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Syed Mohammad Ahsan

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Vice Admiral
Syed Mohammad Ahsan
Vice Admiral S.M. Ahsan (1920–1989)
11th Governor of East Pakistan
In office
1 September 1969 – 1 March 1971
PresidentYahya Khan
Prime MinisterNurul Amin (1970–71)
Preceded bySahabzada Yaqub Khan
Succeeded bySahabzada Yaqub Khan
8th Minister of Finance
In office
5 April 1969 – 3 August 1969
Preceded byN M Uqaili
Succeeded byM.A. Qizilbash
Navy Commander in Chief
In office
20 October 1966 – 31 August 1969
PresidentAyub Khan
Preceded byV.Adm A.R. Khan
Succeeded byV.Adm Muzaffar Hassan
Chairman of the National Shipping Corporation
In office
1975–1976
Personal details
Born
Syed Mohammad Ahsan

December 1920[1]
Hyderabad Deccan, British Indian Empire
Died1990 (aged 69–70)
Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan
Resting placeMilitary Graveyard
CitizenshipBritish India (1921–1947)
Pakistan (1947–1989)
Political partyIndependent
Alma materOsmania University (BA)
Civilian awards Hilal-i-Quaid-e-Azam
Sitara-e-Pakistan
Nickname007[2]: 509 
Military service
Branch/service Royal Indian Navy (1940–1947)
Pakistan Navy (1947–71)
Years of service1938–1971
Rank Vice Admiral (S/No. PN.007)
UnitNavy Executive Branch
CommandsEastern Command
Commander Logistics (COMLOG)
Commander Pakistan Fleet
DG Naval Intelligence (DGNI)
CO PNS Tariq
Aide-de-camp to Louis Mountbatten
Military Advisor East-Pakistan military
Battles/wars
Military awards Distinguished Service Cross
Legion of Merit
Medalha de Mérito Militar

Vice Admiral Syed Mohammad Ahsan HQA, SPk, DSC, DMM, LOM (Urdu: سید محمد احسن b. 1920 – d. 1990)[3]: 47 [4] often known as S. M. Ahsan, was a senior admiral of the Pakistan Navy who was the Commander in Chief of the Pakistan Navy, serving under President Ayub Khan from 1966 until 1969.

After that, he briefly served in President Yahya Khan's administration as Finance minister before becoming Governor of East Pakistan in September 1969 until resigning in March 1971 to return to Pakistan. Gaining a commission in the Royal Indian Navy, he participated as a naval officer during World War II with the British and later decided to become a Pakistani citizen following the partition of India by the United Kingdom in 1947. He played a crucial role in establishing the Inter-Services Intelligence and served in the war with India in 1965.[5] Assuming the naval command in 1966, he took initiatives such as establishing the naval special forces, expanding the capabilities of Naval Intelligence and modernising the navy.[6][7]

He was a trusted colleague of President Ayub Khan while attending the cabinet meetings chaired by President Ayub which enabled him influentially consolidate his national security role in the Ayub administration. After completing his tenure as naval chief, he was appointed as Governor of East Pakistan while serving as a cabinet minister in the Yahya administration.[5]

On 1 September 1969, Vice-Admiral Ahsan assumed as the Governor of East Pakistan until his resignation, in protest, on 7 March 1971. He was then posted back to West Pakistan.[5]

Early life

[edit]

Ahsan was born in Hyderabad Deccan, Indian Empire in December 1920.[1] After being schooled in Hyderabad, he attended the Nizam College of the Osmania University and gained B.A. degree and decided to join the Royal Indian Navy (RIN) in 1938 as a Sub-Lieutenant when his first cousin M.J. Syed joined the Royal Indian Merchant Navy.[1][8][9]

[edit]

Early career

[edit]

In 1938, Ahsan was accepted to join the Britannia Royal Naval College in United Kingdom where he was trained, and after a short probationary period in Royal Navy, he was given commission as Lieutenant in Executive Branch of the Royal Indian Navy.[1][10] He specialized in Signals and was an instructor at the Combined Cadet Force in Liverpool, England.[1][8]

