1924 United States presidential election in Wisconsin
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 County Results
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| Elections in Wisconsin |
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The 1924 United States presidential election in Wisconsin was held on November 4, 1924, as part of the 1924 United States presidential election. State voters chose 13 electors to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president. Wisconsin had since the decline of the Populist movement been substantially a one-party state dominated by the Republican Party.[1] The Democratic Party became entirely uncompetitive outside certain German Catholic counties adjoining Lake Michigan as the upper classes, along with the majority of workers who followed them, completely fled from William Jennings Bryan's agrarian and free silver sympathies.[2] As Democratic strength weakened severely after 1894 – although the state did develop a strong Socialist Party to provide opposition to the GOP – Wisconsin developed the direct Republican primary in 1903 and this ultimately created competition between the "League" under Robert M. La Follette, and the conservative "Regular" faction.[3]
The beginning of the 1910s would see a minor Democratic revival as many La Follette progressives endorsed Woodrow Wilson,[4] but this flirtation would not be long-lasting as Wilson's "Anglophile" foreign policies were severely opposed by Wisconsin's largely German- and Scandinavian-American populace.[5] The 1918 mid-term elections saw the Midwestern farming community largely desert the Democratic Party due to supposed preferential treatment of Southern farmers:[6] Democratic seats in the Midwest fell from thirty-four to seventeen,[7] and in 1920 Wisconsin's status as a one-party Republican state was solidified as James M. Cox won less than a sixth of the state's presidential vote and Democrats claimed only four state legislative seats, all but one of which would be lost in 1922.
At the same time, the Republican Party both at the state and national levels was severely divided between an ascendant conservative faction and a progressive faction, whose leader was Wisconsin's own veteran senator Robert M. La Follette.[8] After a fierce debate the Democratic Party nominated former Congressman John W. Davis of West Virginia,[9] who although West Virginia was a border state whose limited African-American population had not been disenfranchised as happened in all former Confederate States,[10] shared the extreme social conservatism of Southern Democrats of the time. Davis supported poll taxes, opposed women's suffrage, and believed in strictly limited government with no expansion in nonmilitary fields.[11]
The conservatism of the major-party nominees made La Follette mount a third-party challenge, which he had planned even beforehand.[12] Wisconsin's Senator was formally nominated on July 4 by the "Conference for Progressive Political Action" and developed a platform dedicated to eliminating child labor and American interference in Latin American political affairs, along with a formal denunciation of the Ku Klux Klan.[13] La Follette also proposed major judicial reforms including amendments allowing congress to override judicial review and to re-enact laws declared unconstitutional.[14] La Follette also called for election of federal judges for ten-year terms.[15]
