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Saint-Tropez

Coordinates: 43°16′24″N 6°38′23″E / 43.273296°N 6.639621°E / 43.273296; 6.639621
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(Redirected from St Tropez)
"San Tropez" redirects here. For the Pink Floyd song, see San Tropez (song). For other uses, see Saint-Tropez (disambiguation).

Saint-Tropez
Sant Tropetz (Occitan)
Commune
A view of Saint-Tropez
A view of Saint-Tropez
Flag of Saint-Tropez
Flag
Coat of arms of Saint-Tropez
Coat of arms
Location of Saint-Tropez
Map
Saint-Tropez is located in France
Saint-Tropez
Saint-Tropez
Saint-Tropez is located in Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur
Saint-Tropez
Saint-Tropez
Coordinates: 43°16′24″N 6°38′23″E / 43.273296°N 6.639621°E / 43.273296; 6.639621
CountryFrance
RegionProvence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur
DepartmentVar
ArrondissementDraguignan
CantonSainte-Maxime
IntercommunalityGolfe de Saint-Tropez
Government
 • Mayor (2020–2026) Sylvie Siri[1]
Area
1
15.18 km2 (5.86 sq mi)
Population
 (2021)[2]
3,578
 • Density240/km2 (610/sq mi)
DemonymFrench: Tropéziens[3] [tʁɔpezjɛ̃]
Time zoneUTC+01:00 (CET)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+02:00 (CEST)
INSEE/Postal code
83119 /83990
Elevation0–113 m (0–371 ft)
(avg. 15 m or 49 ft)
1 French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers > 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries.

Saint-Tropez (/ˌsæn troʊˈpeɪ, - trəˈ-/ SAN troh-PAY, -⁠ trə-,[4][5] French: [sɛ̃ tʁɔpe]; Provençal: Sant Tropetz [san(t) tʀuˈpes]) is a commune in the Var department and the region of Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur, Southern France. It is 68 kilometres (42 miles) west of Nice and 100 kilometres (62 miles) east of Marseille, on the French Riviera, of which it is one of the best-known towns. In 2018, Saint-Tropez had a population of 4,103. The adjacent narrow body of water is the Gulf of Saint-Tropez (French: Golfe de Saint-Tropez), stretching to Sainte-Maxime to the north under the Massif des Maures.

Saint-Tropez was a military stronghold and fishing village until the beginning of the 20th century. It was the first town on its coast to be liberated during World War II as part of Operation Dragoon. After the war, it became an internationally known seaside resort, renowned principally because of the influx of artists of the French New Wave in cinema and the Yé-yé movement in music. It later became a resort for the European and American jet set and tourists.

History

[edit]
Aerial view of Saint-Tropez, with Pampelonne beach in background and the citadel and the port in the foreground
Citadel of Saint-Tropez

In 599 BC, the Phocaeans from Ionia founded Massilia (present-day Marseille) and established other coastal mooring sites in the area. Through the writings of Roman historian and military commander Pliny the Elder, it was found that Saint-Tropez was known in ancient times as Athenopolis and that it belonged to the Massilians.[6] In 31 BC, the Romans invaded the region. Their citizens built many opulent villas in the area, including one known as the "Villa des Platanes" (Villa of the Plane Trees). The closest settlement to Saint-Tropez in antiquity is attested as Heraclea-Caccabaria, today Cavalaire-sur-Mer, situated on the southern end of the peninsula, while the gulf of Saint-Tropez was called sinus Sambracitanus, which likely survives in the settlement name of Les Issambres.[7]

The town owes its current name to the early Christian martyr Saint Torpes. Legend tells of his decapitation at Pisa during Nero's reign, with his body placed in a rotten boat along with a rooster and a dog. The body purportedly landed at the present-day location of the town of Saint-Tropez.[8][9][10]

Toward the end of the ninth century, long after the fall of the Roman Empire in the West, pirates and privateers began a hundred years of attacks and sackings. In the tenth century, the village of La Garde-Freinet was founded 15 km (9 mi) to the north of Saint-Tropez. From 890 to 972, Saint-Tropez and its surroundings became an Arab Muslim colony dominated by the nearby Saracenic settlement of Fraxinet;[11][12] in 940, Saint-Tropez was controlled by Nasr ibn Ahmad.[12] From 961 to 963, Adalbert, son of Berengar, the pretender to the throne of Lombardy who was pursued by Otto I, hid at Saint-Tropez.[12] In 972, the Muslims of Saint-Tropez held Maïeul, the abbot of Cluny, for ransom.[12]

In 976, William I, Count of Provence, Lord of Grimaud, began attacking the Muslims, and in 980 he built a tower where the Suffren tower now stands. In 1079 and 1218, Papal bulls mentioned the existence of a manor at Saint-Tropez.

