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Texas Woman's University

Coordinates: 33°13′30″N 97°07′41″W / 33.225°N 97.128°W / 33.225; -97.128
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
For the private Methodist college in Fort Worth, Texas, see Texas Wesleyan University.
Texas Woman's University
Former names
Texas Industrial Institute and College for the Education of White Girls of the State of Texas in the Arts and Sciences (1901–1903)
Girls Industrial College (1903–1905)
College of Industrial Arts (1905–1934)
Texas State College for Women (1934–1957)
TypePublic Hispanic-serving university system
Established1901; 123 years ago (1901)
Parent institution
Texas Woman's University System
Endowment$85.5 million (2020)[1]
ChancellorCarine Feyten
Students1,360 (Dallas)
12,835 (Denton)
1,277 (Houston)[2]
Undergraduates10,306[3]
Postgraduates5,166[4]
Location
Denton, Dallas, and Houston
,
Texas
,
United States
CampusSuburban, 270 acres (1.1 km2)
ColorsMaroon and White[5]
   
NicknamePioneers
Sporting affiliations
NCAA Division II – Lone Star
MascotOakley, the Barn Owl[6]
Websitewww.twu.edu

Texas Woman's University (TWU) is a public coeducational university in Denton, Texas, with two health science center-focused campuses in Dallas and Houston. While TWU has been fully co-educational since 1994, it is the largest state-supported university primarily for women in the United States. The university is part of the Texas Woman's University System.[7] It offers undergraduate and graduate degree programs in 60 areas of study across six colleges.

History

[edit]
Early class of students in a physical education program

In the late nineteenth century, several Texas-based groups (including the Texas Press Women's Association, the Texas Federation of Women's Clubs, the Grange, and the Woman's Christian Temperance Union[8]) began advocating for the creation of a state-supported women's college focused on a practical education, including domestic skills young women would need to prepare as wives and mothers. In 1901, after the state Democratic Party adopted the idea as a platform in the upcoming election, the college's establishment was authorized by the Texas Legislature. Originally named the Texas Industrial Institute and College for the Education of White Girls of the State of Texas in the Arts and Sciences, it opened in Denton in 1902 with a class of 186 students and 14 faculty. With three women on its inaugural board of regents, they became the first women to sit on the governing board of a Texas university. The school was soon renamed the Girls Industrial College in 1903 and conferred its first degrees the following year.[9] In 1905, the name changed again to the College of Industrial Arts and expanded its programs to include liberal arts, fine arts, and sciences.

Upon its founding, the school was primarily focused on educating rural and small town women seeking vocational training. Since many areas of the state lacked comprehensive high schools, the first two years of CIA's curriculum were preparatory; students enrolling with a high school diploma were automatically admitted to the college as juniors. With its home extension program and summer school, the school was the first in Texas to offer instruction in home economics, supplying an overwhelming majority of the state's high school teachers in home economics in the early twentieth century. In 1914, CIA implemented its first four-year college curriculum, and the first bachelor's degrees were conferred in 1915. By 1929, the college had expanded its programs sufficiently to be accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Secondary Schools, the American Association of University Women, and the Association of American Universities, and it began offering its first master's degrees in 1930.[10] In 1934, the school underwent another name change to the Texas State College for Women (TSCW) to reflect its growing reputation as a premiere institution of higher education for women in the state.

Ann Stuart Science Complex

Despite the social and cultural limitations for professional women at the time, the college pioneered several academic programs to meet the needs of a growing postwar economy in Texas and built a national reputation for its programs and research in textiles, food, and nutrition, awarding the college's first doctoral degrees in 1953. In 1950, it also developed the first nationally accredited nursing program in the state, opening at the original Parkland Hospital in downtown Dallas in 1954, and joining the Oak Ridge Institute for Nuclear Studies in the 1960s, receiving a series of research grants from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration to study the health effects on humans in space flights. In 1956, it established the first building in Texas dedicated solely to the instruction of library sciences. Finally, in 1957, the school changed its name for the fourth time to Texas Woman's University, and expanded its health sciences programs to a campus in Houston in 1960.