World War II

[edit]

During World War II he was a RIN naval officer on the side of Great Britain and saw actions in the Atlantic battle against the German Kriegsmarine.[2]: 510–511  Upon posting back to British India, he participated in Arakan Campaign in 1942–43 and later served well in the Mediterranean theatre in 1944–45.[1] His actions of valor earned him to be decorated with the Distinguished Service Cross by the United Kingdom after the end of World War II in 1945.[2]: 511 

In 1946, he was appointed as aide-de-camp to Viceroy of India, Lord Mountbatten and assisted him in cabinet meetings to resolve political crises in the British Indian Empire.[11]: 169–170 

Post-Independence

[edit]

When the United Kingdom announced its intentions to partition of India in 1947, Ahsan decided to opt for Pakistan and was introduced by Lord Mountbatten to Muhammad Ali Jinnah as his aide-de-camp.[11]: 169  In a meeting with Jinnah, Lord Mountbatten reportedly quoted: [President] Jinnah, I give you Pakistan, I give you my Aide'd camp, Lieutenant Ahsan."[11]: 169 

At the time of his joining the Pakistan Navy, the Indian Navy sent the military seniority list to Pakistan's Ministry of Defence (MoD) where then Lieutenant Ahsan was the 4th ranking officer in the Executive Branch in terms of seniority with Service No. PN-007.[12] He was assigned as military adviser and ADC to founding father and the first Governor-General M.A. Jinnah.[13][14] In 1947, Lt. Ahsan was the first person at the Jinnah Terminal to receive Lord Mountabattens when they first arrived to Karachi to meet Jinnah.[15] He did not participated in the first war with India on Kashmir crises in 1947.[10]

On 30 September 1949, he witnessed the commissioning of the PNS Tippu Sultan from the Royal Navy and was subsequently promoted as Lieutenant-Commander.[16] He was made First Executive officer of Tippu Sultan and later commanding the PNS Tariq as Commander in 1950.[16] He participated in Task Force 92 alongside Commander A.R. Khan who commanded the Tippu Sultan and made a first goodwill visit to Malta, Middle East and Eastern Europe.[16] In 1951, he commanded the PNS Tughril which became a part of the 25th Destroyer.[16]

His first assignment included his role as Deputy Director of Naval Intelligence at the Navy NHQ while establishing his intelligence department.[17]

At December 1952, he was asked by the Director-General of Inter-Services Intelligence Major-General Robert Cawthome to send a priority report that compiled detail discussions with Pakistani military personnel on the basic principles of the ISI.[17] In addition, he was also asked for military's reaction towards the Basic Principles Committee where he ultimately warned of the theocracy and concluded that the economic disparities between East and West Pakistan must be addressed to prevent the breaking-up of the nation's unity.[17] In 1959–60, he served as chief of staff of the Navy NHQ under the Navy Commander in Chief.[17]

In 1955–56, he was posted to the Pakistan Embassy in Washington D.C. as naval attaché.[1] During this time, he went to attend the Naval War College in Newport in Rhode Island, graduated with a staff course degree from the College of Naval Command and Staff of the Naval War College.[3]

In 1957, he was promoted as Captain and assigned to command the cruiser warship, the PNS Babur, that sailed in Karachi the following year.[18]: 55 

In 1960, he was promoted to the one-star rank, Commodore, and directed the Naval Intelligence during this time.[10][19]: 219  In 1961–62, he was appointed deputy chief military planning officer of Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO) in Bangkok and later became its chief military officer.[1]

Flag rank

[edit]

In 1962, he was promoted as Rear Admiral and established the Logistics Command to resolve the logistics problems in both East and West Pakistan.[10] In 1964, he was sent to Dacca and took over the chairmanship of the East-Pakistan Inland Water Transport Authority where he had begun training of East-Pakistani military on riverine tactics with the absence of the strong naval presence.[18]: 61–62  During this time, he became the principal military secretary to President Ayub Khan.[5] In a short time, Rear-Admiral Ahsan gained influence on President Ayub Khan and advised him on important military issues concerning on the defence of the nation at the cabinet meeting chaired by the President Ayub.[5]

