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Brazilian Social Democracy Party

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
"PSDB" redirects here. For the romanization method of Taiwanese Hokkien, see Phofsit Daibuun.
Not to be confused with Social Democratic Party (Brazil, 2011).

Brazilian Social Democracy Party
Partido da Social Democracia Brasileira
PresidentMarconi Perillo[1]
General SecretaryPaulo Abi-Ackel
Vice PresidentPaula Mascarenhas[1]
Duarte Nogueira
TreasurerReinaldo Azambuja[1]
Honorary PresidentFernando Henrique Cardoso
Founded25 June 1988; 36 years ago (1988-06-25)
Legalized24 August 1989; 35 years ago (1989-08-24)
Split fromBrazilian Democratic Movement Party
HeadquartersSGAS Q.607, Ed. Metrópolis, Mód. B Cobertura 2 - Asa Sul
Brasília, Brazil
Think tankInstituto Teotônio Vilela
Youth wingJuventude PSDB
Women's wingPSDB Mulher
Black wingTucanAFRO
LGBT wingDiversidade Tucana
Membership1,461,364[2]
Ideology
Political position
National affiliationAlways Forward
International affiliationCentrist Democrat International
Regional affiliationChristian Democrat Organization of America (observer)
Colours  Blue   Yellow
TSE Identification Number45
Chamber of Deputies
13 / 513
Federal Senate
3 / 81
Governorships
3 / 27
State Assemblies
73 / 1,059
Mayors
519 / 5,566
Website
psdb.org.br

The Brazilian Social Democracy Party (Portuguese: Partido da Social Democracia Brasileira, PSDB), also known as the Brazilian Social Democratic Party or the Party of Brazilian Social Democracy,[22] is a political party in Brazil. As the formerly third largest party in the National Congress, the PSDB was the main opposition party against the Workers' Party (PT) administrations of Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva and Dilma Rousseff from 2003 to 2016.

Born together as part of the social democratic opposition to the military dictatorship from the late 1970s through the 1980s, and later shifting toward neoliberalism and liberal conservatism in the 1990s, the PSDB and the PT have since the mid-1990s been the bitterest of rivals in current Brazilian politics—both parties prohibit any kind of coalition or official cooperation with each other at any government levels. The PSDB's mascot is a blue and yellow colored toucan, with party members being called tucanos for this reason. Famous tucanos include Mário Covas, Geraldo Alckmin, Tasso Jereissati, Aécio Neves, former President Fernando Henrique Cardoso, Franco Montoro, Aloysio Nunes, Yeda Crusius, João Doria, and José Serra.

History

[edit]

With the imminent collapse of the military dictatorship in the early 1980s, a group of left-wing intellectuals were mobilized to create a leftist party. Some of them attempted to work with the labour movement led by Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, but the group split over ideological grounds. A group of democratic socialists and Trotskyists joined the labour movement and founded the Workers' Party (PT) while the social democrats remained in the Brazilian Democratic Movement Party (PMDB) and would later create the Brazilian Social Democracy Party. Founded on 25 June 1988 by members of the Brazilian Democratic Movement Party (PMDB) linked to the European social democratic movement as an attempt to clarify their ideals, its manifesto preached "democracy as a fundamental value" and "social justice as an aim to be reached". In its foundation, the party attempted to unite political groups as diverse as social democrats, social liberals, Christian democrats and democratic socialists. The period when the PSDB was created was a very significant moment in the history of Brazilian politics.

On 21 April 1985, President-elect Tancredo Neves died, having been the last President not elected directly by the people since the beginning of the military dictatorship. With the formation of new parties, including the PSDB, a National Constitutional Assembly was created and drafted the current democratic constitution in 1988. A high proportion of the first members of the PSDB came from the so-called "historic PMDB", which was and still is a very large party with many internal conflicts. The founders of the PSDB were dissatisfied with the results of the National Constitutional Assembly and decided to create a party to reflect the need for a national political renewal. As their manifesto states, the new party was created "away from the official benefits, but close to the pulsing of the streets" (taken from a speech by party leader Franco Montoro). Some of the founding members were José Serra, Mário Covas, Ciro Gomes, André Franco Montoro, Fernando Henrique Cardoso, Aécio Neves and Geraldo Alckmin.