Saint-Tropez "le vieux port" (the old port)

From 1436, Count René I (the "good King René") tried to repopulate Provence. He created the Barony of Grimaud and appealed to the Genoan Raphael de Garezzio, a wealthy gentleman who had sent a fleet of caravels carrying 60 Genoese families to the area. In return, Count René promised to exempt the citizens from taxation. On 14 February 1470, Jean de Cossa, Baron of Grimaud and Grand Seneschal of Provence, agreed that the Genoan could build city walls and two large towers, which still stand: one tower is at the end of the Grand Môle and the other is at the entrance to the Ponche.

The city became a small republic with its own fleet and army and was administered by two consuls and 12 elected councillors. In 1558, the city's captain Honorat Coste was empowered to protect the city. The captain led a militia and mercenaries who successfully resisted attacks by the Turks and Spanish, succored Fréjus and Antibes and helped the Archbishop of Bordeaux regain control of the Lérins Islands.

In 1577, the daughter of the Marquis Lord of Castellane, Genevieve de Castilla, married Jean-Baptiste de Suffren, Marquis de Saint-Cannet, Baron de La Môle, and advisor to the parliament of Provence. The lordship of Saint-Tropez became the prerogative of the De Suffren family. One of the most notable members of this family was the later vice-admiral Pierre André de Suffren de Saint-Tropez (1729–1788), veteran of the War of the Austrian Succession, the Seven Years' War and the American Revolutionary War.

In September 1615, Saint-Tropez was visited by a delegation led by the Japanese samurai Hasekura Tsunenaga that was on its way to Rome but was forced by weather to stop in the town. This may have been the first contact between the French and the Japanese.

Bust of Saint-Tropez during the Bravades

The local noblemen were responsible for raising an army that repulsed a fleet of Spanish galleons on 15 June 1637; Les Bravades des Espagnols, a local religious and military celebration, commemorates this victory of the Tropezian militia.[13] Count René's promise in 1436 to not tax the citizens of Saint-Tropez was honored until 1672, when Louis XIV abrogated it as he imposed French control.

The Gulf of Saint-Tropez was known as the Gulf of Grimaud until the end of the 19th century.

During the 1920s, Saint-Tropez attracted famous figures from the fashion world such as Coco Chanel and Elsa Schiaparelli. During World War II, the landing on 15 August 1944 began the Allied invasion of southern France, Operation Dragoon. In the 1950s, Saint-Tropez became internationally renowned as the setting for such films as And God Created Woman, which starred French actress Brigitte Bardot.

In May 1965, an Aérospatiale Super Frelon pre-production aircraft crashed in the gulf, killing its pilot.

On 4 March 1970, the French submarine Eurydice, with its home port as Saint-Tropez, disappeared in the Mediterranean with 57 crew aboard after a mysterious explosion.

The motto of Saint-Tropez is Ad usque fidelis, Latin for "faithful to the end". After the Dark Age of plundering the French Riviera, Raphaël de Garesio landed in Saint-Tropez on 14 February 1470, with 22 men, simple peasants or sailors who had left the overcrowded Italian Riviera. They rebuilt and repopulated the area, and in exchange were granted by a representative of the "good king", Jean de Cossa, Baron of Grimaud and Seneschal of Provence, various privileges, including some previously reserved exclusively for lords, such as exemptions from taxes status and the right to bear arms. About ten years later, a great wall with towers stood watch to protect the new houses from sea and land attack; some 60 families formed the new community. On 19 July 1479, the new Home Act was signed, "the rebirth charter of Saint-Tropez".[14]

Climate

[edit]

Saint-Tropez has a hot-summer mediterranean climate with mild winters and hot summers, although daytime temperatures are somewhat moderated by its coastal position.

