 2004 respectively."[19] Demographers Dudley L. Poston Jr. and Rogelio Sáenz have noted how "nonwhites account for more than half of the populations of Hawaii, the District of Columbia, California, New Mexico, Texas and Nevada. In the next 10 to 15 years, these half-dozen “majority-minority” states will likely be joined by as many as eight other states where whites now make up less than 60 percent of the population."[20]

In Europe, various national medias report on the social situation in the French suburbs with regards to disproportionate poverty and unrest. Known as banlieues, these outer-city regions across France are often majority-minority areas, in terms of race or ethnicity in relation to the ethnic French.[21]

Nations and countries

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The meaning of "majority-minority" or "minority-majority", in relation to a whole country, is not well defined and may not be consistent between different users of the terms. A multitude of scholars have designated countries, or sovereign states, particularly in the developed or Western world, which are projected to obtain majority-minority demography between 2040 and 2050. This includes the United States, Canada and New Zealand, with Australia, and nations in Western Europe, estimated to follow this trend toward the end of the century.[11][20] In this usage, "majority-minority" usually means that a previously majority group becomes a plurality group, less than 50% of the population but still larger than any other group. Occasionally, it may mean a change of the majority group, with the previously majority group becoming a minority group and a previously minority group becoming the new majority group.

This will not be the first time that the status of majority ethnic group has changed in these countries: it is estimated that Australia became a "majority-minority" country in the 1840s, when arriving Europeans first outnumbered Indigenous Australians.[22][23] New Zealand became "majority-minority" slightly later, with non-Māori first outnumbering the Māori population around 1858.[24] David Coleman has studied a similar statistical projection in Britain. Coleman, a professor of demography at the University of Oxford, estimates that by 2060 the United Kingdom will reach majority-minority status (where the "white British" ethnic group is taken to be the current "majority", excluding "white Irish", "other white" and "mixed" groups).[14][15]

In the developing world, the South American nation of Brazil has been described as a majority-minority country. This is with regards to white Brazilians being the historically largest group, and while remaining culturally dominant, have since become a national minority.[25]

Distinctions between groups

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There are multiple axis points of difference, and distinction, between groupings of people that can contribute towards the attribution of majority-minority status upon a particular area or within a societal scenario. With cultural, linguistic or religious differences, there is usually a corresponding difference in ethnicity, whether related in a central or peripheral way, to said distinctions. For instance, there are examples of this throughout Europe. Where racial distinctions are made, this is most often in relation to white people, and most usually in European nations or nations derived from European colonialism, such as Brazil or the United States. Other countries, such as Australia, do not collect statistics based on racial categories such as "white people" or "black people", preferring to categorise ancestries by reference to self-identified country of ancestral origin, such as "English", "German" or "Australian".[26]

Cultural and linguistic

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Where religion does not significantly influence designations of majority minority labels, certain cultural and linguistic differences may be emphasized in that particular society, such as in South Tyrol. Whereas the majority of residents in the northern Italian province are ethnic Austrians and speak the German language (in comparison with the Italian-speaking ethnic Italian majority of the broader nation), the population's adherence to Roman Catholicism is similar to the rest of the country.[27]

Ethnic

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Kosovo has a history of being a majority-minority area via the historic borders of Serbia in the 20th century, and prior to its independence declaration. While this phenomenon may predominantly be observed to be ethnicity-based (upon distinctions between ethnic Albanians and ethnic Serbs), contributing factors involve the Islamic religiosity of Albanians and Christianity of Serbians, as well as the ethno-linguistic considerations of the Albanian language and Serbian language.[28]

Racial

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When majority minority status is designated or predicted in terms of racial groups, many scholarly and journalistic works make this distinction with reference to white people.[29] Based upon nation-based racial classifications, academics Eric Kaufmann and Matthew Goodwin have suggested that white people will be minorities in the United States, Canada and New Zealand, in what they define as "the ‘majority-minority’ point", by approximately 2050.[30]