The college also enjoyed a close relationship with Texas A&M University in College Station in the early and mid-twentieth century. As the only gender segregated public colleges in Texas at the time, the schools generated considerable media attention for their institutional-supported fraternizing at major sporting and social events; for several decades, a "Tessie" was named the "Aggie Sweetheart" at A&M's football rivalry matchup. The practice fizzled in the 1970s when each school began admitting both male and female students, although the schools do still collaborate in several academic and service programs.[11]

Like most non-HBCU institutions in Texas, the school originally admitted only white students. The university integrated in 1961, admitting its first African-American student, Alsenia Dowells, to study nursing; while Dowells only attended for one year, six more black women enrolled the following year.[12] The university currently boasts a 20% black student population and is also designated as a Hispanic-serving institution, and a member of Hispanic Association of Colleges and Universities, with more than 25% of its full-time student population identifying as Hispanic or Latina.[13] After nearly six decades as a school for women, TWU began admitting men into its health sciences graduate school in 1972 in response to pending litigation at other universities regarding the Equal Protection Clause. In 1994, in anticipation of changing protocols of single-gender institutions across the United States, the school opened all of its programs to qualified men.

Despite being a co-educational university since 1972, TWU remains overwhelmingly women, with approximately 90% of the student body being such, and it continues to place a heavy emphasis on meeting the educational needs of women.[14] It remains unique among Texas higher education institutions by requiring all undergraduates, regardless of their proposed major or degree, to take three credit hours of multicultural women's studies in order to graduate.

Denton Campus

[edit]
Old Main Building

The university's flagship Denton campus consists of 270 acres in Denton, Texas, located approximately forty miles northwest of Dallas. Upon the university's founding, the Old Main Building was constructed in 1902 and housed all of the school's academic programs and students. The first dormitory opened in 1907, and a second classroom building was constructed in 1911.

During the Great Depression, college president L.H. Hubbard used funds available through the federal Works Projects Administration and Public Works Administration to expand the campus infrastructure, which doubled instructional space, improved local roads and sidewalks, and established regional landmarks such as the Little Chapel in the Woods.[15] In 1938, the campus was gifted the Pioneer Woman statue by the state legislature, commissioned to Leo Friedlander to commemorate the Texas Centennial. A second period of expansion in the 1960s and 1970s established several of the university's current campus footprint with more than twenty instructional and administrative buildings. The first system Chancellor, Ann Stuart, was named in 1999 and grew enrollment by 85% and constructed new facilities for the growing kinesiology programs.[16]

Carine M. Feyten was inaugurated as the second Chancellor and the 11th President of Texas Woman's University on November 10, 2014.[17] The inaugural theme, “Moving Beyond the Inflection Point: Pioneers for a New Era,” expresses the optimism and determination of the university to reach even greater heights of achievement. Feyten has presided over a third period of significant student growth. Because of the corresponding need for significant facilities expansion, the University had to close down land it previously allowed the community to utilize as a public golf course [18] Another change was moving the student center from Brackenridge Hall (originally the site of the dorm of a same name) into Hubbard Hall, which had originally been built as the central campus dining facility by then President L.H. Hubbard to honor his wife, Bertha Altizer Hubbard[19]

The Denton campus also houses five residence halls, all of which are currently co-educational, including Guinn Hall, the tallest building in Denton.[20]

[edit]
  • South Entrance
    South Entrance
  • Arts and Sciences Building
    Arts and Sciences Building
  • Greenhouse
    Greenhouse
  • Woodcock Hall
    Woodcock Hall
  • Pioneer Hall
    Pioneer Hall
  • Fitness and Recreation Center
    Fitness and Recreation Center
  • Visual Arts Building
    Visual Arts Building
  • Guinn and Stark Hall
    Guinn and Stark Hall
TWU's Dallas campus at the Southwestern Medical District

Dallas Campus

[edit]

The T. Boone Pickens Institute of Health Sciences in Dallas is based in the Southwestern Medical District, which also houses Parkland Hospital, Children's Medical Center Dallas, and the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center. The nursing program began on what is now the Dallas campus. It additionally houses programs in occupational therapy, physical therapy and an MBA. Both a general MBA and a concentration specifically focused on health care are offered.[21] On January 18, 2024, Monica Christopher was named the inaugural president of the Dallas campus, replacing the campus manager.[22]

Houston Campus

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The Houston Campus is located in the heart of the Texas Medical Center district, near the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center and Texas Children's Hospital. It contains TWU's Nursing, Occupational Therapy, Physical Therapy, Nutrition & Food Sciences, Health Care Administration, and MBA programs. Monica Williams became the inaugural Houston Campus President on August 26, 2024 [23]