Climate data for Saint-Tropez
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 12.1
(53.8) 		12.6
(54.7) 		14.3
(57.7) 		16.5
(61.7) 		19.7
(67.5) 		23.4
(74.1) 		27.0
(80.6) 		27.3
(81.1) 		24.3
(75.7) 		20.2
(68.4) 		15.6
(60.1) 		13.0
(55.4) 		18.8
(65.8)
Daily mean °C (°F) 9.3
(48.7) 		9.6
(49.3) 		11.0
(51.8) 		13.2
(55.8) 		16.3
(61.3) 		20.0
(68.0) 		23.3
(73.9) 		23.4
(74.1) 		20.8
(69.4) 		17.1
(62.8) 		12.8
(55.0) 		10.3
(50.5) 		15.6
(60.1)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 6.5
(43.7) 		6.6
(43.9) 		7.8
(46.0) 		9.8
(49.6) 		13.0
(55.4) 		16.5
(61.7) 		19.5
(67.1) 		17.3
(63.1) 		14.1
(57.4) 		9.9
(49.8) 		7.5
(45.5) 		6.0
(42.8) 		12.3
(54.1)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 82.4
(3.24) 		82.8
(3.26) 		64.7
(2.55) 		53.2
(2.09) 		40.1
(1.58) 		25.7
(1.01) 		15.5
(0.61) 		27.8
(1.09) 		57.0
(2.24) 		104.9
(4.13) 		85.7
(3.37) 		72.2
(2.84) 		711.8
(28.02)
Mean monthly sunshine hours 147.8 148.9 203.2 252.1 234.9 280.6 310.3 355.5 319.5 247.0 201.5 145.5 2,748.1
Source: Climatologie mensuelle à la station de Cap Camarat.[15]

Economy

[edit]
The Hôtel Byblos is a Grand Hotel built in the mid-1960s.

The main economic resource of Saint-Tropez is tourism. The city is well known for the Hôtel Byblos and for Les Caves du Roy, a member of the Leading Hotels of the World; its 1967 inauguration featuring Brigitte Bardot and Gunter Sachs was an international event.

Beaches

[edit]
Tropezian Tahiti beach in 2011

Tropezian beaches are located along the coast in the Baie de Pampelonne, which lies south of Saint-Tropez and east of Ramatuelle. Pampelonne offers a collection of beaches along its five-kilometre shore. Each beach is around 30 metres wide with its own beach hut and private or public tanning area.

Many of the beaches offer windsurfing, sailing and canoeing equipment for rent, while others offer motorized water sports, such as power boats, jet bikes, water skiing and scuba diving. Some of the beaches are naturist beaches. There are also many exclusive beach clubs that are popular among wealthy people from around the world.

Toplessness and nudity

[edit]

Saint-Tropez's Tahiti Beach, which had been popularised in the film And God Created Woman featuring Brigitte Bardot, emerged as a clothing-optional destination,[16] but the mayor of Saint-Tropez ordered police to ban toplessness and to watch over the beach via helicopter.[17] The "clothing fights" between the gendarmerie and nudists become the main topic of a famous French comedy film series, Le gendarme de Saint-Tropez (The Troops of St. Tropez) featuring Louis de Funès. In the end, the nudist side prevailed.[18] Topless sunbathing is now the norm for both men and women from Pampelonne beaches to yachts in the centre of Saint-Tropez port.[19] The Tahiti beach is now clothing-optional, but nudists often head to private nudist beaches, such as that in Cap d'Agde.[20]

Port

[edit]
Saint Tropez Port view
Aerial view of Saint-Tropez

The port was widely used during the 18th century; in 1789 it was visited by 80 ships. Saint-Tropez's shipyards built tartanes and three-masted ships that could carry 1,000 to 12,200 barrels. The town was the site of various associated trades, including fishing, cork, wine and wood. The town had a school of hydrography. In 1860, the flagship of the merchant navy, named The Queen of the Angels (La Reine des Anges, a three-masted ship of 740 barrels capacity), was built at Saint-Tropez.

Its role as a commercial port declined, and it is now primarily a tourist spot and a base for many well-known sail regattas. There is fast boat transportation with Les Bateaux Verts to Sainte-Maxime on the other side of the bay and to Port Grimaud, Marines de Cogolin, Les Issambres and St-Aygulf.

Events

[edit]

Les Bravades de Saint-Tropez

[edit]

Les Bravades de Saint-Tropez is an annual celebration held in the middle of May when people of the town celebrate their patron saint, Torpes of Pisa, and their military achievements. One of the oldest traditions of Provence, it has been held for more than 450 years since the citizens of Saint-Tropez were first given special permission to form a militia to protect the town from the Barbary pirates. During the three-day celebration, the various militias in costumes of the time fire their muskets into the air at traditional stops, march to the sound of bands and parade St. Torpes's bust. The townspeople also attend a mass wearing traditional Provençal costume.