Religious

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While majority-minority status for Catholics in areas of Northern Ireland, in contrast with historical Protestant majorities across the territory as a whole, can be described to be based on religion; there are ethno-linguistic factors (such as Irish-speaking Catholics and English-speaking Protestants), as well as broader overlapping factors of ethnicity (Catholic Gaels and Protestant people of mainly English, Scottish and Huguenot descent) which can contribute toward religiously defined majority minority attribution.[31]

Regions

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Africa

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South Africa

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Whites as a percentage of the population in various parts of South Africa in 2011:
  0–20%
  20–40%
  40–60%
  60–80%
  80–100%

Asia

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Azerbaijan

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  • Azeris are a minority in several parts/areas of Azerbaijan.[32]

East Timor

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  • The vast majority (around 96%) of East Timor's population practice Catholicism, owing to Portuguese influence,[33] but on the island of Atauro, Protestants make up the majority due to Dutch influence.

Georgia

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India

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The Muslim population in various parts of India in 2011

Indonesia

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  • Indonesia is the world's most populous Muslim country, with Islam being practiced by around 88% of the population, or over 200 million people.[39] Despite this there are several areas of Indonesia where Muslims are the minority:
  • Several neighborhoods and communities in major Indonesian cities such as Jakarta, Batam, Pontianak, Singkawang, Medan and Bagansiapiapi are of predominantly of Chinese origin, although people of Chinese descent do not form more than 10% in any of these cities overall population and only form about 1-2% of Indonesia's overall population.[41]

Israel

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Arabs in Israel, by natural region, 2018
  • Arabs are a majority of the population in Israel's Northern District and in several other smaller parts of Israel.[42]
  • Non-Haredi Jews are projected to become a minority of Israel's total population by 2059.[43][44]

Kazakhstan

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  • The Kazakh SSR did not have any ethnic group/nationality comprise a majority between 1933 and 1997.[45][46] Based on the 2009 census and annual estimates thereafter, some regions of Kazakhstan still did not have a Kazakh majority as of 2018.[47][48]

Kyrgyzstan

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  • The Kirgiz SSR did not have any ethnic group/nationality comprise a majority between 1941 and 1985.[45]

Mongolia

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Philippines

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Religion in the Philippines according to the 2020 census. Muslims form a majority across green-shaded provinces.

Sri Lanka

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Thailand

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Malay Muslims form the majority in some of Thailand's southern provinces.

Europe

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Albania

• Macedonians are a minority in Pustec, while Greeks comprise a majority in Finiq and Dropull.[55]

Belarus

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Bosnia and Herzegovina

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  • Bosnia and Herzegovina did not have any ethnic group comprise a majority of its population at the time of the last census in 1991 (which took place before the Bosnian War).[57] A census was conducted in Bosnia and Herzegovina in October 2013, and these results showed a slight Bosniak majority, who constitute 50.11% of the population.[58]

Bulgaria

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The green areas have an ethnic Turkish majority or plurality, while the pink and light red areas have an ethnic Bulgarian plurality but not a majority.

Estonia

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Share of ethnic Estonians by locality in Estonia

Italy

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Kosovo

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Latvia

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East Slavic share in Latvia in 2011
  • The Latvian SSR almost became minority-majority (the ethnic Latvian population there decreased from 62% to 52% between 1959 and 1989), but the collapse of the USSR prevented this from happening.[45][66][67][68] While the whole Latvian SSR never became majority-minority, its eight largest cities did become majority-minority by 1989.[69]

Moldova

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  • Transnistria did not have any ethnic group compromise a majority of its population in 2004.[70]

Montenegro

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North Macedonia

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Romania

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The non-purple areas have a plurality or majority of an ethnic group besides Romanians.

Russia

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Ethnic Russians as a % of the population by Russian region
  • There were concerns that the whole Soviet Union would lose its ethnic Russian majority due to the high birth rates in the Caucasus and Central Asia as early as 1970.[75] The percentage of Russians among the whole Soviet population was consistently declining, from 55% in 1959 to 51% in 1989.[45] However, the Soviet Union collapsed in 1991, before the Soviet Union could have lost its ethnic Russian majority. In the Russian Federation era, based on the 2010 census; 8 of the 22 republics of Russia had a non-Russian majority, while 9 of the 22 had a Russian majority.[76]

Serbia

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Slovakia

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Ukraine

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Ethnic composition of Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1991
The municipalities with a color other than light blue have a non-Serb plurality or majority.