Academics

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Academic rankings
National
Forbes[24]586
Washington Monthly[25]219

With more than 500 full-time faculty, approximately 75% of classes have 30 students or fewer. Nationally recognized programs include those in nursing, multicultural and gender studies, library science and information studies, and occupational therapy.[26] The university is divided into six colleges:

  1. College of Arts and Sciences provides the bulk of undergraduate instruction and presently is subdivided into Social Sciences and Historical Studies; Language, Culture, and Gender Studies, School of the Arts and Design, School of the Sciences, School of Social Work, Psychology and Philosophy; and General Studies[27]
  2. College of Business offers undergraduate programs in accounting, business, business administration, finance, human resource management, management, and marketing, and graduate programs in business administration, healthcare administration, and health systems management.
  3. College of Health Sciences is supported at the Denton, Houston, and Dallas campuses and includes the Schools of Occupational Therapy and Physical Therapy, the School of Health Promotion and Kinesiology, the Department of Communication Sciences and Oral Health, and the Department of Nutrition & Food Sciences.
  4. College of Nursing was established in 1954, growing to become the second-largest in Texas and one of the largest in the country, offering programs at the baccalaureate, master's, and doctoral level. Its doctoral program is the fifth oldest in the United States and remains the largest in the world.[28] In addition to the Bachelor of Science program for students with no prior degree, the college offers a weekend program for students who already have a bachelor's degree; the College also has a Registered Nurse to Baccalaureate program (RN to BSN) and a Registered Nurse to Master's Program (RN to MS). With campuses in Houston and Dallas, admission is very competitive with the cut-off GPA frequently at 4.0.
  5. College of Professional Education encompasses Teacher Education, Human Development, Family Studies, and Counseling Literacy and Learning, and the School of Library and Information Studies.[29]
  6. Graduate School functions as a distinct university component. The Graduate School processes graduate admissions to the university and subsequent academic affairs, including degrees in a variety of programs.

The Woman's Collection

[edit]
Mary Evelyn Blagg-Huey Library

The second floor of Blagg-Huey Library houses the Woman's Collection. Established in 1932 at the suggestion of then-college president L.H. Hubbard, the collection is one of the largest and oldest collections of materials about American women's history in the United States. In 1979, it was designated by the Texas legislature to house the official history of women in the state.[30]

Currently, the Woman's Collection features one of the largest repositories of women in aviation in the world, housing the official collections of Women Airforce Service Pilots of World War II, the Whirly-Girls International Helicopter Pilots, Women Military Aviators, Association of Women Airline Mechanics, International Society of Women Airline Pilots, and the Air Race Classic, as well as many of its individual members' collections. Other major archives include the Culinary History and Cookbook Collections, which showcase culinary arts from around the world, and is one of the largest collections in the United States with more than 60,000 books, pamphlets, and menus; the Texas Women's Hall of Fame established by the Texas Governor's Commission on Women; and the university's archives.

The Woman's Collection is also the official repository for hundreds of organizations, agencies, and conferences in Texas and the southwest concerned with women's rights, agency, and status. It is currently the official archive for the Texas Federation of Women's Clubs, Texas Association of Women's Clubs (formerly Texas Federation of Colored Women's Clubs), Philanthropic Educational Organization, Texas Federation of Business and Professional Women, and the Texas chapters of the American Association of University Women and Delta Kappa Gamma, as well as the permanent home for 1981 exhibit about Texas women's history produced by the Texas Foundation for Women's Resources.

Individual collection highlights include Hilda Gloria Tagle, the first Latina federal judge; Dora Dougherty Strother, aviation psychologist, engineer, and the first woman to fly the B-29 Superfortress; Sarah Weddington, the lead counsel in Roe v. Wade, a three-term legislator in the Texas House of Representatives, and an advisor to President Carter who had also regularly taught/lectured at Texas Woman's University;[31] and Jean Ross Howard Phelan, aviation lobbyist and founder of the Whirly-Girls.

Many well-known women regularly visit Texas Woman's University, including Senator Kay Bailey Hutchison and U.S. Representative Eddie Bernice Johnson, who had previously participated in leadership conferences. Major General Mary Saunders (Ret.), who graduated from TWU in 1970 and became the highest-ranking African-American woman in the United States Air Force, previously served as director of the university's Leadership Institute.