Les Voiles de Saint-Tropez

[edit]
Les Voiles de Saint-Tropez

Each year, at the end of September, a regatta is held in the bay of Saint-Tropez (Les Voiles de Saint-Tropez). Many yachts are entered, some as long as 50 metres. Many tourists come to the location for this event, or as a stop on their trip to Cannes, Marseille or Nice.

Traditional dishes

[edit]

The Tarte tropézienne is a traditional cake invented by a Polish confectioner who had set up shop in Saint-Tropez in the mid-1950s, and made famous by actress Brigitte Bardot.[21]

Demographics

[edit]
Historical population
YearPop.±% p.a.
1793 3,629—    
1800 3,156−1.98%
1806 3,319+0.84%
1821 3,360+0.08%
1831 3,736+1.07%
1836 3,637−0.54%
1841 3,538−0.55%
1846 3,647+0.61%
1851 3,595−0.29%
1856 3,640+0.25%
1861 3,558−0.45%
1866 3,739+1.00%
1872 3,532−0.94%
1876 3,531−0.01%
1881 3,545+0.08%
1886 3,636+0.51%
1891 3,533−0.57%
1896 3,599+0.37%
YearPop.±% p.a.
1901 3,704+0.58%
1906 3,708+0.02%
1911 3,704−0.02%
1921 3,842+0.37%
1926 4,324+2.39%
1931 4,589+1.20%
1936 4,102−2.22%
1946 4,161+0.14%
1954 4,925+2.13%
1962 5,668+1.77%
1968 6,130+1.31%
1975 5,427−1.73%
1982 6,213+1.95%
1990 5,754−0.95%
1999 5,444−0.61%
2007 5,640+0.44%
2012 4,452−4.62%
2017 4,352−0.45%
Source: EHESS[22] and INSEE[23]

Infrastructure

[edit]

Transport to and from Saint-Tropez

[edit]

By sea

Saint-Tropez marina

The 800-berth port with two marinas hosts boats, including ferries. In the summer season, there is a ferry service between St-Tropez and Nice, Sainte-Maxime, Cannes, Saint-Raphaël.[24] Private yachts may also be chartered.

By air

There is no airport in Saint-Tropez, but there is a charter service to and from clubs, the town and Tropezian beaches by helicopter.[25] The nearest airport is La Môle – Saint-Tropez Airport located in La Môle, 15 km (9 mi) (8 NM) southwest of Saint-Tropez.[26] Other main airports are Nice Côte d'Azur Airport located approximately 95 kilometers and Toulon–Hyères Airport located approximately 52 kilomters from Saint-Tropez.[27] Marseille Provence Airport is located approximately 158 kilometres from Saint-Tropez.[28]

By land

There is no rail station in Saint-Tropez. The nearest station is Saint-Raphaël-Valescure, located in Saint-Raphaël (39 km (24 mi) from Saint-Tropez), which also offers a boat service to Saint-Tropez.[29] There is also direct bus service to Saint-Tropez, and the rail station is connected with bus station.[30][31]

There is a bus station in Saint-Tropez called the Gare routière de Saint-Tropez, located in Place Blanqui.[32] It is operated by Var department transport division Varlib [fr], which employs other transport companies to operate routes.

There are taxi services, including from Nice airport to Saint-Tropez, but they are expensive because of the long distances and the area's wealth.[31]

In the tourist season, traffic problems may be expected on roads to Saint-Tropez,[33] so the fastest way to travel is by scooter or bike. There is no direct highway to the village. There are three main roads to Saint-Tropez:

  • Via the A8 (E80) with the sign "Draguignan, Le Muy-Golfe de Saint-Tropez" – RD 25 Sainte-Maxime, 19 km (12 mi) -> on the former RN 98 – 12 km (7 mi).
  • A57 with the sign "The Cannet des Maures" -> DR 558, 24 km (15 mi) Grimaud until then by the RD 61 – 9 km (6 mi) through the famous intersection of La Foux.
  • Near the sea, the former RN 98 connects to Toulon-La Valette-du-Var, Saint-Raphaël, Cannes, Nice, Monaco, DR 93, called "Beach Road", with destinations to Pampelonne, Ramatuelle and La Croix – Valmer.

