Labor movement of South Korea

The labor movement of South Korea consists of multiple labor movements and organizations that advocate for the rights and well-being of workers. Organizations have emerged with differing political ideologies and methods on how to achieve their respective goals in relation to these workers' rights. South Korean organized labor is also active in other movements, allowing for solidarity between organizations.^[1] The movement originated in the 19th century while under Japanese rule as a way to organize workers.^[2]

Later, the movement developed alongside the growing working class.^[3] The movement employs a variety of methods as a means to bargain. Since its inception, multiple unions have been created to advocate for workers.

Origins

The first labor union was established under colonial Japanese rule in 1910. Named the Seongjin Stevedores Union, it consisted of 47 workers.^[2] During this time period, unions were limited in their scope as they were small in size and membership.^[2] Due to this, unions were limited to occupational and regional-based unions.^[2] It was during this time that the labor movement divided into two differing ideologies: pro-Korean Identity and pro-Japanese Identity.^[2] As opposed to spontaneous revolts, the labor movement was able to organize regional strikes at this time.^[2]

History

Post 1945

In November 1945, socialists formed the General Council of Korea Trade Unions (GCKTU).^[2] Initial membership for the GCKTU was 180,000 workers and eventually grew to 553,408 members within two months.^[2] During August 1945 and February 1948, the GCKTU held over 3000 strikes which resulted in the deaths of 25 people and imprisonment of 11,000.^[2] The fallout from the strikes led to the creation of a labor department by the American military, which restricted union political activity.^[2]

To protest this restriction, the GCKTU called for renewed strikes known as the September National Strikes but failed to achieve anything significant, which led to the GCKTU being banned.^[2] In an effort to oppose the GCKTU, a right-wing trade union known as Daehan Dogrib Chockseong Nodong Chongyeonmyeng or the General Federation of Korean Trade Unions (GFKTU) was formed in March 1946.^[2] The ban of the GCKTU led to the GFKTU to become the sole representative of Korean trade unions.^[2] The GFKTU was later named to the Federation of Korean Trade Unions (FKTU).^[2]

Federation of Korean Trade Unions

The FKTU or Federation of Korean Trade Unions was formed in March 1946 as an effort to oppose the left-leaning GCKTU.^[4] The formation of the FKTU had two goals, to support the conservative government and to oppose left-leaning labor movements.^[4] The FKTU opposed many of the strikes the GCKTU conducted by attributing them as a means to gain political power.^[4] When the GCKTU was banned, the FKTU was the sole trade union, it represented South Korea in International Confederation of Free trade Unions in December 1949.^[4]

In 1952, President Syngman Rhee took control of the union and incorporated into the Liberal Party.^[4] In 1953 the Labor Standards Act, the Labor Union Act and the Labor Disputes Adjustment Act were passed by the government.^[4] The Labor Standards Act guaranteed an eight-hour workday.^[1] In April 1960, President Syngman Rhee was removed from his position by the student movement which led to the FKTU dissolve all ties with the Labor Party.^[4] In April 1971, the FKTU established the Committee on Political Education (COPE) as a way to educated members on political issues and help political campaigns that supported workers' rights.^[4]

Jeon Tae-il

Jeon Tae-il was an activist who was most known for his act of martyrdom. Jeon formed a group known as the "Fool's Organization" as a means to fight for the better treatment of workers.^[1] They reported problems such as illegal working conditions or other offenses that violated the Labor Standards Act to government officials.^[1] Spurred by the ineffectiveness of the government to improve working conditions, Jeon Tae-il committed suicide by lighting himself on fire as a means of protest.^[1] Chun's actions inspired others to do the same.^[1]

Gwangju Uprising

The Gwangju Uprising served as the first step towards democracy in South Korea .^[1]

The Gwangju Uprising refers to the events that took place in May 1980. Although the movement was conceived by students, over time the working class made up a bulk of the participants. The events of this uprising led to the deaths of at least 164 people.^[1] Statistics for this event can vary from sources due to alleged cover-ups, where bodies were burned or dumped into the ocean and unmarked graves.^[1]

On May 14, 1980, a student demonstration involving over 70,000 people sought to express their grievances against the authoritarian government.^[1] On May 17, the government arrested the leaders of the demonstrations as a way to stop the movement.^[1] On May 18, paratroopers were sent to confront the protesters and escalated the situation.^[1] What resulted was a massive slaughter of citizens which united “workers, farmers, students, and people from all walks of life” to oppose the government.^[1] On May 27, 1980, the uprising was suppressed.^[1]