United Kingdom

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North America

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Canada

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  • Two of Canada's sparsely populated territories have had a majority Indigenous population since their formal establishment: Northwest Territories & Nunavut.[84]
  • Outside of the far North, there were over 20 majority-minority municipalities in Canada at the time of the 2021 Census.
  • Two of Canada's largest cities, Toronto and Vancouver, are majority-minority.[85] Over half of the country's other majority-minority cities are suburban commuter cities found outside these two cities.[86]
  • Though many have been depopulated due to urbanization, rural majority-Black settlements have existed across Canada since the 1800s.[87] Today, they are mostly found in Nova Scotia, with North Preston being a notable example.[88]


Majority-minority municipalities by province, and percentage of non-European population:[89]

British Columbia

Alberta

Saskatchewan

Manitoba

Ontario

Quebec

United States

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Main articles: Majority minority in the United States and Historical racial and ethnic demographics of the United States

In the United States of America, majority-minority area or minority-majority area is a term describing a U.S. state or jurisdiction whose population is composed of less than 50% non-Hispanic whites. White Hispanic and Latino Americans are excluded in many definitions. Racial data is derived from self-identification questions on the U.S. census and on U.S. Census Bureau estimates. (See Race and ethnicity in the United States census). The term is often used in voting rights law to designate voting districts which are altered under the Voting Rights Act to enable ethnic or language minorities "the opportunity to elect their candidate of choice."[90] In that context, the term is first used by the Supreme Court in 1977.[91] The Court had previously used the term in employment discrimination and labor relations cases.[92]

Oceania

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Australia

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It is estimated that Europeans first outnumbered Indigenous Australians in Australia in the 1840s.[22][23] There are still a number of rural and regional towns and communities where Indigenous Australians outnumber Europeans, but nationally Indigenous Australians constitute only 3.3% of the population. The state-level jurisdiction with the highest proportion of Indigenous Australians is the Northern Territory, where people of Indigenous ancestry make up 30.3% of the population, the largest single ethnic group by reported ancestry (although a smaller proportion, 25.5%, identify as Indigenous).[93]

Of the other ethnic groups in Australia, no single ethnic group constitutes a majority overall. English Australians make up the largest single ethnic group by ancestry, being reported by 36.1% of the population in the 2016 census. The next largest ancestry group is "Australian", at 33.5%.[94] As ancestry is self-reported and each person can nominate two ancestries (and through a separate question report whether they identify as Indigenous Australian), there is no certainty as to the ethnic make-up of the ancestry group who identify as "Australian". It is commonly speculated however that the majority of the "Australian" ancestry group have some ancestral origin from the British Isles, and as a result when people with ethnic origin in the British Isles are considered as a single group ("Anglo-Celtic Australians"), the numbers for the "Australian" ancestry group is added to that of the English, Scottish, Welsh, and Irish ethnic groups, as well as (sometimes) Manx Australians and Cornish Australians. When "Anglo-Celtic" ethnic groups are considered together, they make up a majority of Australia's population overall (58% estimated in 2018[95]). When considered as one group, European Australians make up 57.2% of the population (including 46% North-West European and 11.2% Southern and Eastern European).[96][97] (This figure excludes those who nominate their ancestry as simply "Australian", who are therefore categorised as part of the Oceanian ancestry group.)[97]