In a country where two constitutional referendums, held in 1963 and in 1993, have shown a very strong preference for a presidential system of government as in most countries of the Americas, the PSDB stands almost alone in the preference given in its manifesto to a parliamentarian system of government. However, after the electors rejected parliamentarism in 1993 and even though the PSDB leader Cardoso was elected President the next year, the party did nothing in subsequent years to further the cause of a parliamentarian system.[citation needed]

Presidential elections against Workers' Party between 1994 and 2014

The PSDB is one of the largest and most significant political parties in Brazil. Its official program says its policies are social democratic and often associated with the Third Way movement, although the party is also seen as influenced by neoliberalism. The party's program states that it "reject[s] populism and authoritarianism, as well as both fundamentalist neoliberalism and obsolete national-statism".[23]

Despite its name, the PSDB is not a member of the Socialist International[24] which draws together social democratic parties worldwide (the Brazilian member of the Socialist International is the Democratic Labour Party, PDT). The party has never had the links to trade union movements that usually characterize social democratic parties; it used to sponsor a central union, the Social-Democracia Sindical (SDS), which has now merged with the Central Autônoma dos Trabalhadores (CAT) and the much more important Central Geral dos Trabalhadores (CGT) into the União Geral dos Trabalhadores (UGT),[25] but its impact among the unions has always been quite unimpressive compared to even much smaller parties as the PDT or the Communist Party of Brazil, or to the tucanos's own influence in society at large. After supporting the candidacy of Geraldo Alckmin in the 2018 presidential election (which was eliminated in the first round with 4.8 per cent of the vote), in the second round, some of the party's leaders supported the far-right candidate Jair Bolsonaro, to whom most of the party's traditional electorate had already turned,[26] while former São Paulo Governor Alberto Goldman endorsed Workers’ Party candidate Fernando Haddad instead.[27]

Recent times

[edit]
PSDB logo used between 2019 and 2023.

A mere six years after its creation, the PSDB won the presidency. It grew faster than any other party in Brazilian history, with an astonishingly good performance in elections at all levels. President Cardoso enjoyed eight years (1994–2002) of political stability in his tenure as President, with achievement toward these tenets of PSDB's stated program:

  • Constant defense of democracy
  • Keeping the state at a minimally needed size
  • Administrative decentralization
  • Sustainable economic growth with wealth distribution
  • Political reform to make stronger parties with electoral district representatives more accountable as well as aiming to reduce and eliminate corruption

After suffering defeats in the 2016 and 2018 elections, PSDB went through a rebranding. The font of their logo was changed, the Toucan was removed in favor of a flag of Brazil and the party received a new motto Pelo Brasil ("For Brazil").[28] However, after heavy losses in the 2022 Brazilian general election, especially with the loss of their longtime hegemony in São Paulo, the party's principles were revised[29] and the Toucan logo was reinstated under Eduardo Leite's leadership, alongside a new motto, Um só Brasil ("Only one Brazil").[30]

Controversies

[edit]

Ranking of corruption

[edit]

Based on data released by the Superior Electoral Court, the Movement to Combat Electoral Corruption released a ranking on 4 October 2007 regarding the parties that included the largest number of elected officials exposed for corruption since 2000. The PSDB appeared in third place on the list with 58 cases, behind only the Democrats and the PMDB.[31]

The PSDB was considered Brazil's "dirtiest" party by the country’s electoral authority. Yet, according to a 2016 academic study, the party has clearly benefited from the complacency of the Brazilian media, which has barely mentioned these cases.[32]

According to an analysis released on 8 September 2012, of 317 Brazilian politicians who were barred from running in elections by the Clean Record Act, the PSDB is the party that has the largest number of barred candidates with 56 party members.[33]

A Privataria Tucana

[edit]

The 2011 book A Privataria Tucana, written by journalist Amaury Ribeiro Jr., a former special reporter of weekly magazine ISTO É and daily newspaper O Globo, highlighted documents that show alleged irregularities in privatizations that occurred during the administration of the former President Fernando Henrique Cardoso. It contains about 140 pages of photocopied documents in support of the claim that President Cardoso's Minister of Planning and later Minister of Health José Serra received kickbacks from businessmen who participated in the Brazilian privatization process, held companies in tax shelters, and moved millions of dollars between 1993 and 2003.[34]

Ideology

[edit]

Although the PSDB declares itself as a centrist party, some people on the left reject this definition, especially after Fernando Henrique Cardoso embraced Third Way politics as President. The party has been seen as neoliberal by critics from its beginnings.[35] Luiz Carlos Bresser-Pereira, one of the founders of the PSDB, left the party in 2011 for ideological reasons, claiming "that the party had taken a hard turn to the right".[36]

