Emtricitabine
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| Pronunciation | /ˌɛmtrəˈsaɪtəbiːn/ EM-trə-SY-tə-been |
| Trade names | Emtriva |
| Other names | FTC |
| AHFS/Drugs.com | Monograph |
| MedlinePlus | a604004 |
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| Routes of administration | By mouth |
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| Pharmacokinetic data | |
| Bioavailability | 93% |
| Protein binding | Very low (less than 4%) |
| Metabolism | Hepatic oxidation and glucuronidation CYP system not involved |
| Elimination half-life | 10 hours |
| Excretion | Renal (86%) and fecal (14%) |
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| ECHA InfoCard | 100.120.945 |
| Chemical and physical data | |
| Formula | C8H10FN3O3S |
| Molar mass | 247.24 g·mol−1 |
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Emtricitabine (commonly called FTC, systematic name 2',3'-dideoxy-5-fluoro-3'-thiacytidine[2]), with trade name Emtriva (formerly Coviracil), is a nucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI) for the prevention and treatment of HIV infection in adults and children. In 2019, it was the 494th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 3 thousand prescriptions.[3]
Emtricitabine makes up one fourth of the Quad pill (brand names: Stribild and Genvoya). It is also marketed in a fixed-dose combination with tenofovir disoproxil (Viread) under the brand name Truvada, and with tenofovir alafenamide (Vemlidy) under the brand name Descovy. In fixed-dose combinations with tenofovir or with efavirenz and tenofovir it is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.[4] A fixed-dose triple combination of emtricitabine, tenofovir and efavirenz (Sustiva, marketed by Bristol-Myers Squibb) was approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) on July 12, 2006, under the brand name Atripla.
Medical uses
[edit]HIV infection
[edit]Emtricitabine is indicated in combination with other antiretroviral agents for the prevention and treatment of HIV-1 infection.[5][6]
HBV infection
[edit]Emtricitabine exhibits clinical activity against the hepatitis B virus (HBV), but is not approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of HBV infection.[5] Among individuals with chronic HBV infection, emtricitabine treatment results in significant histologic, virologic, and biochemical improvement. The safety profile of emtricitabine during treatment is similar to that of a placebo. Emtricitabine, like all other FDA approved drugs, cures neither HIV nor HBV infection. In a study involving individuals with HBV infection, symptoms of infection returned in 23% of emtricitabine-treated individuals who were taken off therapy.[7] In studies involving individuals with chronic HIV infection, viral replication also resumes when study subjects are taken off therapy.[8] As with drugs used to treat HIV infection, drugs used to treat HBV infection may have to be used in combination to prevent the evolution of drug resistant strains. The effectiveness of emtricitabine in combination with other anti-HBV drugs has not been established.
Side effects
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In clinical practice, toxicity with emtricitabine is unusual. The most common treatment-related adverse events are diarrhea, headache, nausea, and rash. These symptoms are generally mild to moderate in severity, but they caused 1% of clinical trial patients to give up treatment. Skin discoloration, which is typically reported as hyperpigmentation and usually affects either the palms of the hands or the soles of the feet, is reported in less than 2% of individuals and is almost exclusive to patients of African origin.
Among the more severe side effects patients may experience are a hepatotoxicity or a lactic acidosis.
Mechanism of action
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Emtricitabine is an analogue of cytidine. The drug works by inhibiting reverse transcriptase, the enzyme that copies HIV RNA into new viral DNA. By interfering with this process, which is central to the replication of HIV, emtricitabine can help to lower the amount of HIV, or "viral load", in a patient's body and can indirectly increase the number of immune system cells (namely T cells/CD4+ T-cells). Both of these changes are associated with healthier immune systems and decreased likelihood of serious illness.
History
[edit]Emtricitabine was discovered by Dennis C. Liotta, Raymond F. Schinazi, and Woo-Baeg Choi of Emory University and licensed to Triangle Pharmaceuticals by Emory in 1996.[9] Triangle Pharmaceuticals was acquired in 2003 by Gilead Sciences, which completed development and now markets the product with the brand name Emtriva.
It was approved by the FDA July 2, 2003.[10] It is very similar to lamivudine (3TC) and cross-resistance between the two is near-universal.[medical citation needed]
References
[edit]- ^ "FDA-sourced list of all drugs with black box warnings (Use Download Full Results and View Query links.)". nctr-crs.fda.gov. FDA. Retrieved 22 Oct 2023.
- ^ US 5814639, Liotta DC, Schinazi RF, Choi WB, "Method for the synthesis, compositions and use of 2'-deoxy-5-fluoro-3'-thiacytidine and related compounds", issued 29 September 1998, assigned to Emory University Archived 31 May 2021 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "Emtricitabine - Drug Usage Statistics". ClinCalc. Archived from the original on 8 July 2020. Retrieved 7 October 2022.
- ^ World Health Organization (2019). World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 21st list 2019. Geneva: World Health Organization. hdl:10665/325771. WHO/MVP/EMP/IAU/2019.06. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO.
- ^ a b "Emtriva- emtricitabine capsule Emtriva- emtricitabine solution". DailyMed. 14 December 2018. Archived from the original on 24 July 2020. Retrieved 24 July 2020.
- ^ "Emtriva EPAR". European Medicines Agency. 17 September 2018. Archived from the original on 24 July 2020. Retrieved 24 July 2020.
- ^ Lim SG, Ng TM, Kung N, Krastev Z, Volfova M, Husa P, et al. (January 2006). "A double-blind placebo-controlled study of emtricitabine in chronic hepatitis B". Archives of Internal Medicine. 166 (1): 49–56. doi:10.1001/archinte.166.1.49. PMID 16401810.
- ^ Oxenius A, Price DA, Günthard HF, Dawson SJ, Fagard C, Perrin L, et al. (October 2002). "Stimulation of HIV-specific cellular immunity by structured treatment interruption fails to enhance viral control in chronic HIV infection". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 99 (21): 13747–52. Bibcode:2002PNAS...9913747O. doi:10.1073/pnas.202372199. PMC 129766. PMID 12370434.
- ^ Leaf C (September 19, 2005). "The Law of Unintended Consequences". CNN. Archived from the original on November 6, 2020. Retrieved August 3, 2020.
- ^ Standard & Poor's 500 Guide Archived 2023-06-05 at the Wayback Machine. Standard & Poor's, McGraw-Hill, (2004), p. 83.
External links
[edit]- "Emtricitabine". Drug Information Portal. U.S. National Library of Medicine.