Reflecting the diversity of ancestries at the national level, in most Australian towns and suburbs, no single ancestry group constitutes a majority of the population. In many places, if the "Australians" ancestry group is counted as part of an "Anglo-Celtic" ethnic group together with English, Scottish, Welsh and Irish Australians, this group constitutes a majority of the local population. However, in many other places, even when these ancestry groups are counted as one, there is no single majority ethnic group. It is rare for any non-Anglo-Celtic and non-Indigenous ethnic group to make up a majority in a suburb. For example, in the 2016 census, in the Sydney metropolitan area, Chinese people in the suburbs Burwood and Hurstville made up just over 50% of the population (although reports of Chinese ancestry are less than 50% of all ancestries reported in the census in each suburb, as each person is permitted to nominate more than one ancestry).[98][99] However, by the 2021 census the Chinese-ancestry population in both suburbs had dropped below 50%.[100][101] Chinese Australians make up 5.6% of the national population, making them the fifth largest ancestry group overall (after the English, Australian, Scottish and Irish ancestry groups).[94]

Fiji

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  • Fiji did not have any racial or ethnic group comprise a majority from the 1930s to the 1990s, with the exception of the 1960s and possibly early-1970s.[102]

New Zealand

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South America

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Brazil

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Brazil has become a majority "non-White" country as of the 2010 census,[104] together with the federative units of Espírito Santo, the Federal District, Goiás, and Minas Gerais.

Those identifying as White declined to 47.7% (about 91 million people) in the 2010 census from 52.9% (about 93 million people) in 2000 in the entire country.[104] However, in Brazil, this is not simply a matter of origin and birthrate, but identity changes as well. The Black minority did not enlarge its representation in the population to more than 1.5% in the period, while it was mostly the growth in the number of pardo people (~38% in 2000, 42.4% in 2010) that caused the demographic plurality of Brazil.