While in East, he played a crucial role in deployment of armed forces and prevented the army to involve in politics while opposing any military action against East Pakistani activists after the riots in 1964 despite the calls.[5][20]

In 1965, he was stationed back to Pakistan and assumed the command of Naval Intelligence as its Director-General, and participated in second war with India in 1965.[21] Rear-Admiral Ahsan and his staff at the Navy NHQ helped planned out the naval offense in Dwarka and partially leading the fleet as its Commander.[21] The operation met with mixed results but it stopped the Indian Air Force raiding Karachi and Pakistan's coastal areas as Admiral Ahsan collated the intelligence reports on the Indian Navy's strategic western naval positions, and orchestrated naval operations against the Indian Navy.[22]

Commander-in-Chief

[edit]

President Ayub Khan appointed him as commander in chief of the Navy in October 1966.[1]

In 1967, he was promoted to the three-star rank, Vice-Admiral, and was honored with Sitara-e-Pakistan by President Ayub.[23][24]

As a naval chief, he oversaw the induction of the Daphné submarines procured from France in 1966 in navy's submarine branch.[7]

Since 1966–68, Admiral Ahsan knew of Indian Navy massive procurement and acquisitions of weapon systems being acquired from the Soviet Union and United Kingdom.[18]: 63  On multiple meetings with President Ayub, he raised the issue of modernizing the navy against India, and kept warning the Army GHQ of potential and possible Indian Navy's attack on West and East region of the country; his reservations were bypassed on every meeting and warnings were not heed due to the financial reasons.[18]: 63  His Navy NHQ staff was in brief conflict with the Air AHQ staff over the establishment of naval aviation by induction of fighter jets in 1968.[18]: 63  The Air AHQ staff bypassed his recommendation over the loss of jets and their pilots in seas in an event of conflict with India.[18]: 63  He succeeded in convincing President Ayub in acquiring the missile boats only, and permissions were granted to procured the Soviet-built Osa-class missile boat in 1968.[25]: 106–107 

He led series of unsuccessful talks with the Soviet Navy and Russian Marshal Andrei Grechko in 1969 due to their warming of relations with India.[18]: 63 [25]: 108  From 1966 to 1969, his Navy NHQ staff tussle with the Finance ministry over the issues of budget and financial support for modernization of navy without any success.[18]: 64 

He established the Special Services Group Navy (SSG[N]) and commissioned the Pakistan Marines in 1966 after commissioning the naval facilities for training purposes in the special operations.[18]: 64 

In 1966, he further accepted the recommendation from United States Navy to train its special forces unit, an equivalent organization to that of U.S. Navy SEALs.[6]

In Karachi, he went on to commission the Naval Academy to provide teaching of the naval staff and cadets instead of sending cadets to United Kingdom for training and education.[26] From 1966 to 1968, he served on the served on the Board of Governors of Cadet College Petaro.[27]

Vice-Admiral Ahsan is also credited with founding Port Qasim – Pakistan's second port – after exploring the coast around Phitti Creek, when he was Chief of Naval Staff.[28] He immediately met with then–Foreign Minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto where he convinced Bhutto in 1972 to locate the port there.[28]

After convincing Bhutto, he supervised the construction and establishment of the port where he set up the main industries and machineries at the Port.[28] The main channel of this port bears his name.[28] From 1966 to 1969, he established the East-Pakistan Navy and commissioned the warships, PNS Sylhet and PNS Tughril, in its arm.[18]: 64  However, he struggled with expanding the East-Pakistan Navy's capabilities as many sailors and officers had defected to India to join the Awami League's military wing– the Mukti Bahini.[18]: 64 

Political career

[edit]

Yahya administration and governorship

[edit]
See also: Eastern Command (Pakistan), East Pakistan, and Admiral Ahsan Mission