At the beginning of the campaign in July, La Follette listed nine states as "in" for him, including Wisconsin.[16] Although early opinion polls showed La Follette attracting large numbers of those German and Scandinavian-Americans who completely deserted Cox in 1920,[17] newer polls later in the fall showed Wisconsin as the only state La Follette was certain to carry.[18] These later polls proved correct, with La Follette carrying Wisconsin with 53.96 percent of the popular vote, but winning no other state.[19]
Results
[edit]| Party | Pledged to | Elector | Votes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Independent[a] | Robert M. La Follette | Zona Gale | 453,678 | |
| Independent | Robert M. La Follette | Otto P. Seifriz | 446,289 | |
| Independent | Robert M. La Follette | Julia Anderson Schnetz | 444,915 | |
| Independent | Robert M. La Follette | Charles J. Schoenfeld | 444,848 | |
| Independent | Robert M. La Follette | William T. Evjue | 444,514 | |
| Independent | Robert M. La Follette | John J. Handley | 444,062 | |
| Independent | Robert M. La Follette | Ira S. Lorenz | 444,004 | |
| Independent | Robert M. La Follette | John C. Schmidtmann | 443,862 | |
| Independent | Robert M. La Follette | William V. Kidder | 443,784 | |
| Independent | Robert M. La Follette | Ernest L. Schroeder | 443,726 | |
| Independent | Robert M. La Follette | John T. Reynolds | 443,459 | |
| Independent | Robert M. La Follette | Mary Francis Taylor | 443,224 | |
| Independent | Robert M. La Follette | Clough Gates | 443,073 | |
| Republican Party | Calvin Coolidge | Emanuel L. Phillipp | 311,614 | |
| Republican Party | Calvin Coolidge | Magnus Swenson | 310,550 | |
| Republican Party | Calvin Coolidge | F. Lee Norton | 310,538 | |
| Republican Party | Calvin Coolidge | Lyman G. Wheeler | 310,455 | |
| Republican Party | Calvin Coolidge | Theodora W. Youmans | 310,388 | |
| Republican Party | Calvin Coolidge | Wheeler P. Bloodgood | 310,330 | |
| Republican Party | Calvin Coolidge | Theodore Benfey | 310,306 | |
| Republican Party | Calvin Coolidge | Timothy Burke | 310,085 | |
| Republican Party | Calvin Coolidge | J. L. Sturtevant | 310,019 | |
| Republican Party | Calvin Coolidge | George S. Gordon Sr. | 309,930 | |
| Republican Party | Calvin Coolidge | Sophie I. Strathern | 309,923 | |
| Republican Party | Calvin Coolidge | Laura Olson | 309,824 | |
| Republican Party | Calvin Coolidge | Mary Scott Johnson | 309,654 | |
| Democratic Party | John W. Davis | Anthony Szczerbinski | 68,115 | |
| Democratic Party | John W. Davis | Katherine L. Conway | 68,096 | |
| Democratic Party | John W. Davis | John F. Doherty | 68,040 | |
| Democratic Party | John W. Davis | John Moran | 68,028 | |
| Democratic Party | John W. Davis | Charles E. Wilson | 68,025 | |
| Democratic Party | John W. Davis | William H. Graebner | 68,011 | |