Colombia

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Afro-Colombians make up roughly about 10–12% of country's overall population, but make up a majority in many areas in the Colombia's Pacific region,[105] especially in Chocó Department, where they make up 80–90% of the population.[106]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Paul Taylor; D’Vera Cohn (November 7, 2012). "A Milestone En Route to a Majority Minority Nation". Pew Research Center. The minority groups that carried President Obama to victory yesterday by giving him 80% of their votes are on track to become a majority of the nation's population by 2050, according to projections by the Pew Research Center.
  2. ^ Kathleen M. Dowley; Brian D. Silver (July 2011). "Support for Europe among Europe's Ethnic, Religious, and Immigrant Minorities". International Journal of Public Opinion Research. Vol. 23. Oxford University Press. By this test, then, for all five indicators of majority–minority status, that minority group members in the 21 EU countries are more supportive of stronger European unification than majority group members is far from just a random finding.
  3. ^ Ryan W. Miller (March 21, 2019). "46% of whites worry becoming a majority-minority nation will 'weaken American culture,' survey says". USA Today. Almost half of white Americans say the USA becoming a majority nonwhite nation would "weaken American customs and values," a new Pew Research Center survey says.
  4. ^ Roberta Medda-Windischer (2015). "Integration of New and Old Minorities in Europe" (PDF). European Academy of Bolzano: Framework Programmes for Research and Technological Development. Figure 1: Majority-Minority Relationship: An Asymmetrical Balance. ... members of the majority in areas inhabited by old minorities can sometimes be obliged to learn the minority language (for instance, in South Tyrol where the members of the Italian-speaking group living in South Tyrol are under the obligation to learn the minority language, German, at school and must provide evidence of the knowledge of the minority language if they want to obtain a post in the Public Administration of the Province of South Tyrol), whereas the same obligation cannot be found, at least as far as Europe is concerned, in areas inhabited even largely by new minorities.
  5. ^ Vinecia Perkins, "The Illusion of French Inclusion: The Constitutional Stratification of French Ethnic Minorities", Georgetown Journal of Law & Modern Critical Race Perspectives, vol. 11, Georgetown University Law Center, p. 183, In the educational context, eighty percent of Latinos and seventy-four percent of African Americans attend majority-minority schools that receive far less funding than their majority-white schools.
  6. ^ David B. Oppenheimer (2008), "Why France Needs to Collect Data on Racial Identity... In a French Way", Hastings International and Comparative Law Review, vol. 31, UC Hastings College of the Law, p. 739
  7. ^ Claudia Rowe (December 22, 2016). "Students of color changing the face of Washington schools — and the state, too". The News Tribune. At the national level, public schools became majority-minority in 2014.
  8. ^ Amy X. Wang (August 4, 2017). "White students in Harvard's new class will find themselves a minority for the first time in history". Quartz. Its incoming freshman class is, for the first time, majority non-white: 50.9% of the students come from minority groups, which include Native Americans, Hispanics and Latinos, Asian-Americans, African-Americans, and Pacific Islanders, according to new data released by the university. Harvard's new freshman class is majority minority.
  9. ^ a b Maurice Crul (June 2015). "Super-diversity vs. assimilation: how complex diversity in majority–minority cities challenges the assumptions of assimilation". Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies. Taylor and Francis. International migration changed large West European cities dramatically. In only two generations' time, their ethnic make-up is turned upside down. Cities like Amsterdam and Brussels now are majority–minority cities: the old majority group became a minority. This new reality asks for an up-to-date perspective on assimilation and integration.
  10. ^ Gülseli Baysu; Karen Phalet; Rupert Brown (2020), "Relative group size and minority school success: The role of intergroup friendship and discrimination experiences", British Journal of Social Psychology, Wiley-Blackwell
  11. ^ a b Eric Kaufmann (April 6, 2019). "White fright: the future of the West's white majorities". The Australian. Whites are already a minority in most major cities of North America. Together with New Zealand, North America is projected to be "majority minority" by 2050, with Western Europe and Australia following suit later in the century.
  12. ^ Justin Gest (July 2020). "Majority Minority: a comparative historical analysis of political responses to demographic transformation". Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies. Taylor and Francis. This question has grown in salience as the politics of the United States and Western Europe react to the prospect of becoming Majority Minority states — where the native constituency of people, defined by race, ethnicity, and/or religion, loses its numerical advantage in the territory of a sovereign state.
  13. ^ H. Robert Outten; Timothy Lee; Rui Costa-Lopes; Michael T. Schmitt; Jorge Vala (February 2018). "Majority Group Members' Negative Reactions to Future Demographic Shifts Depend on the Perceived Legitimacy of Their Status: Findings from the United States and Portugal". Frontiers in Psychology. Frontiers Media.
  14. ^ a b David Coleman (November 17, 2010). "When Britain becomes "majority minority"". Prospect. Outside London, Leicester and the City of Birmingham are both expected to become "majority minority" some time in the 2020s.