In an article titled "The left-right confusion in the post-Berlin Wall world", political analyst Angelo Segrillo says that "most analysts defined PSDB as center-left as of its foundation, after all, it was the Brazilian Social Democratic Party". As he notes, "this story changed after 1994, with the election of PSDB to the presidency. [...] A rhetoric of overcoming classical ideological division [...] was one of the justifications of the grand parliamentary alliance with center and right-wing parties. [...] As such, after the 1994 presidential election, most analysts started defining PSDB as a center party along with PMDB".[37] In its 2009 report about Freedom in the World, Freedom House defined the opposition coalition (formed by PSDB, PPS and Democrats) as a "center-right coalition".[38] However, in the 2010 report by the same organization, PSDB was defined as a "center-left" party.[39]

Political scientist Glauco Peres notes that the party's move toward conservatism came "in stages," from "the liberal policies and major privatizations of the Cardoso era" to the gradual emergence of a "conservative and religious discourse" in the early 2010s to the failed campaign of the party's right-wing presidential candidate Aecio Neves in 2014.[40]

Workers' Party campaign leader Marco Aurélio Garcia criticized declarations made by PSDB president Sérgio Guerra that PSDB is "the real left". He said that "PSDB is not a right wing party, it is the party of the right wing".[41]

Political alignment

[edit]

The PSDB questions the use of what it considers "outdated political labels" such as "left" and "right". To quote a document drafted by Fernando Henrique Cardoso's office in 1990: "If left means to be against the existing social order, and right in favor, then social-democracy is without doubt a left current. [...] A social democrat is before anything else someone who has critical sense — who realizes the injustices of society and has no fear to oppose them, even at the risk of being taken as a subversive or a dreamer".

The party did not preach nationalization or privatization in general ("the consensus is that the state must not be too big or too small, but 'have the size and functions corresponding to the needs of the whole of society'"), yet President Cardoso privatized many large public companies, such as Companhia Vale do Rio Doce and the national telecommunication system. Many political scientists in Brazil believed that the party in its antagonism with the PT made a move to the right in recent years to fill a void in the Brazilian political spectrum and to put a certain distance between itself and the PT's political views, which also moved more to the right (from the far-left or left to the centre-left) in the 1990s in order to be elected.

Voter base

[edit]

The main electoral base of the party is the State of São Paulo, where the party triumphed in all but three major elections to executive office. The party also has a stronghold in other regions which reject the PT, like Espirito Santo, and in some southern and mid-western states. Unlike the PT, the party has more success in more local elections in the same areas that often vote for the PT in national elections, like the North and Northeastern regions and Minas Gerais. Many leaders of the party come from these regions, like Tasso Jereisatti, Aécio Neves, Teotonio Vilela Filho, Cassio Cunha Lima, Sergio Guerra and Simão Jatene. However, the party has not succeeded in transforming this into results in presidential elections, partly because of Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva's charisma and partly because of internal infighting.

Most rejection of the party comes from the State of Rio de Janeiro, where the positioning of the party in the Brazilian centre and centre-right often loses to PMDB and another parties with less national representation, like the Brazilian Republican Party, the Democrats, Progressistas and the Social Christian Party. The only victory of the party in Rio occurred in 1994, when the majority of voters in the state supported FHC in the presidential election and the toucans Artur da Tavola and Marcello Alencar were elected to the senate and state governorship, respectively. PT is also strongly rejected in Rio, however less than PSDB.

Despite being considered a centre-left party by their own members, media and by the Brazilian right, the PSDB has little or no appeal to the majority of Brazilian left. The majority of support and bases of tucanos comes from right-wing sectors like conservative Christians, professionals, the middle and upper middle class, farmers, landowners and business owners. Reasons for this support derive from the more moderate rhetoric and ideology of the party compared with the PT, the major economic reforms which the party led in the 1990s, and the major influence of the Democrats in the party.