| Democratic Party | John W. Davis | Carl J. Mueller | 67,958 | |
| Democratic Party | John W. Davis | John Mulva | 67,840 | |
| Democratic Party | John W. Davis | H. B. Crane | 67,837 | |
| Democratic Party | John W. Davis | Francis J. Rooney | 67,815 | |
| Democratic Party | John W. Davis | Henry L. Nunn | 67,775 | |
| Democratic Party | John W. Davis | George F. Dietrich | 67,772 | |
| Democratic Party | John W. Davis | Ludwig P. Moen | 67,751 | |
| Independent[b] | William Z. Foster | Henry Hill | 3,773 | |
| Independent | William Z. Foster | Martin Udjbinac | 3,759 | |
| Independent | William Z. Foster | Arvid Nelson | 3,739 | |
| Independent | William Z. Foster | A. J. Haynes | 3,728 | |
| Independent | William Z. Foster | Aaron Kivisto | 3,724 | |
| Independent | William Z. Foster | Louis Majtan | 3,715 | |
| Independent | William Z. Foster | Martin Markovich | 3,710 | |
| Independent | William Z. Foster | Carl Gerlach | 3,708 | |
| Independent | William Z. Foster | Marko Ebenhe | 3,687 | |
| Independent | William Z. Foster | Clara Knappe | 3,681 | |
| Independent | William Z. Foster | Carl Schradl | 3,666 | |
| Independent | William Z. Foster | Fred Podello | 3,659 | |
| Independent | William Z. Foster | Fredinand Pilacek | 3,628 | |
| Prohibition Party | Herman P. Faris | Helen M. Tubbs | 2,918 | |
| Prohibition Party | Herman P. Faris | William E. Mack | 2,845 | |
| Prohibition Party | Herman P. Faris | M. L. Welles | 2,839 | |
| Prohibition Party | Herman P. Faris | Alba A. Glovier | 2,831 | |
| Prohibition Party | Herman P. Faris | Ella Tenney Sanford | 2,824 | |
| Prohibition Party | Herman P. Faris | Charles H. Mott | 2,818 | |
| Prohibition Party | Herman P. Faris | Herbert S. Siggelko | 2,811 | |
| Prohibition Party | Herman P. Faris | August F. Fehlandt | 2,809 | |
| Prohibition Party | Herman P. Faris | Lucius A. Willis | 2,809 | |
| Prohibition Party | Herman P. Faris | Peter H. Rasmussen | 2,802 | |
| Prohibition Party | Herman P. Faris | Frank Elisha Cummings | 2,795 | |
| Prohibition Party | Herman P. Faris | D. Belle Ady | 2,790 | |
| Prohibition Party | Herman P. Faris | David Walden Emerson | 2,768 | |
| Independent[c] | Frank T. Johns | Jeff Davies | 458 | |
| Independent | Frank T. Johns | G. Driebel | 411 | |
| Independent | Frank T. Johns | E. Kathke Jr. | 379 | |
| Independent | Frank T. Johns | M. Farchmin Jr. | 376 | |
| Independent[d] | William J. Wallace | Carl Aken | 270 | |
| Independent | William J. Wallace | Cornelius Leenhouts | 215 | |
| Write-in | Scattering[e] | 10 | ||
| Votes cast[f] | 840,836 | |||
Results by county
[edit]| County[20][21] | Robert M. La Follette Independent |
Calvin Coolidge Republican |
John W. Davis Democratic |
All Others Various |
Margin[g] | Total votes cast[h] | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| # | % | # | % | # | % | # | % | # | % | ||
| Adams | 1,724 | 64.16% | 779 | 28.99% | 173 | 6.44% | 11 | 0.41% | 945 | 35.17% | 2,687 |
| Ashland | 4,204 | 60.02% | 2,272 | 32.44% | 449 | 6.41% | 79 | 1.13% | 1,932 | 27.58% | 7,004 |
| Barron | 6,010 | 65.47% | 2,703 | 29.44% | 377 | 4.11% | 90 | 0.98% | 3,307 | 36.02% | 9,180 |
