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RCTI

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Not to be confused with RCTV in Venezuela, RTV (Indonesian TV network), Rediffusion Television (RTV) in Hong Kong or RPTV in the Philippines.

RCTI
Logo since 20 May 2015
TypeTelevision broadcaster
CountryIndonesia
Broadcast areaNationwide
HeadquartersStudios: MNC Studios, Kebon Jeruk, West Jakarta, Jakarta
News Studios: iNews Center, Menteng, Central Jakarta, Jakarta
Programming
Language(s)Indonesian
Picture format1080i HDTV 16:9
(downscaled to 576i 16:9 for the SDTV feed)
Ownership
OwnerMNC Media
ParentGlobal Mediacom (MNC Asia Holding)
Key peopleKanti Mirdiati Firmansyah
Sister channels
History
Founded21 August 1987
Launched13 November 1988 (1988-11-13) (Trial broadcast)
24 August 1989; 35 years ago (1989-08-24) (Official broadcast)
Founder
Links
Websitewww.rcti.tv
Availability
Terrestrial
DigitalCheck local frequencies (in Indonesian language)
Streaming media
RCTI+Watch live (Indonesia only)
Vision+Watch live (Subscription required, Indonesia only)
MIVOWatch live
RCTI news crew in Gelora Bung Karno Stadium Jakarta, reporting the 2010 AFF Suzuki Cup match.

RCTI (abbreviated from Rajawali Citra Televisi Indonesia) is a West Jakarta-based Indonesian free-to-air television broadcaster. It is best known for its soap operas, celebrity bulletins, news, and sports programmes. It was first launched in 1989, originally as a local pay television operator that broadcasts mostly foreign programmes, before switching to free-to-air terrestrial network a year later.

RCTI was initially co-owned by PT Rajawali Wira Bhakti Utama (later Rajawali Corpora) and PT Bimantara Citra (later Global Mediacom, now known as PT Media Nusantara Citra (MNC)), thus its name.[1] One of its commissioners at that time, Indra Rukmana, is the husband of Tutut Soeharto, the founder and ex-owner of its eventual sister network, TPI. It is completely owned by MNC, which also owns GTV, MNCTV, and iNews, both private Indonesian television networks.

Naming

The name comes from its founding companies Rajawali Wira Bhakti Utama and Bimantara Citra.[1] Despite Rajawali was not the main shareholder, the company's CEO Peter Sondakh stated that the name has its own philosophy:

  • Rajawali (Hawk) is the conqueror of the air which has a good meaning
  • Citra (Image), symbolizes the effort to build a good image in the public's point of view. As the senior private TV network, RCTI have to be a role model for other new private TV networks
  • Televisi (Television), affirming that RCTI is a television network
  • Indonesia, RCTI wants to be a television that is recognized as "the nation's collective pride"

History

Conception and establishment

Peter Sondakh, Peter F. Gontha, and Bambang Trihatmodjo were the founding fathers of RCTI. Sondakh was the pioneer of the idea of establishing the first private television network in Indonesia, but his idea was always rejected by the government. His idea later succeeded thanks to his approach with Peter F. Gontha and Bambang. In 1986, Sondakh's idea was also agreed by President Suharto. In October 1987, after a series of consultations and negotiations in the House of Representatives, state broadcaster TVRI lost its monopoly when the government allowed private television networks to begin broadcasting, but in a limited broadcast coverage.[2][3]

PT. Rajawali Citra Televisi Indonesia was established on 21 August 1987,[4] and TVRI directly pointed RCTI as the first "Initiator of the Limited Channel Broadcast" (Pelaksana Siaran Saluran Terbatas (SST)), and on 22 February 1988, RCTI granted its broadcasting permission.[3] According to the government, the permission was issuied due to RCTI was the only SST applicant, considerations about the company's ability to provide a large invesment (more than Rp20 billion), the company's strong capital, and considerations of securing the technology, function, and role of television as a strategic information tool.[5][6] In the permission, RCTI was originally allowed to operate in the next 20 years with 18 hours of broadcasting time.[7]

On 23 June 1988, the groundbreaking ceremony of RCTI's studio in Kebon Jeruk, West Jakarta, was conducted and attended by the then-governor of Jakarta Wiyogo Atmodarminto.[8] In the next month, broadcasting devices were started to be installed. To support the development, RCTI recruited several people that would be the key management during its early broadcast, such as Peter Langlois, Stephen Mathis (and his friends from the United States), Alex Kumara [id] and Zsa Zsa Yusharyahya [id]. For Langlois, he previously worked on the California-based KCRA-TV, which later played a major role on form the programming of RCTI, which was designed to be look like private TV networks in the US.[citation needed]

