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Invisible Cities

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This article is about the novel by Italo Calvino. For the album of the same name, see Invisible Cities (album).
Invisible Cities
First edition
AuthorItalo Calvino
Original titleLe città invisibili
TranslatorWilliam Weaver
Cover artistRené Magritte, The Castle in the Pyrenees, 1959
LanguageItalian
GenrePostmodern novel[1]
Magic realism
PublisherGiulio Einaudi
Publication date
1972
Publication placeItaly
Published in English
1974
Media typePrint (hardcover & paperback)
Pages165 pp (first English edition)
ISBN0-15-145290-3 (first English edition)
OCLC914835
853/.9/14
LC ClassPZ3.C13956 In PQ4809.A45

Invisible Cities (Italian: Le città invisibili) is a postmodern novel by Italian writer Italo Calvino. It was published in Italy in 1972 by Giulio Einaudi Editore.

Description

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The book is framed as a conversation between the Mongol emperor Kublai Khan, and Marco Polo. The majority of the book consists of brief prose poems describing 55 fictitious cities that are narrated by Polo, many of which can be read as commentary on culture, language, time, memory, death, or human experience generally.

Short dialogues between Kublai and Polo are interspersed every five to ten cities discussing the same topics. These interludes between the two characters are no less poetically constructed than the cities, and form a framing device that plays with the natural complexity of language and stories. In the middle of the book, Kublai asks about a city Polo never mentioned, his hometown of Venice. Polo replied, "Every time I describe a city I am saying something about Venice."

Historical background

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Invisible Cities deconstructs an archetypal example of the travel literature genre, The Travels of Marco Polo, which depicts the eponymous Venetian merchant's journey across Asia and in Yuan China (Mongol Empire). The original 13th-century travelogue shares with Calvino's novel the brief, often fantastic accounts of the cities Polo claimed to have visited, along with descriptions of the city's inhabitants, notable imports and exports, and stories by Polo about the region.

Invisible Cities is an example of Calvino's use of combinatory literature, and shows influences of semiotics and structuralism. In the novel, the reader finds themselves playing a game with the author, wherein they must find the patterns hidden in the book. The book has nine chapters, but there are also hidden divisions within the book: each of the 55 cities belongs to one of eleven thematic groups (explained below). The reader can therefore play with the book's structure, and choose to follow one group or another, rather than reading the book in chronological chapters. At a 1983 conference held at Columbia University, Calvino himself stated that there is no definite end to Invisible Cities because "this book was made as a polyhedron, and it has conclusions everywhere, written along all of its edges."[2]

Structure

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Over the nine chapters, Marco describes a total of fifty-five cities, all women's names. The cities are divided into eleven thematic groups of five each:

  1. Cities & Memory
  2. Cities & Desire
  3. Cities & Signs
  4. Thin Cities
  5. Trading Cities
  6. Cities & Eyes
  7. Cities & Names
  8. Cities & the Dead
  9. Cities & the Sky
  10. Continuous Cities
  11. Hidden Cities

He moves back and forth between the groups, while moving down the list, in a rigorous mathematical structure. The table below lists the cities in order of appearance, along with the group they belong to:

Chapter no. Memory Desire Signs Thin Trading Eyes Names Dead Sky Continuous Hidden
1 Diomira
Isidora
Dorothea
Zaira
Anastasia
Tamara
Zora
Despina
Zirma
Isaura
2 Maurilia
Fedora
Zoe
Zenobia
Euphemia
3 Zobeide
Hypatia
Armilla
Chloe
Valdrada
4 Olivia
Sophronia
Eutropia
Zemrude
Aglaura
5 Octavia
Ersilia
Baucis
Leandra
Melania
6 Esmeralda
Phyllis
Pyrrha
Adelma
Eudoxia
7 Moriana
Clarice
Eusapia
Beersheba
Leonia
8 Irene
Argia
Thekla
Trude
Olinda
9 Laudomia
Perinthia
Procopia
Raissa
Andria
Cecilia
Marozia
Penthesilea
Theodora
Berenice

In each of the nine chapters, there is an opening section and a closing section, narrating dialogues between the Khan and Marco. The descriptions of the cities lie between these two sections.

The matrix of eleven column themes and fifty-five subchapters (ten rows in chapters 1 and 9, five in all others) shows some interesting properties. Each column has five entries, rows only one, so there are fifty-five cities in all. The matrix of cities has a central element (Baucis). The pattern of cities is symmetric with respect to inversion about that center. Equivalently, it is symmetric against 180 degree rotations about Baucis. Inner chapters (2-8 inclusive) have diagonal cascades of five cities (e.g. Maurila through Euphemia in chapter 2). These five-city cascades are displaced by one theme column to the right as one proceeds to the next chapter. In order that the cascade sequence terminate (the book of cities is not infinite!) Calvino, in chapter 9, truncates the diagonal cascades in steps: Laudomia through Raissa is a cascade of four cities, followed by cascades of three, two, and one, necessitating ten cities in the final chapter. The same pattern is used in reverse in chapter 1 as the diagonal cascade of cities is born. This strict adherence to a mathematical pattern is characteristic of the Oulipo literary group to which Calvino belonged.

Awards

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The book was nominated for the Nebula Award for Best Novel in 1975.[3]

Opera

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Invisible Cities (and in particular the chapters about Isidora, Armilla, and Adelma) is the basis for an opera by composer Christopher Cerrone, first produced by The Industry[4] in October 2013 as an experimental production at Union Station in Los Angeles. In this site-specific production directed by Yuval Sharon, the performers, including eleven musicians, eight singers, and eight dancers, were located in (or moved through) different parts of the train station, while the station remained open and operating as usual. The performance could be heard by about 200 audience members, who wore wireless headphones and were allowed to move through the station at will.[5][6][7] An audio recording of the opera was released in November 2014.[8][9][10] The opera was named a finalist for the 2014 Pulitzer Prize for Music.[11]

See also

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Wikiquote has quotations related to Italo Calvino.

References

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  1. ^ Panigrahi, Sambit. https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/44504640.pdf
  2. ^ Elpis, Bruno (2016). "Le Città Invisibili di Italo Calvino". Bruno Elpis.
  3. ^ "1975".
  4. ^ "The Industry". theindustryla.org.
  5. ^ Reed Johnson, "Union Station the platform for the opera 'Invisible Cities': The Industry opera company and L.A. Dance Project are presenting 'Invisible Cities' on a unique platform — Union Station train terminal — and beaming it through headphones." Los Angeles Times, October 19, 2013.
  6. ^ Mark Swed, "Review: An inward tour through 'Invisible Cities'", Los Angeles Times, October 21, 2013.
  7. ^ Jeffrey Marlow, "Is This the Opera of the Future?", Wired, October 22, 2013.
  8. ^ Jessica Gelt, "The Industry starts label, to hold free concert at Union Station", Los Angeles Times, October 2, 2014.
  9. ^ Sandra Barrera, "'Invisible Cities' is first release for The Industry’s new record label", Los Angeles Daily News, October 24, 2014.
  10. ^ Julie Baumgardner, "In a Busy Train Station, a Postmodern Opera Takes Shape", The New York Times, October 29, 2014.
  11. ^ The 2014 Pulitzer Prize Winners: Music, Pulitzer.org, April 14, 2014.
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