Vavasour
A vavasour (also vavasor; Old French vavassor, vavassour; Modern French vavasseur; Italian valvassore, varvassore; Late Latin vavassor) is a term in feudal law. A vavasour was the vassal or tenant of a baron, one who held his tenancy under a baron, and who also had tenants under him.
Definition and derivation
[edit]The derivation of the word is obscure. It may be derived from vassi ad valvas (at the folding-doors, valvae), i.e. servants of the royal antechamber. Du Cange regarded it merely as an obscure variant of vassus, probably from vassus vassorum "vassal of the vassals".[1] Alternative spellings include vavasor, valvasor, vasseur, vasvassor, oavassor, and others.
In its most general sense the word thus indicated a mediate vassal, i.e. one holding a fief under a vassal. The word was, however, applied at various times to the most diverse ranks in the feudal hierarchy, being used practically as the synonym of vassal. Thus tenants-in-chief of the crown are described by the Emperor Conrad II as valvassores majores,[2] as distinguished from mediate tenants, valvassores minores.[1]
Gradually the term without qualification was found convenient for describing sub-vassals, tenants-in-chief being called capitanei or barones; but its implication, however, still varied in different places and times. Bracton ranked the magnates seu valvassores between barons and knights;[3] for him they are "men of great dignity," and in this order they are found in a charter of Henry II of England (1166). But in the regestum of Philip II Augustus we find that five vavassors are reckoned as the equivalent of one knight.[4] Finally, Du Cange quotes two charters, one of 1187, another of 1349, in which vavassors are clearly distinguished from nobles.[1]
Vavasours subdivide again to vassals, exchanging land and cattle, human or otherwise, against fealty. - Motley.
In fiction
[edit]- Used as a Christian name (Colonel Vavasour Devorax) in the novel A Crowning Mercy by Bernard Cornwell and Susannah Kells (aka Judy Cornwell).
- Used twice as a surname by Dorothy L. Sayers, once in Murder Must Advertise (Miss Ethel Vavasour, Jim Tallboy's girlfriend), and once in Have His Carcase (Maurice Vavasour, a pseudonym of the murderer).
- Used as a surname by John Banville in The Sea (Miss Vavasour).
- Used in Arthurian Romances, by Chretien de Troyes in Perceval: The Story of the Grail (Everyman Classics 1991). "You can say that the vavasor who fitted on your spur taught and instructed you." p. 397.
- Vavasor is a surname in Anthony Trollope's Can You Forgive Her?
- Used in The Sandman graphic novel (1989, issue 10) as well as its television adaptation (2022, episode 7)
- Vavasor is the surname of a Some Girls character - Holli Jane Vavasor, played by Natasha Jonas.
- Used as the Christian name of Sir Vavasour Firebrace, a proud baronet, in Disraeli's Sybil.
- Used in William Morris' The Well at the World's End where King Peter's subjects are described as "sturdy vavassors" who would not accept "masterful doings".
In popular culture
[edit]In the 1980s TV series The Paper Chase, Season 2, Episode 16 ("My Dinner with Kingsfield"), Contract Law Professor Charles W. Kingsfield plays the word "vavasor" and earns 60 points in a Scrabble game with his student James T. Hart while staying at Hart's residence during a snowstorm that has immobilized Kingsfield's car. He defines the word to Hart (who has never heard it before) as a "medieval term for 'tenant slightly below a baron.'"[5]
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ a b c One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Vavassor". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 27 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 962.
- ^ Lex Lamgob. lib. iii. tit. 8, 4.
- ^ Henry de Bracton, De Legibus et Consuetudinibus Angliae, lib. i. cap. 8, 2.
- ^ Philip II Augustus, Regestum, fol. 158.
- ^ The Paper Chase, Season 2, Episode 16: "My Dinner with Kingsfield" (YouTube)