After President Ayub Khan tendered resignation due to worsening of law and order situation in the country, and invited Commander-in-Chief of the Pakistan Army General Yahya Khan to take over the presidency.[10] In 1969, he relieved the naval command to Admiral Muzaffar Hassan to be appointed as deputy CMLA under Yahya administration.[29]

In August 1969, he joined the Yahya administration as cabinet minister of finance, statistics, commerce, industry, and planning commission.[30] However, this was short-lived and Admiral Ahsan was appointed as Governor of East Pakistan on 1 September 1969.[31]: 539 [32]

The assignment was considered very difficult by the Pakistani military when many senior officials in West were reluctant to accept appointments in East Pakistan.[33] The law and order situation was quickly deteriorating under the martial law enforced by Major-General Muzaffaruddin in East Pakistan.[citation needed]

In the Cabinet meeting, President Yahya was told that the situation in East is at a critical, and his government needed an administrator with a good reputation in the province.[32] Admiral Ahsan was appointed governor in East and arrived his Dacca to take an oath from Dhaka High Court Justice Salahuddin at the Dhaka University in 1969.[1]: 143 [34] In talks with representatives of Pakistani print and electronic news media, Admiral Ahsan reportedly quoted that he was "pretty sure" that by 1971, new government of elected representatives would replace the interim government."[31]: 539 

He became governor of East Pakistan in 1969.[35]: 122–125  Soon after, he was reportedly in conflict with Governor of West Pakistan, Air Marshal Nur Khan, over the issues of legal and political reforms in the country while President Yahya was in conflict with his army chief Lieutenant-General Abdul Hamid Khan on administrative issues in 1969–70.[35]: 122 

Many initiatives were taken by Admiral Ahsan to resolve the political crises of East by keeping in good terms with President Yahya and noted that the six-point were not new.[36]: 84  In 1969, he paid a state visit to the United States to meet with Elliot Richardson to gain foreign support for East Pakistan and sustainability in the region.[37]: 69  In addition, he also arranged the visit of U.S. Navy officials to visit him at the Governor's House, Dhaka to strengthened military relations with the United States.[11]: 188–191 [self-published source?]

In 1970, his government coordinated efforts to rehabilitate the infrastructure after the deadly cyclone and used the military coordinate to relief operations after meeting with President Yahya who had instruct him to "take charge".[38]: 33 [39]

1970 general elections, resignation and 1971 war

[edit]
Main articles: 1970 Pakistani general election and 1971 Indo-Pakistani War

In 1970, he oversaw the electoral process to hold the nationwide parliamentary elections held in the country in a charged atmosphere.[40] Under his rule, the law and order had been improved and it was projected that Awami League led by Sheikh Mujibur Rahman would claim the supermajority in the provincial assembly that would allow them to form the national government in Islamabad.[40] The Awami League secured ~53.4% of the seats in the Parliament as opposed to the Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP) led by Zulfikar Ali Bhutto who ended up with 27.5% of the seats – all from West Pakistan.[40] Zulfikar Bhutto refused to negotiate the six points when President Yahya met with Sheikh Mujibur Rahman and put more stress on the situation after telling his party workers not to visit Dhaka.[41]: 64–65  About the postpone of the power ceremony, Kamal Hossain reportedly notified Admiral Ahsan of "danger" of delaying the power transition.[41]: 65 

Ahsan and Lieutenant-General Sahabzada Yaqub Khan, the martial law administrator for East Pakistan, repeatedly argued to President Yahya that military action was not the solution to the crisis in East Pakistan.[38]: 41–42 [42]

On 22 February 1971, Ahsan attended a high-level meeting chaired by President Yahya Khan, a gathering which Ahsan described as "tense", where the atmosphere was highly "anti-Bengali", with no Bengali representation in the policy and decision-making.[40] He opposed a military solution to the supposed crisis in East Pakistan.[40]