Denton campus guests have also included Sandra Day O'Connor, Gloria Steinem, Frances "Sissy" Farenthold, Maya Angelou, and Oprah Winfrey, who visited the campus in 1998 and 2005. Other historic campus visits include readings, performances, and lectures by Edna St. Vincent Millay and Amelia Earhart.

Centers

[edit]

The Institute for Women's Health, launched in 1993 as the Center for Research on Women's Health, focuses on the health of women and girls in Texas through partnerships with other academic institutions, government agencies, and community organizations. Its programming includes exercise, sports, and nutrition services to students, as well as the greater Denton and Houston communities.[32]

The Jane Nelson Institute for Women's Leadership was established in 2018 as a hub to educate Texans, especially young women and girls, about women about leadership, business, politics, and public life. It houses:

  • the Center for Women in Government, previously known as the Center for Women in Politics and Public Policy.[33]
  • the Center for Women Entrepreneurs, launched in 2015, to help create and nurture women-owned businesses in the state through business advising, funding, networking, training, and resources. Its programming specializes in woman-owned businesses, startups, rural businesses, and veteran-owned enterprises. It also offers certification programs to qualify as a minority-owned business, including historically disadvantaged populations, underutilized zones, LGBT-owned, service-disabled veteran-owned, veteran woman-owned, and woman-owned.[34]
  • the Center for Student Leadership, which coordinates educational programs, professional development opportunities, and scholarships

Attractions

[edit]
Little Chapel in the Woods

Little Chapel in the Woods

[edit]
Main article: Little Chapel in the Woods

Built in 1939 and dedicated by First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt, the Little Chapel in the Woods has been named one of Texas' most outstanding architectural achievements by the Texas Society of Architects. Designed by leading American architect and Denton resident O'Neill Ford, recruits from the National Youth Administration constructed the building, while more than 300 students in the college's fine arts programs designed and created the building's artwork, including the stained glass windows, lighting, woodwork, doors, ceiling beams, and flooring.[35] The stained glass windows depict scenes of "Women Ministering to Human Needs" including nursing, teaching, speech, literature, service, dance, and music. The Chapel is open to the public daily and remains a popular destination for recitals, baptisms, and weddings. The original bridal book contains thousands of names of couples who were married between 1939 and 1979 and is currently on display at the Blagg-Huey Library.[36]

Texas Women's Hall of Fame

[edit]
Hubbard Hall

Hubbard Hall, the former central dining facility, housed the Texas Women's Hall of Fame from 1984 until 2018. It is now on the 2nd floor of the Blagg-Huey Library. Created in 1984 by the Texas Governor's Commission on Women, the state-established exhibit honors Texas women who make significant public contributions to the state. Inductees include Supreme Court Associate Justice Sandra Day O'Connor, First Ladies Barbara Bush and Lady Bird Johnson, Governor Ann Richards, Texas First Lady Anita Perry, Congresswoman Barbara Jordan, Secretary of Health, Education and Welfare Oveta Culp Hobby, Olympic gold medalist Sheryl Swoopes, astronauts Mae Jemison and Sally Ride, entertainer Selena Quintanilla-Perez, and businesswoman Mary Kay Ash.[37]

Texas First Ladies Historic Costume Collection

[edit]

Established in 1940, the historic costume collection contains original dresses predating Texas statehood by First Ladies of the Texas Republic, as well as those worn by Texas First Ladies to the Governor's Inaugural Ball and gowns donated by Presidential First Ladies Mamie Eisenhower, Lady Bird Johnson, Barbara Bush, and Laura Bush. As of 2018, the collection consists of 47 gowns, of which 21 are on a rotating display in the Administration Conference Tower. Each dress has been loaned or donated by various sources to the University, with most dresses and their preservation costs through donations from Texas chapters of Daughters of the American Revolution, the Denton Benefit League, or directly from the First Ladies themselves.

Athletics

[edit]
Main article: Texas Woman's Pioneers
The Pioneers soccer team in action against the Texas A&M–Commerce Lions in 2014

The university originally offered sports through the Women's Recreation Association, joining the Commission on Intercollegiate Athletics for Women in 1969 in seven sports: basketball, volleyball, field hockey, tennis, badminton, swimming, and track. Known as the "Tessies," the school won its first national title at the CIAW National Intercollegiate Track and Field Championship that same year.