This support is not viewed well inside the "old guard" of the party. Many tucanos often publicly express their discomfort with the party. Even Cardoso, the most successful figure in the party's history, constantly criticizes such PSDB politicians as Colonel Telhada, a former police officer who was elected a deputy in São Paulo with proposals such as reducing the age of defense of infancy, harsher penalties for criminals and appealing to the evangelical churches, of which Telhada is a member; and João Dória Junior, mayor of São Paulo between 2016 and 2018 and governor of the state of São Paulo since 2019. Dória is often accused of populism, demagoguery, opportunism, personalism, self-promotion, market fundamentalism and aggressive exploitation of anti-Workers' Party sentiment within the populace. These antagonisms persist between the voter base together with the new members who joined the party based on right-wing sentiment of opposition to the Workers' Party versus the party elite and older members with more left-liberal, progressive, social democratic and pragmatic views, thus an important factor in the often internal rifts between tucanos.

In 2017, a group of new, young federal representatives, nicknamed "black heads", in reference to their youth (contrasting the gray or bald heads of older and progressive members), began to gain prominence in the party. This wing, made up of members in their 30s or younger, has shown strong opposition to support of the party for the government of President Michel Temer and a far more support for economic liberalism than the old party members like José Serra and Aloysio Nunes. Black heads now occupy important positions inside the party and with support of the base and social movements like the Free Brazil Movement have the capacity to push the party more to the right-wing of the Brazilian political spectrum.

In the 2018 general election, the party suffered the greatest defeat in its history as Geraldo Alckmin came in fourth in the presidential election with less than 5% of votes and the party fell to 10th position in number of representatives in the Chamber of Deputies, with fewer representatives than the Democrats. The key reasons for this failure were the corruption scandals of Aécio Neves, the party's support for the government of Michel Temer, the lack of charisma and wrong strategies of Alckmin in the presidential campaign, which chose to attack the right-wing populist candidate Jair Bolsonaro from a progressive viewpoint instead of attacking the traditional rival PT, and a continuing domination of old leftist leaders instead of new and more liberal members with stronger connection with the voter base over the party. They support Bolsonaro and his Social Liberal Party smashed the voter base of the party. The PSDB faced a runoff in three of the four biggest states, namely São Paulo, Minas Gerais and Rio Grande do Sul, all of them with more pro-free market and centre-right views than Alckmin. PSDB triumphed in São Paulo with João Doria Junior, Rio Grande do Sul with Eduardo Leite and in the agrarian state of Mato Grosso do Sul with Reinaldo Azambuja, also a centre-right candidate.

According to researcher Christophe Ventura, the party's candidates are often evangelicals, multimillionaires and entrepreneurs. They present themselves as "managers" rather than "politicians".[42]

Party leadership

[edit]

List of party presidents

[edit]
Picture Name Term
Begin End
Provisory Committee[a] 1988 1989
Franco Montoro 1989 1991
Tasso Jereissati 1991 1994
Pimenta da Veiga 1994 1995
Artur da Távola 1995 1996
Teotônio Vilela Filho 1996 2001
José Aníbal 2001 2003
José Serra 2003 2005
Eduardo Azeredo January 2005 October 2005
José Serra October 2005 November 2005
Tasso Jereissati November 2005 November 23, 2007
Sérgio Guerra November 23, 2007 May 18, 2013
Aécio Neves May 18, 2013 December 17, 2017[43]
Geraldo Alckmin December 17, 2017 May 31, 2019
Bruno Araújo May 31, 2019 January 31, 2023
Eduardo Leite January 31, 2023[44] November 30, 2023
Marconi Perillo November 30, 2023[1] Incumbent

Honor Presidents

[edit]
Picture Name Term Convention Notes
Begin End
Franco Montoro 1994 1995 Died in 1999[45]
1996 1998
1999 2001
Fernando Henrique Cardoso 2001 2003
2003 2005
2005 2007
2007 2009
2009 2011
2011 2013
2013 2015
2015 2017
2017 Incumbent

Prominent members and former members

[edit]

President and candidates

[edit]

Governors and Senators

[edit]

Mayors and Deputies

[edit]

Electoral history

[edit]

Presidential elections

[edit]
Year Candidate First round Second round Role
Votes Vote % Votes Vote %
1989 Mário Covas 7,786,939 11.5% (4th) In opposition
1994 Fernando Henrique Cardoso 34,362,726 54.3 (1st) In government coalition
1998 Fernando Henrique Cardoso 35,922,692 53.1 (1st) In government coalition
2002 José Serra 19,694,843 23.2 (2nd) 33,356,860 38.7 (2nd) In opposition
2006 Geraldo Alckmin 39,968,369 41.6 (2nd) 37,543,178 39.2 (2nd) In opposition
2010 José Serra 33,132,283 32.6 (2nd) 43,711,388 44.0 (2nd) In opposition
2014 Aécio Neves 34,897,211 33.6 (2nd) 51,041,155 48.4 (2nd) In opposition
2018 Geraldo Alckmin 5,096,277 4.8 (4th) In government coalition
For more, see 2021 PSDB presidential primary.