Admiral Ahsan renewed his offer to President Yahya, Rahman, and Bhutto to work out an arrangement where the Pakistani military deployments to support the Eastern Command could get out intact, without being humiliated.[43] Known as the Ahsan Formula, Pakistan would become a confederation of the two wings, giving East Pakistan a degree of autonomy. Yahya would head the confederation. East Pakistanis in West Pakistan would be moved to East Pakistan and vice versa. National assets would be divided in proportion to population.[43] The military vetoed the plan.[43]

In February 1971, he supervised the military deployments in East that were already preparing to conduct a military operation to curb the movement.[44]

Disheartened and isolated by his colleagues, Admiral Ahsan tried reaching President Yahya by telephone without success.[41]: 65  On 7 March 1971, Admiral Ahsan resigned in protest from his position as Martial Law Administrator of East Pakistan.[44]

He participated in the 1971 war with India but without an assignment of any command at the Navy headquarters and sought honorable discharge from the navy after the war ended in the winter of 1971.[44]

In an article titled "A nation's shame" published in the Newsline magazine of September 2000, Ahsan concluded:

But who was responsible for creating this hostile atmosphere and hatred among the people? The situation deteriorated further after General Yahya Khan postponed the first session of the newly elected constituent assembly. It became very clear immediately after the election results that the generals were not prepared to transfer power to the Awami League. First the delay in summoning the National Assembly session and later its postponement confirmed the Bengalis' worst fears, that the election results were not acceptable both to the generals and to the majority of West Pakistani politicians. Zulfikar Ali Bhutto publicly called for a boycott of the assembly session. Such a transgression was bound to further fuel public resentment.

War Enquiry Commission

[edit]
Main article: Hamoodur Rahman Commission

He welcomed the formation of the War Enquiry Commission that was to be chaired by Chief Justice Hamoodur Rahman in 1972, and attended its proceedings.[40] He testified before the commission and described the hostile mood of the military leadership when they decided to postpone the assembly session and launch a military operation in the eastern province.[40] Ahsan stated:

On arrival in Rawalpindi, I was alarmed to notice the high tide of militarism flowing turbulently.... There was open talk of a military solution according to plan. I was caught quite unaware in this atmosphere for I know of no military solution which could possibly solve whatever crisis was supposed to be impending in the minds of the authorities. It was evident from the statement that the decision to launch a military operation was taken without consulting the Governor of East Pakistan who was the only sane voice in the government. The President presided over the meeting of the governors and martial law administrators attended as usual by the military and the civilian officers of the intelligence community. It is relevant to record that among the tribe of governors and MLAs, I was the only non-army governor and the only active naval officer in the midst of active service men. I was the only person, though a non-Bengali, who had to represent the sentiments of seventy million Bengalis to a Pakistani government. During the past 17 months, in meetings and conferences, my brief ran counter to the cut-and-dried solutions of Pakistan representatives and civil servants. The president invariably gave decisions which accommodated East Pakistan's viewpoint, at least partially. This made me unpopular with my colleagues who probably thought I was "difficult at best" and "sold" to the Bengalis at worst.[40]

Post-retirement

[edit]

Ahsan retired from the Navy in late 1971.[2]: 511  He was appointed chairman of Port Qasim Authority in 1972 and later chairman of National Shipping Corporation from 1975 to 1976.[45] After leaving the public service in 1976, he spent his remaining years in quietness and put himself out of public eye during his last years. During his last years, Admiral Ahsan learned French and played bridge.[46][47]

Death and legacy

[edit]

Ahsan died in August 1989.[48]

In 1990, the Pakistan Navy established a naval base in Balochistan and commissioned in 1991 as PNS Ahsan to honor his services.[49]