| Bayfield | 2,601 | 56.54% | 1,675 | 36.41% | 205 | 4.46% | 119 | 2.59% | 926 | 20.13% | 4,600 |
| Brown | 10,024 | 49.92% | 7,611 | 37.90% | 2,328 | 11.59% | 117 | 0.58% | 2,413 | 12.02% | 20,080 |
| Buffalo | 2,474 | 61.76% | 1,324 | 33.05% | 176 | 4.39% | 32 | 0.80% | 1,150 | 28.71% | 4,006 |
| Burnett | 2,088 | 66.12% | 958 | 30.34% | 76 | 2.41% | 36 | 1.14% | 1,130 | 35.78% | 3,158 |
| Calumet | 3,503 | 69.42% | 938 | 18.59% | 569 | 11.28% | 36 | 0.71% | 2,565 | 50.83% | 5,046 |
| Chippewa | 6,517 | 52.95% | 5,135 | 41.72% | 560 | 4.55% | 96 | 0.78% | 1,382 | 11.23% | 12,308 |
| Clark | 6,208 | 62.02% | 3,130 | 31.27% | 552 | 5.51% | 120 | 1.20% | 3,078 | 30.75% | 10,010 |
| Columbia | 5,968 | 51.05% | 4,724 | 40.41% | 907 | 7.76% | 91 | 0.78% | 1,244 | 10.64% | 11,690 |
| Crawford | 2,977 | 52.58% | 1,687 | 29.80% | 936 | 16.53% | 62 | 1.10% | 1,290 | 22.78% | 5,662 |
| Dane | 24,595 | 62.73% | 12,280 | 31.32% | 2,081 | 5.31% | 252 | 0.64% | 12,315 | 31.41% | 39,208 |
| Dodge | 9,610 | 56.63% | 5,167 | 30.45% | 2,019 | 11.90% | 175 | 1.03% | 4,443 | 26.18% | 16,971 |
| Door | 2,715 | 55.36% | 1,891 | 38.56% | 235 | 4.79% | 63 | 1.28% | 824 | 16.80% | 4,904 |
| Douglas | 8,255 | 54.89% | 5,887 | 39.14% | 638 | 4.24% | 259 | 1.72% | 2,368 | 15.75% | 15,039 |
| Dunn | 4,385 | 55.39% | 3,177 | 40.13% | 284 | 3.59% | 70 | 0.88% | 1,208 | 15.26% | 7,916 |
| Eau Claire | 5,222 | 47.12% | 5,149 | 46.46% | 629 | 5.68% | 83 | 0.75% | 73 | 0.66% | 11,083 |
| Florence | 523 | 44.21% | 594 | 50.21% | 49 | 4.14% | 17 | 1.44% | -71 | -6.00% | 1,183 |
| Fond du Lac | 9,576 | 46.80% | 8,516 | 41.62% | 2,222 | 10.86% | 146 | 0.71% | 1,060 | 5.18% | 20,460 |
| Forest | 1,259 | 46.46% | 1,104 | 40.74% | 299 | 11.03% | 48 | 1.77% | 155 | 5.72% | 2,710 |
| Grant | 6,825 | 48.17% | 5,714 | 40.33% | 1,518 | 10.71% | 112 | 0.79% | 1,111 | 7.84% | 14,169 |
| Green | 4,885 | 58.64% | 2,922 | 35.07% | 423 | 5.08% | 101 | 1.21% | 1,963 | 23.56% | 8,331 |
| Green Lake | 2,187 | 41.19% | 1,988 | 37.45% | 1,090 | 20.53% | 44 | 0.83% | 199 | 3.75% | 5,309 |
| Iowa | 4,133 | 50.32% | 3,291 | 40.07% | 689 | 8.39% | 100 | 1.22% | 842 | 10.25% | 8,213 |
| Iron | 1,400 | 53.15% | 1,058 | 40.17% | 84 | 3.19% | 92 | 3.49% | 342 | 12.98% | 2,634 |
| Jackson | 3,167 | 61.44% | 1,662 | 32.24% | 255 | 4.95% | 71 | 1.38% | 1,505 | 29.19% | 5,155 |
| Jefferson | 7,885 | 57.93% | 4,250 | 31.22% | 1,374 | 10.09% | 102 | 0.75% | 3,635 | 26.71% | 13,611 |
| Juneau | 3,785 | 61.40% | 1,917 | 31.10% | 403 | 6.54% | 59 | 0.96% | 1,868 | 30.30% | 6,164 |
| Kenosha | 6,695 | 35.90% | 10,341 | 55.45% | 1,517 | 8.13% | 96 | 0.51% | -3,646 | -19.55% | 18,649 |
| Kewaunee | 2,804 | 65.82% | 1,018 | 23.90% | 395 | 9.27% | 43 | 1.01% | 1,786 | 41.92% | 4,260 |
| La Crosse | 10,543 | 59.74% | 5,733 | 32.49% | 1,252 | 7.09% | 119 | 0.67% | 4,810 | 27.26% | 17,647 |
| Lafayette | 3,681 | 47.81% | 2,671 | 34.69% | 1,265 | 16.43% | 82 | 1.07% | 1,010 | 13.12% | 7,699 |
| Langlade | 3,578 | 50.05% | 2,572 | 35.98% | 926 | 12.95% | 73 | 1.02% | 1,006 | 14.07% | 7,149 |
| Lincoln | 4,465 | 64.54% | 1,857 | 26.84% | 503 | 7.27% | 93 | 1.34% | 2,608 | 37.70% | 6,918 |