Legislative elections

[edit]
Election Chamber of Deputies Federal Senate Role in government
Votes % Seats +/– Votes % Seats +/–
1990 3,515,809 8.68%
38 / 513
 New N/A N/A
1 / 32
 New Independent
1994 6,350,941 13.90%
62 / 513
 Increase 24 15,652,182 16.34%
9 / 54
 Increase 8 Coalition
1998 11,684,900 17.54%
99 / 513
 Increase 37 6,366,681 10.30%
16 / 81
 Increase 5 Coalition
2002 12,473,743 14.26%
70 / 513
 Decrease 29 21,360,291 13.90%
11 / 81
 Decrease 5 Opposition
2006 12,691,043 13.62%
65 / 513
 Decrease 6 10,547,778 12.50%
14 / 81
 Increase 3 Opposition
2010 11,477,380 11.88%
53 / 513
 Decrease 12 30,903,736 18.13%
11 / 81
 Decrease 3 Opposition
2014 11,073,631 11.39%
54 / 513
 Increase 1 23,880,078 26.73%
10 / 81
 Decrease 1 Opposition (2014-2016)
Coalition (2016-2018)
2018 5,905,541 6.01%
29 / 513
 Decrease 25 20,310,558 11.85%
8 / 81
 Decrease 2 Independent
2022 3,309,061 3.02%
13 / 513
 Decrease 16 1,394,547 1.37%
4 / 81
 Decrease 4 Independent
  1. ^ Alternation between Franco Montoro, Fernando Henrique Cardoso, Mário Covas, José Richa and Pimenta da Veiga.

Municipal elections

[edit]
Mayors
Year Votes % votes +/– No. of
overall seats won 		+/–
2008 14,537,570 N/A New
791 / 5,568
 New
2012 13,950,000 13.57 (2nd) N/A
693 / 5,568
 Decrease 94
2016 17,633,653 N/A
803 / 5,568
 Increase 110
2020 10,332,139 N/A
520 / 5,568
 Decrease 283