The main channel of the Port Qasim bears his name, as it known as Ahsan Channel, which was inaugurated by Prime minister Benazir Bhutto who acknowledged Admiral Ahsan's as the founder of Port Qasim at a speech on the occasion of the opening of a new terminal at Port Qasim on 4 August 1989.[50]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Iftikhar-ul-Awwal (2006). "Life Sketches: Lieutenant-Governors, Governors and Presidents". Hundred Years of Bangabhaban 1905–2005. Press Wing Bangabhaban. pp. 333–334. ISBN 978-984-32-1583-3.
  2. ^ a b c d Singh, Satyindra (1992). Blueprint to Bluewater, the Indian Navy, 1951–65. Lancer Publishers. ISBN 9788170621485. Retrieved 10 November 2016.
  3. ^ a b "PNS Ahsan - Ormara". wikimapia.org. Retrieved 15 April 2020.
  4. ^ SEATO News-bulletin. SEATO Office of Public Information. 1960. Retrieved 15 April 2020.
  5. ^ a b c d e f Shafiullah, K. M. (1995). "The Establishment of Eastern High Command". Muktijuddhe Bangladesh [Bangladesh at War] (in Bengali). Agamee Prakshani. pp. 26–31. ISBN 978-984-401-322-3.
  6. ^ a b "Navy Special Forces". Global Security.org. Archived from the original on 29 June 2011. Retrieved 29 June 2011.
  7. ^ a b "Power of Deep: The PNS Hangor". Pakistan Navy. Naval Directorate of Inter-Services Public Relations (Naval ISPR). Archived from the original on 4 June 2011. Retrieved 27 June 2011.
  8. ^ a b Staff. "Bangabhaban– The President House of Bangladesh". bangabhaban.gov.bd. BD Government. Archived from the original on 7 December 2016. Retrieved 14 November 2016.
  9. ^ Cowasjee, Ardeshir (25 September 2005). "Sayeed of Singapore". Dawn. Archived from the original on 5 March 2011. Retrieved 27 June 2011.
  10. ^ a b c d e Cheema, Pervaiz Iqbal (2002). The Armed Forces of Pakistan: The Pakistan Navy. New York University Press. pp. 86~90. ISBN 978-0-8147-1633-5.
  11. ^ a b c d Carter, Captain Harry (2012). The Life and Loves of a United States Naval Aviator. iUniverse. ISBN 9781475950724. Retrieved 14 November 2016.
  12. ^ Kazi, Dr. KGN (11 January 2011). "The first few executive officers transferred to the Pakistan Navy on Partition". Flickr. Dr. KGN Kazi's 1950s archives. Retrieved 10 November 2016.
  13. ^ "Memories of M.A. Jinnah". m-a-jinnah.blogspot.com (Blog). 2008. Retrieved 27 June 2011.
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  16. ^ a b c d Tariq, Usman. "The First Destroyer". pakdef.org/. Pakdef Usman. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 10 November 2016.
  17. ^ a b c d Submarine Operations: The ISI. "Submarine Operations: The ISI". pakdef.org. Archived from the original on 18 August 2017. Retrieved 10 November 2016.
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  19. ^ Roy, Mihir K. (1995). War in the Indian Ocean. Lancer Publishers. ISBN 9781897829110. Retrieved 10 November 2016.
  20. ^ Khan, Gul Hassan (1993). Memoirs of Lt. Gen. Gul Hassan Khan. Karachi: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-577445-0.
  21. ^ a b "1965 WAR: AYUB KHAN: Of False Pride and Mis-Belief". Indian Defence. Retrieved 10 November 2016.
  22. ^ Islam, Major Rafiqul (1997) [First published 1981]. "§ East Pakistan Under Gentle Naval Officer: Admiral Syed Mohammad Ahsan, a man of peace". A Tale of Millions (2nd ed.). Dhaka: Ananna. pp. 40–49. ISBN 978-984-412-033-4.
  23. ^ "History of Pakistan Navy" (Google Docs). 15 December 2008. Retrieved 27 June 2011.
  24. ^ Kazi, Ghulam Nabi (15 December 2008). "Admiral S M Ahsan takes over from Admiral A R Khan". Retrieved 27 June 2011.
  25. ^ a b Lancer Publishers, G. M. (2000). Transition to Triumph: History of the Indian Navy, 1965–1975. Lancer Publishers. ISBN 9781897829721. Retrieved 14 November 2016.