Initially, RCTI was targeted to start broadcasting in September 1988 for 2–3 hours,[9] with entertainment (mostly imported films) and educational programs.[10] Its free-to air trial run in Jakarta was started on 13 November 1988, from 17:30 to 22:30 local time.[11] The free-to air broadcast was done as an introduction to the public.[citation needed] During the trial, it was reported that RCTI had suffered glitches during its operational.[citation needed] Later on 21 November, the broadcast via decoder was started, with the first 43,000 users. It was initially planned that mandatories the usage of decoders and official broadcast was scheduled for 1 March 1989, but the policy was executed indefinitely with open-close broadcasting. which was conducted earlier – on 21 November 1988 and 2 January 1989. On 5 March 1989, the broadcasting schedule was extended to 16 hours, from 08:30 to 24:30 local time.[12]

Launch and early broadcast

RCTI was officially inaugurated on 24 August 1989 morning by President Suharto as Indonesia's first privately owned commercial television network. Evening programming was launched by Minister of Information Harmoko. RCTI was initially broadcast to Greater Jakarta area as a local pay television channel and gained a nationwide terrestrial license a year later. Prior to 1994, RCTI mostly aired foreign programmes as it cost less compared to self-produced programmes, and to evoke the look and feel of a conventional pay television (which was a new and expensive technology in Indonesia at the time). Despite that, RCTI had tried to produce a local self-produced program called Jakarta Masa Kini in July 1989.[13] From 1989 to 1990, the station's subscription system requires an UHF set-top box, and in some areas, with a satellite dish.[14] During this time, the subscription system was incorrectly branded as a "pay-per-view", despite the fact that it works similarly as a conventional pay television that requires monthly subscription.[15] The RCTI subscription cost was stipulated at Rp 131.000 for decoder rent (specifically Rp 75.000 for the decoder and Rp 56.000 for VAT and stamp duty cost),[8] and ranging about Rp 15.000 to Rp 30.000 per month for every offered service.[16]

Switchover to free-to air terrestrial network

Its limited coverage had obstructing RCTI on gaining more viewers and eventually affecting its advertisement income. 200,000 subscribers were projected for 1990, but only 125,000 actually signed up. This failure was caused by popularity of false and stolen decoders in the market,[citation needed] and complaints about the subscription policy which led to cancellation of subscription.[17] Despite that they received Rp 2,25 billion from decoder income and Rp 12 billion from advertisements at the time, RCTI was reported experienced disadvantages on its first year of broadcast.[16]

Those problematics led to RCTI's act to negotiate the government to change its status into a free-to air television network like TVRI.[18] Eventually on 11 July 1990, Minister of Information Harmoko officially announced the government's plan to abolish the mandatory of the usage of decoders for private TV networks. It was agreed by President Suharto three days later.[16] Later on 1 August, the government issued the permission for private TV networks to broadcast free-to air, via the Letter of the Directorate General of Radio, Television, and Film of the Department of Information, No. 1271D/RTF/K/VIII/1990. On 24 August 1990, coinciding with its 1st anniversary, RCTI officially abolished the subscription policy and began to freely broadcast in the same network, 43 UHF. Its legal status was also changed from SST to SPTSU (Stasiun Penyiaran Televisi Swasta Umum, Public Privately-owned Television Broadcast Station), which has an unlimited broadcast hour. Their former subscribers can return the decoder starting on 3 September.[19]

Coverage expansion

After the switchover, RCTI had reached about 6 - 8,5 million views in Greater Jakarta.[16] On 1 May 1991, RCTI successfully on-air in Bandung as RCTI Bandung. It is an affiliated network, due to RCTI wasn't allowed to broadcast nationwide yet, which contains programs from its central station in Jakarta and local programs like wayang golek.[20] In the previous month, RCTI had already broadcasting nationwide via Palapa B2 Satellite, but led to a controversy.[21] In fact, RCTI had "informally" expanding the coverage by creating a partnership with a local TV station in Surabaya, SCTV. Both network shared the same programming, but with different schedules.[22] Another expansion was done by private parties that provided illegal broadcasting in Garut and Yogyakarta c. 1991-1992.[23]

Between 24 and 25 August 1991, RCTI and SCTV went on-air 24 hours a day, for the first time in Indonesia.