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d Teixeira, Pedro. "PSDB escolhe Marconi Perillo como novo presidente do partido". CNN Brasil. Retrieved 30 November 2023.
  2. ^ "Estatísticas do eleitorado – Eleitores filiados" Archived 9 May 2019 at the Wayback Machine.
  3. ^ "Social liberalismo: La brújula rota de Fernando Henrique Cardoso | Nueva Sociedad". July 1995.
  4. ^ https://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/media/documents/article/PSDB11.doc [bare URL]
  5. ^ Peter Kingstone, ed. (2008). Democratic Brazil Revisited. Mauad Editora Ltda. p. 111.
  6. ^ Minas, Estado de (4 May 2019). "'O novo PSDB assume sua bandeira liberal', diz pupilo de Dória - Politica - Estado de Minas". Estado de Minas. Retrieved 19 August 2023.
  7. ^ [5][6]
  8. ^ Leone, Matheus (18 November 2013). "Artigo: Por uma Social Democracia contemporânea". Partido da Social Democracia Brasileira. Retrieved 6 November 2023.
  9. ^ "Social liberalismo: La brújula rota de Fernando Henrique Cardoso | Nueva Sociedad". July 1995.
  10. ^ [8][9]
  11. ^ "Tucano é hostilizado depois de criticar radicais em ato - Política". Estadão (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved 24 September 2021.
  12. ^ "Aécio Neves: 'Para a direita não adianta me empurrar que eu não vou'". O Globo (in Brazilian Portuguese). 9 November 2014. Retrieved 24 September 2021.
  13. ^ "'Sou de esquerda, mas ninguém acredita', diz FHC - 09/04/2014 - Poder". Folha de S.Paulo. Retrieved 24 September 2021.
  14. ^ [11][12][13]
  15. ^ "Programa" (PDF).
  16. ^ "Leia a carta que Bruno Covas escreveu dois dias antes de morrer".
  17. ^ "Direita ou esquerda? Análise de votações indica posição de partidos brasileiros no espectro ideológico". BBC News Brasil.
  18. ^ "Millionaire Doria of centrist PSDB party wins mayor's race in Sao Paulo". Reuters. 3 October 2016.
  19. ^ Wylie, Kristin (2018). Party Institutionalization and Women's Representation in Democratic Brazil. Cambridge University Press. p. 166.
  20. ^ [18][19]
  21. ^
  22. ^ Mainwaring, Scott; Meneguello, Rachel; Power, Timothy J. (2000), "Conservative Parties in Brazil", Conservative Parties, the Right, and Democracy in Latin America, Johns Hopkins University Press, p. 178.
  23. ^ Goldman, Alberto (18 May 2001). "Declaração Programática do Partido da Social Democracia Brasileira (Documento preliminar para discussão interna)" (PDF). Instituto de Iberoamérica. Retrieved 15 November 2014.
  24. ^ "404 - File or directory not found" Archived 2006-10-14 at archive.today.
  25. ^ "União Geral dos Trabalhadores".
  26. ^ "Brésil : Au secours l'extrême-droite revient ?".
  27. ^ "Ex-governador Alberto Goldman, do PSDB, declara apoio a Haddad". UOL Eleições 2018 (in Brazilian Portuguese). 24 October 2018. Retrieved 16 January 2022.
  28. ^ Soares, Olavo. "PSDB tem nova logo e "mata" tucano clássico em emblema". Gazeta do Povo (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved 17 October 2022.
  29. ^ "PSDB encerra Diálogos Tucanos com a apresentação das novas diretrizes e logomarca". 24 August 2023.
  30. ^ "PSDB moderniza sua marca". 24 August 2023.
  31. ^ "Desde 2000, 623 políticos foram cassados. DEM lidera ranking". O Globo. Retrieved 19 October 2014.
  32. ^ "The politics of corruption". September 2019.
  33. ^ Talita Abrantes (8 September 2012). "PSDB tem o maior número de barrados pelo Ficha Limpa". Exame. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  34. ^ Natalia Mazotte (2 January 2012). "Brazilian political party threatens to sue journalist over book". Knight Center for Journalism in the Americas. Archived from the original on 2 February 2012. Retrieved 24 March 2013.
  35. ^ A Construção da ideologia neoliberal do PSDB (PDF). ISBN 978-85-60979-08-0. Retrieved 19 October 2014.
  36. ^ Bresser Pereira, Luiz Carlos. "Adeus à política partidária".
  37. ^ Segrillo, Angelo (2004). "A confusão esquerda-direita no mundo pós-Muro de Berlim" [The left-right confusion in the post-Berlin Wall world]. Dados (in Portuguese). 47: 615–632. doi:10.1590/S0011-52582004000300006. ISSN 0011-5258. A maioria dos analistas classificava o PSDB na centro-esquerda quando de sua criação. [...] A estória torna-se outra após 1994, com a chegada do PSDB à presidência. Uma retórica de superação das divisões ideológicas clássicas [...] foi um dos fundamentos justificativos da grande aliança parlamentar com partidos de centro e direita [...]. Tanto que, após a eleição presidencial de 1994, a maioria dos analistas passou a classificar o PSDB como partido de centro junto com o PMDB.
  38. ^ Freedom House (16 July 2009). "Freedom in the World 2009 – Brazil". UNHCR. Archived from the original on 24 July 2011. Retrieved 17 January 2010. In early 1994, Fernando Henrique Cardoso [...] forged a three-party, centrist coalition around his Brazilian Social Democracy Party (PSDB).
  39. ^ "Map of Freedom in the World". Freedom House. Archived from the original on 23 December 2011. Retrieved 14 June 2010.
  40. ^ "La droite brésilienne veut séduire les bolsonaristes " modérés "". Le Monde.fr. 26 December 2019.
  41. ^ "Garcia: 'PSDB não é partido de direita, é da direita'".
  42. ^ According to researcher Christophe Ventura, the party's candidates are often evangelicals, multimillionaires and entrepreneurs. They present themselves as "managers" opposed to "politicians".
  43. ^ G1, Laís Alegretti e Fabiano CostaDo; Brasília, em (5 July 2015). "Aécio Neves é reeleito para presidir o PSDB por mais dois anos". Política. Retrieved 19 August 2023.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  44. ^ "Eduardo Leite assume presidência do PSDB com desafio de reconstruir o partido".
  45. ^ De Volta ao Começo! blogdoraul.com.br September 2011
[edit]
Preceded by Numbers of Brazilian Official Political Parties
45 – BSDP (PSDB) 		Succeeded by
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