Town transport

[edit]

Public transport in Saint-Tropez includes minibuses, providing shuttle service between town and Pampelonne beaches.[27]

Other means of transport include scooters, cars, bicycles and taxis.[34] There are also helicopter services[35] and boat trips.[36]

Because of traffic and short distances, walking is an obvious choice for trips around town and to the Tropezian beaches.[37]

Culture, education and sport

[edit]
Paul Signac, Leaving the port of Saint-Tropez, 1901
A panoramic view of Saint-Tropez by Paul Leduc [fr] (1876–1943)
Paintings Galerie Ivan

The town has health facilities, a cinema, a library, an outdoor center and a recreation center for youth.[38]

Schools include: École maternelle (kindergarten – preschool) – l'Escouleto, écoles primaires (primary schools – primary education): Louis Blanc and Les Lauriers, collège d'enseignement secondaire (secondary school, high school – secondary education) – Moulin Blanc.[39][40]

There are more than 1,000 students distributed among kindergartens, primary schools and one high school.[41] In 2011, there were 275 students in high school and 51 people employed there, of whom 23 were teachers.[42]

Art

[edit]

Saint-Tropez plays a major role in the history of modern art. Paul Signac discovered this light-filled place that inspired painters such as Matisse, Pierre Bonnard and Albert Marquet to come to Saint-Tropez. The painting styles of pointillism and fauvism emerged in Saint-Tropez. Saint-Tropez was also attractive for the next generation of painters: Bernard Buffet, David Hockney, Massimo Campigli and Donald Sultan lived and worked there. Today, Stefan Szczesny continues this tradition.

The contemporary artist Philippe Shangti imagined the design of Le Quai and L'Opera, restaurants located on the port of Saint-Tropez where he also exhibits his art collections. Centered on a specific theme, he always denounces different problems affecting society with provocative artworks.[43]

International relations

[edit]
See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in France

Saint-Tropez is twinned with:

Famous persons connected with Saint-Tropez

[edit]

The most famous persons connected with Saint-Tropez include the semi-legendary martyr who gave his name to the town, Saint Torpes of Pisa; Hasekura Tsunenaga, probably the first Japanese in Europe, who landed in Saint-Tropez in 1615; a hero of the American Revolutionary War, Admiral Pierre André de Suffren de Saint-Tropez; the icon of modern Saint-Tropez, Brigitte Bardot, who started the clothes-optional revolution and still lives in the Saint-Tropez area;[46] Louis de Funès, who played the character of the gendarme (police officer) in the French comedy film series Le Gendarme de Saint-Tropez and also helped establish the international image of Saint-Tropez as both a quiet town and a modern jet-set holiday target.[47]

[edit]

The English rock band Pink Floyd wrote a song "San Tropez" after the town. Saint-Tropez was also mentioned in David Gates's 1978 hit "Took the Last Train", Kraftwerk's "Tour de France", Aerosmith's "Permanent Vacation", Taylor Swift's "The Man", and Beyoncé's "Energy". Rappers including Diddy, Jay-Z, 50 Cent, J. Cole, and Post Malone refer to the city in some of their songs as a favorite vacation destination, usually reached by yacht. DJ Antoine wrote a song "Welcome to St. Tropez". Furthermore, Bulgarian singer azis wrote a song named "Сен Тропе"(Sen Trope). Also, Romanian singer Florin Salam wrote the song (Saint Tropez). Saint Tropez was also mentioned in Army of Lovers' song "My Army of Lovers." Their song "La Plage De Saint Tropez" was also dedicated to this town.

[edit]
  • Aerial view of the Cital of Saint-Tropez, France
    Aerial view of the Cital of Saint-Tropez, France
  • Cannons of the Citadel
    Cannons of the Citadel
  • Tour Jarlier
    Tour Jarlier
  • Aerial view of the old town and the old port of Saint-Tropez, France
    Aerial view of the old town and the old port of Saint-Tropez, France
  • Luxury boats
    Luxury boats
  • Sailboats
    Sailboats
  • Aerial view of Pampelonne Beach, Saint-Tropez
    Aerial view of Pampelonne Beach, Saint-Tropez
  • Harbour promenade with cafes
    Harbour promenade with cafes
  • Aerial view of vineyards in Saint-Tropez, France
    Aerial view of vineyards in Saint-Tropez, France
  • Old gendarmerie station; popular spot for photographs[48] (cf. Le Gendarme de Saint-Tropez)
    Old gendarmerie station; popular spot for photographs[48] (cf. Le Gendarme de Saint-Tropez)
  • Aerial view of the old town of Saint-Tropez, France
    Aerial view of the old town of Saint-Tropez, France
  • Tarte tropézienne (tropezian pie)
    Tarte tropézienne (tropezian pie)
  • The main gate to Citadel
    The main gate to Citadel
  • Top-down aerial of the old town of Saint-Tropez, France
    Top-down aerial of the old town of Saint-Tropez, France
  • Aerial view of the cemetery of Saint-Tropez, France
    Aerial view of the cemetery of Saint-Tropez, France