  26. ^ "Training Establishments : PNS Rahbar". Pakistan Navy. Retrieved 27 June 2011.
  27. ^ "Board of Governors". Petaro Cadet College. Retrieved 28 June 2011.
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  32. ^ a b Salik, Siddiq (1997) [First published in 1977]. "§The Man of Honor and Integrity: Admiral Syed Mohammad Ahsan". Witness To Surrender. Oxford University Press. pp. 60–90. ISBN 978-0-19-577761-1.
  33. ^ Salik, Siddiq (1997) [First published in 1977]. "§ The Hot Boiling Water". Witness To Surrender. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-577761-1.
  34. ^ Nabi, Dr Nuran (2010). Bullets of '71: A Freedom Fighter's Story. AuthorHouse. ISBN 9781452043838. Retrieved 14 November 2016.
  35. ^ a b Rizvi, H. (2000). Military, State and Society in Pakistan. Springer. ISBN 9780230599048. Retrieved 14 November 2016.
  36. ^ Sisson, Richard; Rose, Leo E. (1991). War and Secession: Pakistan, India, and the Creation of Bangladesh. University of California Press. p. 84. ISBN 9780520076655. Retrieved 14 November 2016. admiral ahsan six point.
  37. ^ Hayes, Jarrod (2013). Constructing National Security: U.S. Relations with India and China. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781107040427. Retrieved 14 November 2016.
  38. ^ a b Raghavan, Srinath (2013). 1971. Harvard University Press. ISBN 9780674731295. Retrieved 14 November 2016.
  39. ^ Schanberg, Sydney (22 November 1970). "Yahya Condedes 'Slips' In Relief". New York Times.
  40. ^ a b c d e f g h Cowasjee, Ardeshir (17 September 2000). "A Nation's Shame". Dawn. Retrieved 29 June 2011.
  41. ^ a b c Tripathi, Salil (2016). The Colonel Who Would Not Repent: The Bangladesh War and Its Unquiet Legacy. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-21818-3.
  42. ^ Haqqani, Husain (2013). Magnificent Delusions: Pakistan, the United States, and an Epic History of Misunderstanding. PublicAffairs. p. 151. ISBN 978-1-61039-317-1. Retrieved 14 November 2016.
  43. ^ a b c Ehtisham, S. Akhtar (2008). A Medical Doctor Examines Life on Three Continents: A Pakistani View. Algora Publishing. pp. 109–110. ISBN 978-0-87586-634-5.
  44. ^ a b c Matinuddin, Kamal (1994). "§The Turning Point: Admiral's Resignation, the decision fills with regrets". Tragedy of Errors: East Pakistan Crisis 1968 – 1971. Lahore: Wajidalis. pp. 170–200. ISBN 978-969-8031-19-0.
  45. ^ Port Qasim Authority. "Port Qasim Authority". pqa.gov.pk. Port Qasim Authority. Retrieved 14 November 2016.
  46. ^ Reza, Sultan (30 October 2006). "I Remember, I Remember; How Can I Forget?". archive.is. Archived from the original on 30 October 2006. Retrieved 14 November 2016.
  47. ^ Roy, Tridev (4 April 2005). "Had Yahya heeded sane advice". archive.is. Tridev Roy. Archived from the original on 4 April 2005. Retrieved 14 November 2016.
  48. ^ "People in the News". Pakistan and Gulf Economist. Vol. 8, no. 32. 12–18 August 1989. p. 56. Retrieved 15 February 2018.
  49. ^ "Their Name Liveth for Ever More". PakDef. Archived from the original on 11 September 2018. Retrieved 14 November 2016.
  50. ^ "Port Qasim Authority LNG Carriers" (PDF). pqa.gov.pk. Govt of Pakistan. Retrieved 14 November 2016.
[edit]
Military offices
Preceded by Commander-in-Chief, Pakistan Navy
20 October 1966 – 31 August 1969 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Martial Law Administrator (East Pakistan)
1 September 1969 – 7 March 1971 		Succeeded by
Sahabzada Yaqub Khan
Political offices
Preceded by Governor of East Pakistan
1969–1971 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Finance Minister of Pakistan
1969 		Succeeded by
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