June Struggle

The June Struggle, also known as the Democratization Movement, took place over 19 days and multiple cities took part in the protests for democracy.^[1] The Gwangju Uprising paved the way for student and worker solidarity which were instrumental for a democratic transition.^[1] A large number of people were arrested during the struggle, most of whom were laborers.^[1] In efforts to avoid another uprising, the government allowed for elections and democratic reforms.^[1]

Great Worker Struggle

During the democratization transition of Korea, in July and August 1987, over three million workers, inspired by the June Struggle, led an uprising demanding better wages, improved working conditions, and autonomous trade unions.^[1] Autonomous trade unions were an important goal as “no legal independent unions existed” as the FKTU was “loyal to the government”.^[1] The Great Worker Struggle failed to achieve much as it coincided with the democratization event.^[1]

Korean Confederation of Trade Unions (KCTU)

On November 13, 1994 the groundwork for a new union to oppose the FKTU was created .^[5] Inspired by the Great Worker Struggle leaders of this union adopted the strategy of militant unionism as a way or bargaining.^[2] In order to be more effective, regional cooperation with other unions was key in creating a new union. What followed was the formation of the Council of National Democratic Unions.^[3]

In 1995, the Korean Confederation of Trade Unions (KCTU) emerged from the council.^[3] The KCTU represented the automobile industry, shipbuilding industry, heavy industries, public transport sector, and white-collar workers.^[3] In 1997, the KCTU launched its first strike to protest the passage of bills that limited workers' rights. Later, the KCTU was able to negotiate for its semi-legal status.^[1]

General Strike of 1997

In December 1996, the National Assembly attempted to pass two laws that would limit workers' rights. These laws would have made it easier for the firing of workers and allowed the use of strikebreakers.^[1] In response to this workers responded en masse by walking off their jobs.^[1] By the third day, the walk-off amounted to 350,000 workers and stopped most of Korea's industrial production.^[1] On January 3, FKTU leaders met with KCTU leaders to create a united front.^[1] On January 15, the number of people who walked out of the jobs peaked at one million workers.^[1] On January 16, the government conceded and affirmed the bills would be sent back for revision.^[1] In March, the laws were revised, and the KCTU achieved semi-legal status.^[1]

Methods

The South Korean labor movement has historically employed a variety of methods in order to negotiate. These included strikes, protests, hunger protests, self immolation, violence, kidnapping, and the occupation of buildings.^[1]

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad Katsiaficas, George. South Korean social movements in the 20th century. PM Press. pp. 146–368. ISBN 978-1-60486-457-1.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o Seung-ho, Kwon; Leggett, Chris (10 May 2017). "Origins of the Korean Labour Movement". Policy, Organisation and Society. 10 (1): 3–26. doi:10.1080/10349952.1995.11876634.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Sonn, Hochul (8 July 1997). "The "Late Blooming" of the South Korean Labor Movement". Monthly Review. 49 (3): 117. doi:10.14452/mr-049-03-1997-07_8.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Lim, Ki Yop (1979). "The Origin and Development of the Korean Labor Movement". Labor Economics. 3. ISSN 1229-6651.
^ "This is KCTU". www.kctu.org. Archived from the original on 26 January 2023.

[:1-1] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad Katsiaficas, George. South Korean social movements in the 20th century. PM Press. pp. 146–368. ISBN 978-1-60486-457-1.

[:3-2] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o Seung-ho, Kwon; Leggett, Chris (10 May 2017). "Origins of the Korean Labour Movement". Policy, Organisation and Society. 10 (1): 3–26. doi:10.1080/10349952.1995.11876634.

[:4-3] Sonn, Hochul (8 July 1997). "The "Late Blooming" of the South Korean Labor Movement". Monthly Review. 49 (3): 117. doi:10.14452/mr-049-03-1997-07_8.

[:2-4] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Lim, Ki Yop (1979). "The Origin and Development of the Korean Labor Movement". Labor Economics. 3. ISSN 1229-6651.

[:5-5] "This is KCTU". www.kctu.org. Archived from the original on 26 January 2023.

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