Further developments

In early 1991, RCTI introduced their zweikanalton stereo broadcast.[24] Two years earlier, RCTi also introduced their first news program Seputar Jakarta (later evolved to Seputar Indonesia in the following year, then eventually Seputar iNews). It was the earliest news program that features sign language translator for deaf viewers.[23] A teletext service was introduced in April 1994,[25] and a dual sound feature was also introduced in the same year. On 3 June 1995, RCTI introduced a three-dimensional (3D) broadcast with the Japanese anime series Nobody's Boy: Remi.[26]

In 1992, RCTI reached its break-even point.[27] Coinciding with its 4th anniversary on 24 August 1993, RCTI eventually received their nationwide broadcast permission from the government. Shortly thereafter, RCTI rapidly expanded its coverage to Yogyakarta, Jayapura, Surakarta, Semarang, Banjarmasin, Pontianak, Batam and other cities in the following years. Sinetron (soap operas) began to be developed, as well as quiz and game shows, sports, children's animated series, etc. These new programs targeted for all groups (but considered leading towards higher-classes), and helped RCTI gain the first rank in television rating.[28][29]

The 1997 Asian financial crisis forced RCTI to change their management structure due to its major loss up to Rp 90 billion. Nevertheless, they able to solve the problematics caused by the crisis. On its 11th anniversary in 2000, RCTI introduced a newer version of their logo, and the position of the digital on-screen graphic was moved from upper-right to upper-left corner.

RCTI, MNCTV and GTV was removed from Cable subscription of First Media due to involved the Carriage dispute. as a result from information posted by First Media Twitter account at January 2013. There are same with IPTV service when affected a Carriage dispute with IndiHome at 8 April 2016, MNC Media will remove all Local Cable Operators due to copyright infringement and broadcasting contract concern prior to UEFA Euro 2016 and AFF Championship in 2016.

Since 7 November 2021, RCTI is no longer available on any non-affiliated video on demand streaming platforms. Only MNC-owned RCTI+ and Vision+ that provides the broadcast. The reason was to harmonize the company's contents and digital assets.[30]

Since the digital television transition started on 2 November 2022, the PAL broadcast of RCTI Jakarta would shut down on 3 November 2022 at 23:59 WIB/11:59pm after Kominfo statement with MNC Group or ANTV issues that did not force them to shut down the analogue service in Jakarta when TVRI or other TV stations shut down the analogue service quickly and switched to DVB-T2 services on 3 November at 12:00am.[31][32]

RCTI now has 47 relay stations around Indonesia and reaches over 180 million viewers.[citation needed]

Programming

The flagship news program is Seputar iNews (formerly Seputar Indonesia), which has morning and lunchtime editions. RCTI also airs quiz shows, including the Indonesian version of Who Wants to Be a Millionaire, which ran from 2001 to 2006. Animated shows include the original Aikatsu! series, Doraemon and Crayon Shin-chan. The first and last titles have since been replaced by locally produced Kiko.

RCTI has broadcast various popular soap opera titles from production houses such as Multivision Plus, Starvision Plus, the now-defunct Prima Entertainment, Soraya Intercine Films, Tobali Putra Productions, and also currently the production houses owned by MNC Media which focuses on its own production as well as the distributor of soap operas from the production house that has been mentioned previously, namely MNC Pictures. This happened because the contract collaboration between SinemArt and MD Entertainment with MNC Group were terminated, because the shares were taken back by SCM (SinemArt) and Trans Media. RCTI currently airs several television series known as Layar Drama Indonesia (formerly Mega Sinetron), showing in many titles. Formerly, it also airs weekly television series like Bella Vista, Mutiara Cinta (Pearls of Love), Shangri-La, Tuyul dan Mbak Yul, the fantasy-comedy Bidadari Yang Terluka (A Wounded Angel),[33] and ABG. It also airs occasional sport programmes and localized version of talent show under international licenses, such as Indonesian Idol, Rising Star Indonesia, MasterChef Indonesia, X Factor Indonesia, and Indonesia's Got Talent, which moved from Indosiar and SCTV.[citation needed]

Sports programming

The Asian Games coverage was returned to RCTI at 2023 after 2014 was the last time to show the Asian Games in Incheon and 2018 which excluded due to TVRI, Kompas Gramedia or Emtek or other broadcasters holding exclusive rights for the event in Indonesia.