| Manitowoc | 9,814 | 60.04% | 4,828 | 29.54% | 1,599 | 9.78% | 104 | 0.64% | 4,986 | 30.50% | 16,345 |
| Marathon | 12,193 | 63.88% | 5,577 | 29.22% | 1,109 | 5.81% | 209 | 1.09% | 6,616 | 34.66% | 19,088 |
| Marinette | 3,411 | 37.98% | 4,911 | 54.68% | 571 | 6.36% | 88 | 0.98% | -1,500 | -16.70% | 8,981 |
| Marquette | 1,820 | 51.18% | 1,109 | 31.19% | 587 | 16.51% | 40 | 1.12% | 711 | 19.99% | 3,556 |
| Milwaukee | 81,697 | 55.19% | 50,730 | 34.27% | 14,510 | 9.80% | 1,092 | 0.74% | 30,967 | 20.92% | 148,029 |
| Monroe | 6,747 | 67.71% | 2,661 | 26.70% | 428 | 4.30% | 129 | 1.29% | 4,086 | 41.00% | 9,965 |
| Oconto | 4,506 | 58.25% | 2,562 | 33.12% | 602 | 7.78% | 65 | 0.84% | 1,944 | 25.13% | 7,735 |
| Oneida | 3,196 | 59.74% | 1,769 | 33.07% | 324 | 6.06% | 61 | 1.14% | 1,427 | 26.67% | 5,350 |
| Outagamie | 10,357 | 57.03% | 6,426 | 35.39% | 1,255 | 6.91% | 122 | 0.67% | 3,931 | 21.65% | 18,160 |
| Ozaukee | 3,264 | 66.61% | 1,015 | 20.71% | 592 | 12.08% | 29 | 0.59% | 2,249 | 45.90% | 4,900 |
| Pepin | 737 | 33.59% | 1,226 | 55.88% | 206 | 9.39% | 25 | 1.14% | -489 | -22.29% | 2,194 |
| Pierce | 3,661 | 53.80% | 2,788 | 40.97% | 298 | 4.38% | 58 | 0.85% | 873 | 12.83% | 6,805 |
| Polk | 4,251 | 57.18% | 2,793 | 37.57% | 317 | 4.26% | 73 | 0.98% | 1,458 | 19.61% | 7,434 |
| Portage | 5,347 | 52.01% | 2,854 | 27.76% | 2,010 | 19.55% | 69 | 0.67% | 2,493 | 24.25% | 10,280 |
| Price | 3,151 | 58.94% | 1,754 | 32.81% | 323 | 6.04% | 118 | 2.21% | 1,397 | 26.13% | 5,346 |
| Racine | 11,298 | 43.51% | 13,040 | 50.21% | 1,463 | 5.63% | 168 | 0.65% | -1,742 | -6.71% | 25,969 |
| Richland | 2,660 | 41.97% | 2,669 | 42.11% | 898 | 14.17% | 111 | 1.75% | -9 | -0.14% | 6,338 |
| Rock | 7,923 | 32.58% | 14,815 | 60.92% | 1,453 | 5.97% | 129 | 0.53% | -6,892 | -28.34% | 24,320 |
| Rusk | 2,677 | 54.19% | 1,932 | 39.11% | 272 | 5.51% | 59 | 1.19% | 745 | 15.08% | 4,940 |
| Sauk | 6,400 | 57.91% | 3,935 | 35.60% | 555 | 5.02% | 162 | 1.47% | 2,465 | 22.30% | 11,052 |
| Sawyer | 1,487 | 56.37% | 990 | 37.53% | 135 | 5.12% | 26 | 0.99% | 497 | 18.84% | 2,638 |
| Shawano | 6,337 | 70.69% | 2,063 | 23.01% | 471 | 5.25% | 94 | 1.05% | 4,274 | 47.67% | 8,965 |
| Sheboygan | 11,714 | 58.04% | 6,974 | 34.56% | 1,350 | 6.69% | 143 | 0.71% | 4,740 | 23.49% | 20,181 |
| St. Croix | 4,693 | 51.72% | 3,600 | 39.68% | 718 | 7.91% | 62 | 0.68% | 1,093 | 12.05% | 9,073 |
| Taylor | 3,079 | 65.37% | 1,389 | 29.49% | 185 | 3.93% | 57 | 1.21% | 1,690 | 35.88% | 4,710 |
| Trempealeau | 4,148 | 62.24% | 2,083 | 31.26% | 373 | 5.60% | 60 | 0.90% | 2,065 | 30.99% | 6,664 |
| Vernon | 5,599 | 63.78% | 2,670 | 30.41% | 406 | 4.62% | 104 | 1.18% | 2,929 | 33.36% | 8,779 |
| Vilas | 1,038 | 50.07% | 873 | 42.11% | 119 | 5.74% | 43 | 2.07% | 165 | 7.96% | 2,073 |
| Walworth | 4,335 | 33.13% | 7,484 | 57.19% | 1,162 | 8.88% | 105 | 0.80% | -3,149 | -24.06% | 13,086 |
| Washburn | 2,043 | 55.90% | 1,422 | 38.91% | 158 | 4.32% | 32 | 0.88% | 621 | 16.99% | 3,655 |
| Washington | 5,081 | 62.49% | 1,987 | 24.44% | 980 | 12.05% | 83 | 1.02% | 3,094 | 38.05% | 8,131 |
| Waukesha | 6,348 | 41.06% | 7,026 | 45.45% | 1,965 | 12.71% | 120 | 0.78% | -678 | -4.39% | 15,459 |