  15. ^ a b David Coleman (2010), "Projections of the Ethnic Minority Populations of the United Kingdom 2006–2056", Population and Development Review, vol. 36, Wiley Online Library, pp. 441–486
  16. ^ Dirk Geldof (2016). Superdiversity in the heart of Europe: how migration changes our society. Acco. ISBN 978-9462924284.
  17. ^ "Centre of Expertise Global and Inclusive Learning: Multinclude". Hague University.
  18. ^ Becoming A Minority, VU University Medical Center: European Research Council, But are we also looking into the actual integration of the receiving group of native 'white' descent in city contexts where they have become a numerical minority themselves? ... This situation, referred to as a majority-minority context, is a new phenomenon in Western Europe
  19. ^ Iwan Morgan (December 23, 2010). "Why the US outstrips Europe for population growth". BBC.
  20. ^ a b Dudley L. Poston Jr.; Rogelio Sáenz (May 25, 2019). "emographic trends spell the end of the white majority in 2044". Associated Press. Census Bureau projections show that the U.S. population will be "majority-minority" sometime between 2040 and 2050. Our research suggests that this will happen around 2044. Indeed, in 2020, there are projected to be more nonwhite children than white children in the U.S.
  21. ^ Jamila Mascat (March 7, 2020). "When the "Scum" From the Paris Suburbs Built Picket Lines". Jacobin. They are more or less young (but still rarely much over forty), what the press call "of immigrant background," and from the majority-minority banlieue suburbs.
  22. ^ a b Broome, Richard (1988). "The Struggle for Australia : Aboriginal-European Warfare, 1770–1930". In McKernan, Michael; Browne, Margaret; Australian War Memorial (eds.). Australia Two Centuries of War & Peace. Canberra, A.C.T.: Australian War Memorial in association with Allen and Unwin, Australia. pp. 102–103. ISBN 0-642-99502-8.
  23. ^ a b Gittins, Ross (December 26, 2015). "Maybe the colonialists were actually a minority". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved August 19, 2017.
  24. ^ New Zealand Government, "Māori and European population numbers, 1840–1881", in Te Ara the Encyclopedia of New Zealand
  25. ^ Hope Yen (March 17, 2013). "Rise of Latino population blurs US racial lines". Associated Press. Despite being a nation of immigrants, America's tip to a white minority has never occurred in its 237-year history and will be a first among the world's major post-industrial societies. Brazil, a developing nation, has crossed the threshold to "majority-minority" status; a few cities in France and England are near, if not past that point.
  26. ^ Australian Bureau of Statistics, Australian Standard Classification of Cultural and Ethnic Groups (ASCCEG) (2019)
  27. ^ Heiko F. Marten; Michael Rießler; Janne Saarikivi; Reetta Toivanen, eds. (2015). "Parliamentary Structures and Their Impact". Cultural and Linguistic Minorities in the Russian Federation and the European Union: Comparative Studies on Equality and Diversity. Springer Publishing. p. 267. ISBN 978-3319104553. In this way, the minority-majority relationship in the territory of South Tyrol for the areas of decentralized authority is reversed in relation to the dominant majority-minority relations in the Italian state.
  28. ^ Edona Maloku; Kaltrina Kelmendi; Marko Vladisavljevic (2017). "Who Is This New We? Similarities and Differences of Ethnic, Religious, and National Identity among the Albanian Majority and the Serb Minority in Post-Conflict Kosovo". In Pratto, F; Žeželj, I; Maloku, E; Turjačanin, V; Branković, M (eds.). Shaping Social Identities After Violent Conflict: Youth in the Western Balkans. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 113–133. ISBN 978-3319620213.
  29. ^ Amy Drew; Scott Sleek; Anna Mikulak (March 31, 2016). "When the Majority Becomes the Minority". Aps Observer. 29. Association for Psychological Science. With rising immigration and declining birth rates, we are indeed witnessing a seismic shift in the ethnic and cultural makeup of many nations in the developed world. Racial and ethnic majorities are slowly transitioning toward minority-group status. In the United States, Canada, and parts of Europe, Whites may still comprise the single largest racial group, but their numbers are on the verge of shrinking below the combined populations of other ethnic groups.
  30. ^ Eric Kaufmann; Matthew Goodwin (October 25, 2018). "Rising ethnic diversity in the West may fuel a (temporary) populist right backlash". London School of Economics. The ethnic make-up of many western countries is changing, and in countries previously seen as having 'white' majorities that past predominance is declining. In the United States, Canada and New Zealand, the 'majority-minority' point will arrive around 2050, while in western Europe it is projected to occur towards the end of the century. Some commentators have asked if this change may lead to a growing reaction or 'white backlash'. All else being equal, we suggest that the answer may be yes.
  31. ^ Clifford Stevenson; Susan Condor; Jackie Abell (2007). "The Minority-Majority Conundrum in Northern Ireland: An Orange Order Perspective". Political Psychology. Vol. 28. Wiley. pp. 105–125.
  32. ^ "Ethnic composition of Azerbaijan 2009". Pop-stat.mashke.org. April 7, 1971. Retrieved March 22, 2013.
  33. ^ International Religious Freedom Report 2007: Timor Leste. United States Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor (14 September 2007). This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  34. ^ "Ethnic composition of Georgia 2002". Pop-stat.mashke.org. Retrieved March 22, 2013.
  35. ^ "Ethnic composition of Abkhazia 2003". Pop-stat.mashke.org. Retrieved March 18, 2013.
  36. ^ "Ethnic composition of Abkhazia 2011". Pop-stat.mashke.org. Retrieved March 18, 2013.
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