RCTI are also broadcast Indonesia team qualifiers for the 2026 FIFA World Cup and 2027 AFC Asian Cup.[34] Commercial MNC Media also shows the national team but from 2020 until 2024, MNC only covered the national team matches at AFF Championship and 2023 AFC Asian Cup (had qualified to the finals tournament) due to MNC–Lagardère (AFF Championship) and Football Marketing Asia (AFC Asian Cup) broadcasting rights partnership contract.[35][36]

Other segments

During the Break (Jeda Iklan) programming in RCTI, Some RCTI Commercial Break at Pay TV feeds interrupted by MNC Vision Networks version for All Pay TV providers since 18 July 2019 after RCTI full encrypted at Palapa D (now moved to Telkom-4) due to rights issues with third-parties of RCTI unauthorized rebroadcast.[37]

Like other Indonesian television networks, For RCTI Nationwide feed not be shown Subuh and Maghrib from Jakarta. RCTI shows Subuh and Maghrib prayer calls (adhan) in some transmitter stations, including Jakarta and Bandung. The prayer calls are best known for using a recording of Sheikh Ali Ahmed Mulla, a well-known muezzin of Masjid al-Haram in Saudi Arabia

Some RCTI transmitter stations also broadcast local programming. For example, RCTI Surabaya airs Seputar iNews Jatim, while in Bandung, Seputar iNews Jabar is aired. The Palembang station shows Seputar iNews Sumsel, the Batam station shows Seputar iNews Kepri and the Medan station shows Seputar iNews Sumut. They are mostly shown during the final half-hour of Seputar iNews Pagi (05:30-06:00 WIB or, depending on the local area, 06:30-07:00 WITA and 07:30-08:00 WIT)

Overseas broadcasting

RCTI is available as a free-to-air channel in East Timor, but only in Dili and other cities such as Ermera and Baucau. RCTI is also available in Malaysia as a free-to-air channel in Johor Bahru, and in Singapore as a free-to-air channel by using antenna. RCTI is the only Indonesian free-to-air TV channel to be broadcast free-to-air outside Indonesia. Indonesian drama series like Bunga di Tepi Jalan, Bintang, Liontin and Pernikahan Dini currently air on Astro Aruna, a channel on the Singaporean SingTel mio TV 24 Hours IPTV Pay TV Service, but these were broadcast on RCTI on 2001, 2005 and 2006 respectively.

Notable broadcasts

Obama Eksklusif RCTI Bersama Putra Nababan ("Exclusive Interview with Barack Obama") is a television program that aired in March 2010, showing an interview between Indonesian journalist Putra Nababan and President Barack Obama. According to the president, it was probably the first interview ever done by Indonesian television in the White House.[38] The interview covered the partnership between Indonesia and the United States and the president's experiences during his childhood in Indonesia. This show won an award at the 2011 Panasonic Gobel Awards.[39]

Presenters

Current

Former

Branding

Logos

  • Non-corporate version of the first logo of RCTI, used from 13 August 1988 until 24 August 2000
    Non-corporate version of the first logo of RCTI, used from 13 August 1988 until 24 August 2000
  • This version of the first logo was used for the digital on-screen graphic, used from 1993 until 2000
    This version of the first logo was used for the digital on-screen graphic, used from 1993 until 2000
  • This second logo was used from 24 August 2000 until 19 May 2015 and was the revision of the 1988 logo.
    This second logo was used from 24 August 2000 until 19 May 2015 and was the revision of the 1988 logo.
  • A variation of the second logo, which features a fade effect. It was used as the digital on-screen graphic, from 24 August 2000 until 31 July 2004
    A variation of the second logo, which features a fade effect. It was used as the digital on-screen graphic, from 24 August 2000 until 31 July 2004
  • The third and current logo since 20 May 2015. It is the straightened.version of the previous logo
    The third and current logo since 20 May 2015. It is the straightened.version of the previous logo

Slogans

Slogan Start usage End usage
Hadirkan Pentas Dunia di Rumah Anda
(Bringing the world stage to your home) 		1989 1990
Saluran Informasi & Hiburan
(The Information and Entertainment Channel) 		1990 1993
Kebanggaan Bersama Milik Bangsa
(The Nation's collective pride) 		1993 present
RCTI Oke
(RCTI, Okay) 		1994 present