List of media connected with Saint-Tropez

[edit]

Non-exhaustive filmography

Television series

  • Sous le soleil, broadcast in over 100 countries by the name "Saint-Tropez"

Literature

Port of Saint-Tropez
Paul Signac (1899)
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Paintings of Saint-Tropez.

Paintings

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Répertoire national des élus: les maires" (in French). data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises. 13 September 2022. Archived from the original on 28 June 2020. Retrieved 5 December 2022.
  2. ^ "Populations légales 2021" (in French). The National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies. 28 December 2023.
  3. ^ Le nom des habitants du 83 - Var Archived 29 February 2024 at the Wayback Machine, habitants.fr
  4. ^ "Saint-Tropez". Lexico US English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on 23 January 2021.
  5. ^ "St Tropez". Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English. Longman.
  6. ^ Pliny the Elder. "3.5.3". Natural History. Archived from the original on 31 December 2020. Retrieved 21 February 2021 – via perseus.tufts.edu.
  7. ^ Lentheric, Charles Pierre Marie (1895). The Riviera, Ancient and Modern. Putnam. Archived from the original on 17 November 2022. Retrieved 17 November 2022.
  8. ^ "Saint-Tropez". nrj-saint-tropez.com. Archived from the original on 14 March 2008. Retrieved 14 March 2008.
  9. ^ "San Torpete (Torpes, Torpè)". Santiebeati.it. Archived from the original on 29 March 2008.
  10. ^ "History of Saint-Tropez". taxi-bateau.com. Archived from the original on 9 May 2008.
  11. ^ Sénac, P. "Contribution a l'étude des incursions Musulmanes dans l'Occident Chrétien: la localisation du Ğabal al-Qilāl" Revue de l'Occident Musulman et de la Méditerranée, 31 (1981) 7–14
  12. ^ a b c d History of Islam and Muslims in France. pp. 55–67.
  13. ^ Williams, Nicola; Le Nevez, Catherine (2007). Provence and the Cote D'Azur. Lonely Planet. p. 343.
  14. ^ "Saint Tropez – Riviera – Paris – France". francemonthly.com. Archived from the original on 24 January 2013.
  15. ^ "Normales et records météorologiques – Infoclimat". www.infoclimat.fr. Archived from the original on 15 March 2016.
  16. ^ "The Top Nude Beaches in Europe". Archived from the original on 14 October 2011.
  17. ^ Smith Allyn, David (2001). Make Love, Not War: The Sexual Revolution: An Unfettered History. Taylor & Francis. pp. 23–29. ISBN 0-415-92942-3. Archived from the original on 22 July 2024. Retrieved 20 October 2020.
  18. ^ "Top 10: Eye Candy Beaches". Archived from the original on 15 May 2013. Retrieved 21 February 2013.
  19. ^ Williams, Zoe; Moorhead, Joanna (23 July 2009). "Should you go topless – or not?". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on 6 September 2013. Retrieved 21 February 2013.
  20. ^ Velton, Ross. "The Naked Truth About Cap d'Agde". Archived from the original on 6 November 2012. Retrieved 21 February 2013.
  21. ^ Peregrine, Anthony (9 August 2019). "48 hours in...St Tropez, an insider guide to the Riviera's most A-list market town". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on 14 July 2019. Retrieved 24 August 2019.
  22. ^ Des villages de Cassini aux communes d'aujourd'hui: Commune data sheet Saint-Tropez, EHESS (in French).
  23. ^ Population en historique depuis 1968 Archived 24 September 2022 at the Wayback Machine, INSEE
  24. ^ "How to get to St Tropez | St Tropez | Riviera Rental Guide". Archived from the original on 24 November 2011. Retrieved 5 December 2011.
  25. ^ "Helicopter to Monaco – Heli Securite – Helicopter Airline". Archived from the original on 24 November 2011.
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[edit]
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