Shorthead garter snake
| Shorthead garter snake | |
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Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Reptilia |
| Order: | Squamata |
| Suborder: | Serpentes |
| Family: | Colubridae |
| Genus: | Thamnophis |
| Species: | T. brachystoma
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| Binomial name | |
| Thamnophis brachystoma (Cope, 1892)
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| Synonyms[3] | |
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Thamnophis brachystoma, commonly known as the shorthead garter snake or short-headed gartersnake, is a small species of colubrid snake. The species is endemic to the north-eastern United States.
Etymology
[edit]The specific name brachystoma comes from the Greek words brachy, meaning short, and stoma, meaning mouth.[4]
Description
[edit]Thamnophis brachystoma is a small species of snake, with a total length (including tail) of 254–559 mm (10.0–22.0 in).[4] There is no apparent distinction between the body and head.[4] Unlike Thamnophis sirtalis, there are no black spots between stripes in T. brachystoma.[4] Dorsal coloration tends to be olive or olive-green with three (1 dorsal, 2 lateral) beige to yellow stripes running the length of the body.[5] There is a distinct sexual dimorphism in this species with females being larger than males.[5]
Distribution and habitat
[edit]Thamnophis brachystoma is found in small pockets in northwestern Pennsylvania and southwestern New York.[4] Outside of its natural range, there is an introduced population in Pittsburgh in southwestern Pennsylvania,[6] as well as Youngstown, Mahoning County, Ohio.
The shorthead garter snake is commonly found in old fields and meadows, but can occasionally be found in wooded areas. It is almost always found within several hundred meters of a field. It is believed that on sunny days it will be openly basking; however, when a population study was conducted, it was almost invariably found under objects such as wood and rocks. Individuals were only encountered in the open on cloudy days.[5]
Ecology and behavior
[edit]Thamnophis brachystoma is slow to bite would be handlers, but will readily expel musk and feces from the cloaca.[5] Shorthead garter snakes can commonly be found near one another under cover objects, with no apparent correlation to seasonality or breeding cycles.[5]
Diet
[edit]In the wild, T. brachystoma feeds exclusively on earthworms.[5] However, in captivity shorthead garter snakes may consume other food items such as leeches, salamanders, frogs, and fish.[7] Prior to the introduction of non-native earthworms to North America, T. brachystoma would have primarily fed on native earthworms that were restricted to the unglaciated Allegheny Plateau.[8][9]
Reproduction
[edit]Reproduction in T. brachystoma occurs in spring shortly after emerging from the hibernacula. Females generally emerge with ovarian follicles already well developed. Females in New York breed every other year while females in Pennsylvania breed annually. Males use stored sperm for breeding. The testes are small after emergence, reaching full size by midsummer. After this point, sperm will be stored for later use in the spring.[5] T. brachystoma is believed to be viviparous, with experiments showing a transfer of amino acids between mother and offspring.[10]
References
[edit]- ^ Hammerson, G.A. (2007). "Thamnophis brachystoma". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2007: e.T63971A12732272. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2007.RLTS.T63971A12732272.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
- ^ "NatureServe Explorer 2.0". explorer.natureserve.org. Retrieved 9 November 2022.
- ^ "Thamnophis brachystoma ". The Reptile Database. www.reptile-database.org.
- ^ a b c d e Bothner, Richard C. (1976). "Thamnophis brachystoma ". Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles (190): 1-2.
- ^ a b c d e f g Hulse, Arthur C; McCoy, C.J.; Censky, Ellen J. (2001). Amphibians and Reptiles of Pennsylvania and the Northeast. Ithaca, New York: Comstock Publishing Associates, a division of Cornell University Press. 419 pp. ISBN 978-0801437687.
- ^ Powell R, Conant R, Collins JT (2016). Peterson Field Guide to Reptiles and Amphibians of Eastern and Central North America, Fourth Edition. Boston and New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. xiv + 494 pp., 47 plates, 207 figures. ISBN 978-0-544-12997-9. (Thamnophis brachystoma, pp. 426-427 + Plate 42).
- ^ Gray, Brian S. (March 2008). "Observations on the diet of the Shorthead Garter Snake, Thamnophis brachystoma". Journal of Kansas Herpetology. 25: 24–28.
- ^ Gray, Brian S. (2005). "Note on the distribution of the Short-headed Gartersnake (Thamnophis brachystoma) in Erie County, Pennsylvania". Bulletin of the Chicago Herpetological Society. 40 (6): 105–106.
- ^ Gray, Brian S. (2010). "Distributions of native and exotic earthworms in the eastern United States: Implications for the ecology of vermivorous snakes". Bulletin of the Chicago Herpetology Society. 45 (5): 73–86.
- ^ Van Dyke, James U.; Beaupre, Steven J. (2012). "Stable isotope tracer reveals that viviparous snakes transport amino acids to offspring during gestation". Journal of Experimental Biology 215.5: 760-765.
Further reading
[edit]- Behler JL, King FW (1979). The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Reptiles and Amphibians. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. 743 pp. ISBN 0-394-50824-6. (Thamnophis brachystoma, pp. 663–664).
- Conant R (1975). A Field Guide to Reptiles and Amphibians of Eastern and Central North America. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. xviii + 429 pp. + Plates 1-48. ISBN 0-395-19979-4 (hardcover), ISBN 0-395-19977-8 (paperback). (Thamnophis brachystoma, pp. 161–162 + Plate 23 + Map 113).
- Cope ED (1892). "A New Species of Eutænia from Western Pennsylvania". American Naturalist 26: 964–965. (Eutænia brachystoma, new species).
- McCoy CJ (1980). Identification Guide to Pennsylvania Snakes. (Design and illustrations by Michael Antonoplos). Pittsburgh: Carnegie Museum of Natural History. 12 pp. (Thamnophis brachystoma, p. 7).
- Netting MG, Richmond ND (editors) (1970). Pennsylvania Reptiles and Amphibians. Third Edition, Fifth Printing. (Photographs by Hal H. Harrison). Harrisburg, Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania Fish Commission. 24 pp. (Thamnophis brachystoma, p. 2).
- Smith, Albert G. (1945). "The Status of Thamnophis butleri Cope, and a Redescription of Thamnophis brachystoma (Cope)". Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington 58: 147–154. (Thamnophis brachystoma, new combination).
- Smith HM, Brodie ED Jr (1982). Reptiles of North America: A Guide to Field Identification. New York: Golden Press. 240 pp. ISBN 0-307-13666-3. (Thamnophis brachystoma, pp. 146–147).
- Wright AH, Wright AA (1957). Handbook of Snakes of the United States and Canada. Ithaca and London: Comstock Publishing Associates, a division of Cornell University Press. 1,105 pp. (in 2 volumes), 305 figures. (Thamnophis radix brachystoma, pp. 813–816 + Map 58 on p. 763).