Anniversary

  • Dari Lubuk Hati (From the Bottom of the Heart) (1991)
  • Merajut Hasrat Melangkah Maju (Weaving Desire, Stepping Forward) (1992)
  • Melangkah Maju Mewujud Cinta (Moving Forward Making the Love) (1993)
  • Semesta Raya Indonesia (Great Universe of Indonesia) (1995-1997)
  • Menuju Indonesia Gemilang (Towards the Bright Indonesia) (1998)
  • Satu Dasawarsa Era Dekade (One Era of Decade) (1999)
  • Satu Indonesia Satu (One Indonesia One) (2000)
  • RCTImu, RCTIku (My RCTI, Your RCTI) (2001)
  • Untukmu Selamanya (Forever Yours) (2002)
    • Satu TV untuk Tiga Generasi (One TV for Three Generations; sub-slogan)
  • Bersama Wujudkan Impian (Together Make Dreams Happen) (2003)
  • Semakin Oke (More Okay) (2004)
  • Selalu di Hati, Selalu di Nanti (Always in Hearts, Always Wanted) (2005)
  • Sweet Seventeen (2006)
  • Gemerlap Keajaiban (Sparkling Miracles) (2007)
  • Harmoni Indonesia (Harmony of Indonesia) (2008)
  • Wujudkan Mimpi Indonesia (Make Indonesia's Dreams Happen) (2009)
  • Mahardika Kebanggaan Bekarya (The Prestige of the Pride of Works) (2015)
  • Terima Kasih Indonesia (Thank You Indonesia) (2018)
  • Warna Cerita Cinta (Colors of Love Stories) (2019)

Directors and commissioners

List of main directors

No. Name Period
1. Bambang Trihatmodjo 1987-1988
2. Peter F. Gontha 1988-1989
3. Joni P. Soebandono 1989-1991
4. Budhy G. W. Budhyarto 1991
5. M. S. Rallie Siregar 1991-1999
6. Harry Kuntoro 1999-2001
7. Wisnu Hadi 2001-2003
8. Hary Tanoesoedibjo 2003-2008
9. Susanto Hartono 2008-2010
10. Hary Tanoesoedibjo 2010-2018
11. Kamil Mirdanti Imansyah 2018–present

Current director board

No. Name Position
1. Kamil Mirdanti Imansyah Main Director
2. Noersing Managing and Production Director
3. Tantan Sumartana Deputy Director of Sales and Marketing Management
4. Dini Putri Programming and Acquisition Director
5. Syafril Nasution Corporate Affairs Director
6. Jarod Suwahjo Financial Director
7. Firdauzi Cece Marketing Director

Current commissioner board

No. Name Position
1. Hary Tanoesoedibjo Main Commissioner
2. Liliana Tanoesoedibjo Commissioner
3. Ella Kartika Commissioner