In 1979, TWU became the Pioneers; after the CIAW ceased operations in 1982, the university officially joined the NCAA Division II. The Pioneers currently compete in the Lone Star Conference, but only in women's sports; the gymnastics team competes in the Division I Midwest Independent Conference. Current competitive programs include:

  • Basketball
  • Dance
  • Soccer
  • Volleyball
  • Softball
  • Gymnastics

Newly approved programs include:

  • STUNT
  • Synchronized swimming
  • Wrestling

Awards

[edit]

Established in 1972, the TWU Gymnastics squad has won the USA Gymnastics Collegiate National Championships with a record eleven team championships since 1993, with the most recent championships coming back to back in 2017 and 2018.

In 2014, the athletics program was awarded the inaugural Lone Star Conference Women's Academic Excellence Award, given to the member institution with the highest team G.P.A. As of 2015, the Pioneers have a 65-semester (more than thirty years) of posting a department G.P.A. of 3.0 or higher by all student-athletes.[38]

Student life

[edit]

The Lasso and The Daedalian

[edit]

In print since 1914, The Lasso is a student-produced weekly newspaper. The Lasso began as a daily publication and switched to a weekly format in the 1990s, adding an online version in 2003. Notable past editors include Pulitzer Prize-winner Caro Crawford Brown; Grace Robinson New, the first female television news reporter in Dallas; Kathy Williams, assistant news director Houston's NBC affiliate; and Stacie Walker, an award-winning former national news editor for Newsday.[39]

A magazine, The Dadaelian, was published monthly by students in the Elocution, Physical Culture and Vocal Music department in 1906 to highlight student-created prose, poetry, and visual art; it switched to a quarterly format in 1914.[40] It is currently published online as a literary journal featuring short stories, artwork, photography, and poetry.[41]

Sororities

[edit]

Approximately three percent of undergraduate women are active in a sorority on campus.[42]

Fraternities

[edit]

Approximately two percent of undergraduate men are active in a fraternity on campus.[42]

Notable alumni

[edit]

