Polish–Lithuanian union
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The Polish–Lithuanian union was a relationship created by a series of acts and alliances between the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania that lasted for prolonged periods of time from 1385 and led to the creation of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, or the "Republic of the Two Nations", in 1569 and eventually to the creation of a unitary state in 1791.[1]
History
[edit]Important historical events included:
- 1385 – Union of Krewo, a personal union that brought the Grand Duke of Lithuania, Jogaila, to the Polish throne as a result of his marriage to Jadwiga of Poland in February 1386
- 1401 – Union of Vilnius and Radom, which strengthened the Polish–Lithuanian union[2]
- 1413 – Union of Horodło, a treaty requiring Polish and Lithuanian noblemen to organize congresses to resolve issues of common interest.[3] Essentially a heraldic union, the treaty granted many szlachta rights to Lithuanian nobility.
- 1432 (1432–34) – Union of Grodno, a declarative attempt to renew a closer union
- 1499 – Union of Kraków and Vilnius in which the personal union became a dynastic union and recognised the sovereignty of Lithuania and described relations between the two states
- 1501 – Union of Mielnik, a renewal of the personal union
- July 1, 1569 – Union of Lublin, a real union that resulted in creation of the semi-federal, semi-confederal Republic of the Two Nations (Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth)
- May 3, 1791 – Polish Constitution of May 3, 1791: abolished the elective monarchy and turned it into a hereditary monarchy and established a common state, the Rzeczpospolita Polska (Polish Commonwealth), in its place. The Reciprocal Guarantee of Two Nations modified the changes by stressing the continuity of binational status of the state. The changes were reversed completely in 1792 under pressure from the Russian Empire. In any case, the two Partitions carried out by Berlin and Saint Petersburg (in 1793, and 1795) led to the final collapse of the Commonwealth.
See also
[edit]- Polish–Lithuanian–Ruthenian Commonwealth
- Polish–Lithuanian–Muscovite Commonwealth
- Union of Kėdainiai
- Polish–Swedish union
Notes
[edit]- ^ Catholic Encyclopedia - Poland
- ^ Sedlar, Jean W. (1994). East Central Europe in the Middle Ages, 1000–1500. History of East Central Europe. Vol. 3. University of Washington Press. p. 388. ISBN 0-295-97290-4.
- ^ Andrzej Chwalba; Krzysztof Zamorski, eds. (2020). The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth: History, Memory, Legacy. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 9781000203998.
References
[edit]- (in Polish) Anna Pasterak, Unie polsko-litewskie, Pedagogical University of Cracow, 2004
- Central European Superpower, Henryk Litwin, BUM Magazine, October 2016
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