See also

References

  1. ^ a b Hidayat, Dedy N. (2000). Pers Dalam "Revolusi Mei": Runtuhnya Sebuah Hegemoni (in Indonesian). Gramedia Pustaka Utama. p. 176. ISBN 978-979-655-931-2.
  2. ^ Armando, Ade (January 2011). Televisi Jakarta di atas Indonesia: Kisah Kegagalan Sistem Televisi Berjaringan di Indonesia (in Indonesian). Bentang Pustaka. ISBN 978-602-8811-35-4.
  3. ^ a b "Sekilas Televisi Swasta". forum.detik.com (in Indonesian).
  4. ^ "TNKB Law Firm" (PDF). mkri.id. Retrieved 7 March 2024.
  5. ^ "Televisi Swasta Mengudara 18 Jam Sehari". forum.detik.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 7 March 2024.
  6. ^ "Menpen Harmoko Jelaskan SST di DPR". forum.detik.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 7 March 2024.
  7. ^ Mufid, Muhammad (10 June 2010). Komunikasi & Regulasi Penyiaran (in Indonesian). Prenada Media. p. 52. ISBN 978-979-3925-13-4.
  8. ^ a b "Tiba Masanya TV Swasta". forum.detik.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 8 March 2024.
  9. ^ "Para Tokoh Periklanan Tentang SST, Masing-masing Media Punya Ciri Khusus". forum.detik.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 8 March 2024.
  10. ^ "Pelanggan TV Swasta Bebas Bayar Selama Tiga Bulan Pertama". forum.detik.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 8 March 2024.
  11. ^ "RCTI Nyelonong ke Rumah Non-Pelanggan, Bukan?". Majalah Tempo (in Indonesian). Retrieved 8 March 2024.
  12. ^ "Supaya Betah Menatap Layar Kaca". forum.detik.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 8 March 2024.
  13. ^ "Acara Baru RCTI di Juli 1989". forum.detik.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 8 March 2024.
  14. ^ "Tata cara pembayaran iuran dekoder RCTI 1989". YouTube. 10 April 2019.
  15. ^ "RCTI Pay View System PENERANGAN DEKODER + MRS WORLD Pageant1989". YouTube. 22 January 2019.
  16. ^ a b c d "Pentas Dunia Tanpa Dekoder". forum.detik.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 8 March 2024.
  17. ^ McDaniel, Drew O. (1994). Broadcasting in the Malay World. Bloomsbury Academic. ISBN 978-1-56750-070-7.
  18. ^ "Kemenangan Sang Rajawali". forum.detik.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 8 March 2024.
  19. ^ "Hanya TV Warna [yang Bisa] Tangkap RCTI & SCTV". Facebook. Retrieved 8 March 2024.
  20. ^ "RCTI Bandung Mulai Siarkan Produksi Lokal". Facebook. Retrieved 10 March 2024.
  21. ^ "Siapa Memberdayakan Siapa?". forum.detik.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 10 March 2024.
  22. ^ Manan, Fadjria Novari; Hitipeuw, Frans; Adenan, Ita Novita; Lestariyati, Sri (January 1994). Pola Penggunaan Waktu Dalam Kehidupan Pelajar di Jawa Timur (in Indonesian). Department of Education and Culture. Directorate General of Cultural Affarirs.
  23. ^ a b "Siaran Gelap di Layar Kaca". forum.detik.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 10 March 2024.
  24. ^ "Pemirsa dengan Kuping Mahal". forum.detik.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 10 March 2024.
  25. ^ "Teletext, Kiat Baru Menjual TV di Tahun 1994". Facebook. Retrieved 10 March 2024.
  26. ^ "RCTI Tiga Dimensi". Facebook. Retrieved 10 March 2024.
  27. ^ "RCTI Go Public Tahun 1994, Salim Group Incar Singapura". Kompas. 21 December 1993.
  28. ^ Hussain, Mohd. Yusuf (2008). Mass Media in Selected Muslim Countries. International Islamic University Malaysia. ISBN 978-983-3855-38-4.
  29. ^ "National TV Audience Share Development". Archived from the original on 18 June 1997. Retrieved 10 March 2024.
  30. ^ Nabila, Mutiara (5 November 2021). "Hary Tanoe Tutup Hak Siar RCTI di Platform OTT Selain Grup MNC". Bisnis.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 10 March 2024.
  31. ^ "TV Analog Dimatikan, Plate Sindir Channel yang Ogah Pindah ke Digital" [Analogue TV Shut Down, Plate Makes Fun on Channels that Refuse to Move to Digital]. CNN Indonesia (in Indonesian). 3 November 2022. Retrieved 3 November 2022.
  32. ^ "Viva Group dan MNC Group Hentikan Siaran TV Analog Malam Ini" [Viva Group and MNC Group Shut Down Analogue TV Broadcasting Tonight]. CNN Indonesia (in Indonesian). 3 November 2022. Retrieved 3 November 2022.
  33. ^ "Siapakah Si Bidadari Itu?" [Who had made the angel is?]. Bidadari Yang Terluka. Episode 1. 4 June 1997. Archived from the original on 9 October 1999.
  34. ^ Melati, Metta Rahma (6 October 2023). "Jadwal Siaran Langsung Timnas Indonesia Vs Brunei Darussalam di Kualifikasi Piala Dunia 2026, Live RCTI". Bolasport.com (in Indonesian).
  35. ^ "AFC continues partnership with MNC". AFC. Archived from the original on 4 November 2019. Retrieved 27 November 2019.
  36. ^ "Lagardère Sports Secures Rajawali Citra Televisi Indonesia as Exclusive Terrestrial Broadcaster in Indonesia for AFF Suzuki Cup". AFF Suzuki Cup. Archived from the original on 9 May 2018. Retrieved 17 November 2019.
  37. ^ ✂️ Cuplikan (Clip) (in Indonesian). Retrieved 26 March 2023 – via YouTube.
  38. ^ Obama Eksklusif RCTI Bersama Putra Nababan: Part 1 Part 2 Part 3 Part 4
  39. ^ Kawilarang, Renne R. A.; Ansyari, Syahrul (26 March 2011). "Daftar Pemenang Panasonic Gobel Awards - VIVA". www.viva.co.id (in Indonesian). PT VIVA MEDIA BARU- VIVA. Retrieved 28 July 2019.
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