Notable faculty

[edit]
  • Mary Eleanor Brackenridge (1837–1924), founding university regent, suffragist, and community organizer
  • Carlotta Corpron (1901–1988), professor of photography, design, and art history
  • Pauline Gracia Beery Mack (1891-1974), professor and Dean of the College of Household Arts and Sciences; noted chemist and nutritionist and first woman to receive the NASA Silver Snoopy award
  • Autrey Nell Wiley (1901-1990), B.A. 1922; professor and chair; American literary critic
  • Toni LaSelle (1901-2002), instructor and professor in Art History and Studio Arts; developed the Art History program at TWU
  • Sarah Weddington (1945 – 2021), lecturer in History and Political Science; argued Roe v. Wade before the United States Supreme Court; White House Director of Political Affairs for President Jimmy Carter from 1979-1981[47]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ As of June 30, 2020. U.S. and Canadian Institutions Listed by Fiscal Year 2020 Endowment Market Value and Change in Endowment Market Value from FY19 to FY20 (Report). National Association of College and University Business Officers and TIAA. February 19, 2021. Retrieved February 20, 2021.
  2. ^ Rachel Mehlhaff (September 13, 2012). "TWU, NCTC report rise in enrollment". Denton Record-Chronicle. Archived from the original on May 23, 2013. Retrieved December 2, 2012.
  3. ^ "TWU Fact Sheet, Fall 2012" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on November 15, 2012.
  4. ^ "TWU Fact Sheet, Fall 2012" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-11-15.
  5. ^ "TWU Color Palette". Retrieved June 3, 2018.
  6. ^ "University Symbols - Traditions - Texas Woman's University". twu.edu. Retrieved 14 March 2019.
  7. ^ "Texas Legislature Online - 87(R) History for SB 1126".
  8. ^ Thompson, Joyce (15 June 2010). "Texas Women's University". Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved 5 April 2016.
  9. ^ Sayles' Annotated Civil Statutes of the State of Texas, Title 86, Chapter 5a, 1908
  10. ^ JOYCE, THOMPSON (2010-06-15). "TEXAS WOMAN'S UNIVERSITY". tshaonline.org. Retrieved 2018-06-13.
  11. ^ Stephenson, Lane (January–February 2016). "Gig 'Em, Tessies: Harking Back To A Flirting Time Between Texas A&M And TSCW" (PDF).
  12. ^ "Texas Woman's University Celebrates a Half-Century of Racial Integration". The Journal of Blacks in Higher Education. 2011-10-15. Retrieved 2018-07-10.
  13. ^ HACU. "Hispanic Association of Colleges and Universities - HACU". www.hacu.net. Retrieved 2018-06-12.
  14. ^ "Texas Woman's University". Forbes. Retrieved 18 February 2017.
  15. ^ Joyce, Thompson (2010-06-15). "Texas Woman's University". tshaonline.org. Retrieved 2018-06-13.
  16. ^ "Ann Stuart". Texas Woman’s University. 2021-09-21. Retrieved 2022-03-23.
  17. ^ "Inauguration of Carine M. Feyten". Texas Woman’s University. Retrieved 2022-03-23.
  18. ^ "TWU Golf Course". Texas Woman’s University. Retrieved 2022-03-23.
  19. ^ "Grand opening of Student Union at Hubbard Hall set > Inside TWU". Inside Twu. Inside.twu.edu. Retrieved 2022-03-23.
  20. ^ Residence Halls twu.edu Archived 2015-09-05 at the Wayback Machine>
  21. ^ "MBA - Healthcare Administration - Texas Woman's University".
  22. ^ "TWU taps Monica Christopher as inaugural president of Dallas TWU". twu.edu. Retrieved 2024-01-20.
  23. ^ https://twu.edu/news/2024/-twu-taps-higher-ed-veteran-to-lead-houston-campus/
  24. ^ "America's Top Colleges 2024". Forbes. September 6, 2024. Retrieved September 10, 2024.
  25. ^ "2024 National University Rankings". Washington Monthly. August 25, 2024. Retrieved August 29, 2024.
  26. ^ "U.S. News & World Report". Archived from the original on 2018-06-14.
  27. ^ "Colleges & Departments | TWU".
  28. ^ "Texas Board of Nursing" (PDF).
  29. ^ "College of Professional Education | TWU".
  30. ^ Metta, Nicewarner (2010-06-15). "Woman's Collection, Texas Woman's University". tshaonline.org. Retrieved 2018-06-13.
  31. ^ "TWU adds Weddington Collection". Texas Woman’s University. 2022-03-08. Retrieved 2022-03-23.
  32. ^ "Institute for Women's Health | Texas Woman's University". twu.edu. Retrieved 22 July 2023.
  33. ^ "About Us - Institute for Women's Leadership - Texas Woman's University".
  34. ^ "About Us - Center for Women Entrepreneurs - Texas Woman's University".
  35. ^ "Little Chapel Digital Collection". twudigital.contentdm.oclc.org. Retrieved 2018-06-13.
  36. ^ "Little Chapel in the Woods" (PDF). Texas Woman’s University.
  37. ^ "Texas Women's Hall of Fame - Texas Woman's University". www.twu.edu. Retrieved 2018-06-13.
  38. ^ "Texas Woman's University - History of TWU Athletics". www.twuathletics.com. Retrieved 2018-06-13.
  39. ^ "TWU Lasso Collection". twudigital.contentdm.oclc.org. Retrieved 2018-06-13.
  40. ^ "History of the TWU Department of English, Speech and Foreign Languages - Texas Woman's University". www.twu.edu. Retrieved 2018-06-13.
  41. ^ "Daedalian - TWU Lasso". Retrieved 18 February 2017.
  42. ^ a b "Texas Woman's University Student Life". US News Best Colleges. 16 June 2014. Retrieved 22 July 2023.
  43. ^ "Governor Bill and Vara Martin Daniel Collection - Vara Faye Martin Daniel Biographical Sketch". utexas.edu. Retrieved October 23, 2021.
  44. ^ "Betty Heitman Is Dead; G.O.P. Leader Was 64, February 3, 1994". The New York Times. 1994-02-03. Retrieved October 24, 2013.
  45. ^ "Curriculum Vitae: Juan L. Maldonado" (PDF). senate.state.tx.us. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 22, 2012. Retrieved May 14, 2012.
  46. ^ "Candidate profile: Dr. Donna Campbell". texasgrizzlette.com. August 2010. Archived from the original on 2013-01-11. Retrieved January 2, 2013.
  47. ^ "TWU adds Weddington Collection | 2022 News | News | TWU".
[edit]
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