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Old Synagogue (Kraków)

Coordinates: 50°03′05″N 19°56′55″E / 50.05141°N 19.94857°E / 50.05141; 19.94857
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"The Old Synagogue" redirects here. For other uses, see Old Synagogue (disambiguation).

Old Synagogue
Polish: Synagoga Stara
The former synagogue, now branch of the Historical Museum of Kraków
Religion
AffiliationOrthodox Judaism (former)
RiteNusach Ashkenaz
Ecclesiastical or organisational status
Status
  • Inactive (as a synagogue);
  • Repurposed
Location
Location24 Szeroka Street, Kraków, Lesser Poland Voivodeship
CountryPoland
Old Synagogue (Kraków) is located in Lesser Poland Voivodeship
Old Synagogue (Kraków)
Location of the former synagogue, now museum, in Lesser Poland Voivodeship
Geographic coordinates50°03′05″N 19°56′55″E / 50.05141°N 19.94857°E / 50.05141; 19.94857
Architecture
Architect(s)Mateo Gucci, the Younger
TypeSynagogue architecture (fortress synagogue)
Style
Completed15th-century
MaterialsBrick
[1]

The Old Synagogue (Polish: Synagoga Stara; Yiddish: Alta Shul) was a former Orthodox Jewish congregation and fortress synagogue, located at 24 Szeroka Street, in the Kazimierz district of Kraków, in the Lesser Poland Voivodeship of Poland.[1]

Designed by Mateo Gucci, the Younger, in the Gothic and Mannerist styles, estimates vary as to when the synagogue was completed, ranging from 1407 to 1570.[1] It is the oldest synagogue building still standing in Poland,[2] and one of the most precious landmarks of Jewish architecture in Europe. The synagogue served as a house of prayer until World War II when it was desecrated by Nazis in 1939. It was one of the city's most important synagogues as well as the main religious, social, and organizational centre of the Kraków Jewish community.[3]

Since 1958, the building has been repurposed as a branch of the Historical Museum of Kraków.

History

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The synagogue was built in 1407 or 1492; the date of building varies with several sources. The original building was rebuilt in 1570, by the Italian architect Mateo Gucci. The rebuilding included the attic wall with loopholes, windows placed far above ground level, and thick, masonry walls with heavy buttressing to withstand siege, all features borrowed from military architecture.[4] There was further reconstruction work in 1904 and in 1913.[5] The Old Synagogue is a rare, surviving example of a Polish fortress synagogue.[4]

In 1794 General Tadeusz Kościuszko spoke from the synagogue to gain the Jewish support in the Kościuszko Uprising. A plaque in the entrance hall commemorates this event:

"The Jews proved to the world that whenever humanity can gain, they would not spare themselves."

— General Tadeusz Kościuszko[6]

The synagogue was completely devastated and ransacked by the Germans during World War II. Its artwork and Jewish relics, looted. During the occupation, the synagogue was used as a warehouse. In 1943, 30 Polish hostages were executed at its wall.[7]

Museum

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The Old Synagogue was renovated from 1956 to 1959 and currently operates as a museum. It is a division of the Historical Museum of Kraków, with particular focus on Kraków's Jews. The exhibits are divided into themes dealing with birth, prayer rituals, diet, divorce and death. The women's prayer room (Ezrat Nashim), dating back to the 17th century, is often used to hold temporary exhibitions.[6][8] It's director is Michał Niezabitowski; and the curator is Eugeniusz Duda.

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  • Historical portal with entrance
    Historical portal with entrance
  • Interior of the Old Synagogue
    Interior of the Old Synagogue
  • Interior of the Old Synagogue before 1939
    Interior of the Old Synagogue before 1939
  • Kazimierz defensive wall
    Kazimierz defensive wall

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b c "Old Synagogue in Kraków". Historic Synagogues of Europe. Foundation for Jewish Heritage and the Center for Jewish Art at Hebrew University of Jerusalem. n.d. Retrieved July 26, 2024.
  2. ^ "The Old Synagogue in Kazimierz – oldest synagogue in Poland". www.scrapbookpages.com. Retrieved June 2, 2017.
  3. ^ "Old Synagogue in Krakow's Kazimierz district". www.krakow-info.com. Retrieved June 2, 2017.
  4. ^ a b Serageldin, Ismail; Shluger, Ephim; Martin-Brown, Joan (2001). Historic Cities and Sacred Sites: Cultural Roots for Urban Futures. World Bank Publications. pp. 307–8.
  5. ^ Weiner, Meriam (1997). Jewish roots in Poland: pages from the past and archival inventories. New York: YIVO Institute for Jewish Research. p. 63. ISBN 0-9656508-0-4.
  6. ^ a b "The Old Synagogue: ul. Szeroka 24". The Jewish Krakow. Archived from the original on February 14, 2008.
  7. ^ Sacred Destinations, Old Synagogue, Krakow
  8. ^ Weiner, Rebecca. "The Old Synagogue". The Virtual Jewish History Tour.
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