| Waupaca | 6,395 | 59.32% | 3,654 | 33.89% | 665 | 6.17% | 67 | 0.62% | 2,741 | 25.42% | 10,781 |
| Waushara | 2,606 | 57.63% | 1,602 | 35.43% | 249 | 5.51% | 65 | 1.44% | 1,004 | 22.20% | 4,522 |
| Winnebago | 9,891 | 42.86% | 11,239 | 48.70% | 1,801 | 7.80% | 146[i] | 0.63% | -1,348 | -5.84% | 23,077 |
| Wood | 7,303 | 63.83% | 3,469 | 30.32% | 548 | 4.79% | 122 | 1.07% | 3,834 | 33.51% | 11,442 |
| Totals | 453,678 | 53.96% | 311,614 | 37.06% | 68,115 | 8.10% | 7,429 | 0.88% | 142,064 | 16.90% | 840,836 |
Counties that flipped from Republican to Progressive
[edit]- Adams
- Ashland
- Barron
- Bayfield
- Brown
- Buffalo
- Burnett
- Calumet
- Chippewa
- Clark
- Columbia
- Crawford
- Dane
- Dodge
- Door
- Douglas
- Dunn
- Eau Claire
- Fond du Lac
- Forest
- Grant
- Green
- Green Lake
- Iowa
- Iron
- Jackson
- Jefferson
- Juneau
- Kewaunee
- La Crosse
- Lafayette
- Langlade
- Lincoln
- Manitowoc
- Marathon
- Marquette
- Milwaukee
- Monroe
- Oconto
- Oneida
- Outagamie
- Ozaukee
- Pierce
- Polk
- Portage
- Price
- Rusk
- Sauk
- Sawyer
- Shawano
- Sheboygan
- St. Croix
- Taylor
- Trempealeau
- Vernon
- Vilas
- Washburn
- Washington
- Waupaca
- Waushara
- Wood
Analysis
[edit]La Follette carried 62 of Wisconsin's 72 counties, with Coolidge gaining majorities only in the heavily Yankee and pro-establishment counties bordering Illinois, in Pepin County on the western border, and in Marinette and Florence Counties bordering Michigan. As of the 2020 presidential election[update], this is the last time a third-party presidential candidate has carried a state outside the former Confederacy.[j] This was the first presidential election in which a Republican won the White House without carrying Wisconsin, a feat which would only occur 3 more times (in 1988, 2000, and 2004).
Two very long bellwether streaks for Wisconsin counties were broken in this election. Winnebago County failed to back the statewide winner for the first time since 1848, which was the first presidential election that the state participated in. Kenosha County also failed to back the statewide winner for the first time since 1852, which was the first presidential election that the county had participated in. This was the last election in Wisconsin in which voters chose presidential electors directly. The state switched to the modern "short ballot" starting with the next election.
See also
[edit]Notes
[edit]- ^ La Follette was listed as Independent Progressive in Wisconsin
- ^ Foster was listed as Independent Workers in Wisconsin
- ^ Johns was listed as Independent Socialist Labor in Wisconsin. The Socialist Labor Party ran only four electors on its Wisconsin ticket.
- ^ Wallace was listed as Independent Commonwealth Land in Wisconsin. The Commonwealth Land Party ran only two electors on its Wisconsin ticket.
- ^ Not listed in the 1925 Blue Book
- ^ Based on totals for highest elector on each ticket
- ^ Because La Follette carried Wisconsin, and Coolidge was the top major party candidate in the state and in every county, all margins given are La Follette vote minus Coolidge vote and all percentage margins La Follette percentage minus Coolidge percentage.
- ^ Based on highest elector on each ticket
- ^ The 1925 Blue Book contains a typo for Commonwealth Land elector Aken. The correct figure for Aken is 2, not 3; using 3 causes the county figures to not add up to the statewide total.
- ^ Due to conflicts over black civil rights and to their disenfranchisement, third-party "states' rights" candidates carried four Confederate states in 1948, two in 1960 and five in 1968.
References
[edit]- ^ Burnham, Walter Dean; 'The System of 1896: An Analysis'; in The Evolution of American Electoral Systems, pp. 178-179 ISBN 0-313-21379-8
- ^ Sundquist, James; Politics and Policy: The Eisenhower, Kennedy, and Johnson Years, p. 526 ISBN 0-8157-1909-4
- ^ Hansen, John Mark; Shigeo Hirano, and Snyder, James M. Jr.; 'Parties within Parties: Parties, Factions, and Coordinated Politics, 1900-1980'; in Gerber, Alan S. and Schickler, Eric; Governing in a Polarized Age: Elections, Parties, and Political Representation in America, pp. 165-168 ISBN 978-1-107-09509-0
- ^ Crews, Kenneth D.; 'Woodrow Wilson, Wisconsin, and the Election of 1912'; Presidential Studies Quarterly, Vol. 12, No. 3: 'Presidents, Vice Presidents and Political Parties: Performance and Prospects' (Summer, 1982), pp. 369-376
- ^ Leary, William M. (jr.); 'Woodrow Wilson, Irish Americans, and the Election of 1916'; The Journal of American History, Vol. 54, No. 1 (June 1967), pp. 57-72
- ^ Morello, John A.; Albert D. Lasker, Advertising, and the Election of Warren G. Harding, p. 64 ISBN 0-275-97030-2
- ^ Hough, Jerry F.; Changing Party Coalitions: The Mystery of the Red State-Blue State Alignment, pp. 86-87 ISBN 0-87586-409-0
- ^ Moore, John A.; 'The Original Supply Siders: Warren Harding and Calvin Coolidge'; The Independent Review, Vol. 18, No. 4 (Spring 2014), pp. 597-618
- ^ Paulson, Arthur C.; Realignment and Party Revival: Understanding American Electoral Politics at the Turn of the Twenty-First Century, p. 51 ISBN 0-275-96865-0
- ^ Ranney, Joseph A.; In the Wake of Slavery: Civil War, Civil Rights, and the Reconstruction of Southern Law; p. 141 ISBN 0-275-98972-0
- ^ Newman, Roger K.; The Yale Biographical Dictionary of American Law, p. 153 ISBN 0-300-11300-5
- ^ Richardson, Danny G.; Others: "Fighting Bob" La Follette and the Progressive Movement: Third-Party Politics in the 1920s, p. 180 ISBN 0-595-48126-4
- ^ Richardson; Others, pp. 182-183
- ^ Moreno, Paul D.; The American State from the Civil War to the New Deal: The Twilight of Constitutionalism and the Triumph of Progressivism, p. 205 ISBN 1-107-06771-5
- ^ Parrish, Michael E.; Anxious Decades: America in Prosperity and Depression, 1920-1941, pp. 70-71 ISBN 0-393-31134-1
- ^ 'La Follette's Managers Claiming Nine States'; The Ridgway News (Ridgway, Illinois), July 24, 1924, p. 1
- ^ Tucker, Garland; High Tide of American Conservatism: Davis, Coolidge, and the 1924 Election, p. 191 ISBN 1-937110-29-X
- ^ Tucker; High Tide of American Conservatism, p. 231
- ^ "1924 Presidential Election Statistics". Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections. Retrieved March 5, 2018.
- ^ a b Wisconsin Historical Society, Certificate of Board of State Canvassers - Presidential Electors - 1924
- ^ a b "Summary Vote for Presidential Electors, November 4, 1924". Wisconsin Blue Book. State Printing Board. 1925. pp. 506–517.
