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President and Fellows of Harvard College

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The Harvard College seal

The President and Fellows of Harvard College, also called the Harvard Corporation or just the Corporation, is the smaller and more powerful of Harvard University's two governing boards. It refers to itself as the oldest corporation in the Western Hemisphere.[1] At full capacity, as of 2024, the corporation consists of twelve fellows as well as the president of Harvard University, for a total of thirteen members.[2]

Together with the Board of Overseers, the two boards exercise institutional roles that, at most other colleges and universities, are more commonly consolidated into a single board of trustees.[3]

Although the institution it governs has grown into a university of which Harvard College is one component, the corporation's name remains "The President and Fellows of Harvard College".[4]

Structure

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The Harvard Corporation is a 501(c)(3) and the owner of all of Harvard University's assets and real property.[5]

As a governing board, the Corporation traditionally functioned as an outside body whose members were not involved in the institution's daily life, meeting instead periodically to consult with the day-to-day head, the President of Harvard University, whom it appoints, and who also serves as a member. The Corporation is self-perpetuating, appointing new members to fill its own vacancies as they arise.

For most of its history, the Corporation consisted of six fellows in addition to the president. But after the presidency of Lawrence Summers from 2001 to 2006, and a large endowment decline after the Great Recession in 2008–2009, a year-long governance review was conducted. In December 2010, it announced that the Corporation's "composition, structure, and practices" would be altered: the number of fellows would increase from six to twelve, with prescribed terms of service, and several new committees would endeavor to improve the group's integration with the activities of the University as a whole, especially its long-term planning.[6]

History

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Harvard presidents Josiah Quincy, Edward Everett, Jared Sparks, James Walker, and Cornelius Conway Felton each served as members of the Harvard Corporation at various times.

17th century

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Starting in 1636, the affairs and funds of Harvard College were managed by a committee of the Great and General Court of Massachusetts. In 1650, at the request of Harvard's first President Henry Dunster, the Great and General Court of Massachusetts issued the body a charter.[7]

The Charter of 1650 established the Harvard Corporation board which consisted of seven members: a President, five Fellows, and a Treasurer. The Corporation had the authority to manage the College's finances, real estate, and donations, act as a legal entity in courts of law, select officers and servants, and create orders and bylaws for the College, with the approval of the Board of Overseers.[8]

The founding members of the Harvard Corporation were respectively: Henry Dunster as President, Samuel Mather, Samuel Danforth, Jonathan Mitchell, Comfort Starr and Samuel Eaton as the five Fellows and Thomas Danforth as the Treasurer.[9] These men had, in perpetual succession, the duties of managing the College.

18th century

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The 1780 Constitution of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts reaffirmed that, despite the change in government due to the American Revolution, the corporation would continue to "have, hold, use, exercise and enjoy" its property and legal privileges.[10] However it further noted that "nothing herein shall be construed to prevent the legislature of this commonwealth from making such alterations in the government of the said university."[11]

19th century

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In 1805, the election of Henry Ware as Hollis Professor of Divinity placed the Corporation, then politically Federalist and religiously Unitarian, at odds with Massachusetts politics that was increasingly Democratic-Republican and still Trinitarian.[clarification needed][12]

21st century

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In December 2023, the Corporation came under scrutiny by the United States House of Representatives, after a House Committee hearing on antisemitism.[13][14] The following month, in January 2024, the House Ways and Means Committee, which has jurisdiction over university tax status and endowments, probed the tax status of Harvard and three other universities, over allegations of inadequate responses to antisemitism.[15][16]

On May 22, 2024, one day before the annual Harvard Commencement ceremony, the corporation refused to give diplomas to thirteen seniors of Harvard College involved in pro-Palestinian protests, overruling a vote of the Faculty of Arts and Sciences that included the students on the list of graduating students.[17][18][19][20] Critics called it an attempt "to kill faculty governance" from a body that is usually "publicity-shy".[21]

Current membership

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As of May 2024, there are currently thirteen members of the Corporation, including the University president, who sets the agenda but does not vote.[22][23]

Name Harvard Degree(s) Year appointed Occupation
Alan Garber AB 1976, AM 1977, PhD 1988 2024[24] President of Harvard University
Timothy R. Barakett, Treasurer AB 1987, MBA 1993 2019[25] former CEO of Atticus Capital
Kenneth Chenault JD 1976 2014[26] former CEO of American Express
Mariano-Florentino Cuéllar AB 1993 2019[25] President of the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace and former Justice of the Supreme Court of California
Joseph Bae AB 1994 2024[27] co-CEO of KKR & Co. Inc.
Carolyn Martin None 2018[28] President Emerita of Amherst College
Karen Mills AB 1975, MBA 1977 2014[26] former Administrator of the U.S. Small Business Administration
Diana L. Nelson AB 1985 2018[29] chair of Carlson Holdings
Penny Pritzker, Senior Fellow AB 1981 2018[28] former United States Secretary of Commerce
Tracy P. Palandjian AB 1993, MBA 1997 2022[30] co-founder and CEO of Social Finance
Shirley M. Tilghman LLD 2004 (Honorary) 2016[31] President Emerita of Princeton University[32]
Ted Wells JD 1976, MBA 1976 2013[33] partner at Paul, Weiss, Rifkind, Wharton & Garrison
Kenneth C. Frazier JD 1978 2024[34] former CEO of Merck & Co.

References

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  1. ^ "Harvard Corporation". www.harvard.edu. Harvard University. Retrieved November 8, 2022.
  2. ^ "Amid Crisis, Harvard Corporation Seat Goes 6 Months Unfilled". The Harvard Crimson. Retrieved January 26, 2024.
  3. ^ "Leadership and Governance". Harvard University. Retrieved April 29, 2021.
  4. ^ Chait, Richard P.; Daniel, D. Ronald; Lorsch, Jay W.; Rosovsky, Henry (May–June 2006). "Governing Harvard: A Harvard Magazine Roundtable". Harvard Magazine.
  5. ^ Andrea Suozzo; Alec Glassford; Ash Ngu; Brandon Roberts (May 9, 2013). "President And Fellows Of Harvard College - Nonprofit Explorer". ProPublica. Retrieved January 3, 2024.
  6. ^ "Governance Review Culminates in Changes to Harvard Corporation". Harvard Gazette. Harvard University. December 6, 2010. Retrieved December 6, 2010.
  7. ^ Whitehead, John S. (1971). The Separation of College and State: The Transformation of Columbia, Dartmouth, Harvard, and Yale from Quasi-Public to Private Institutions, 1776–1876 (Thesis).[page needed]
  8. ^ "Collection: Charters and legislative acts relating to the governance of Harvard | HOLLIS for".
  9. ^ "Research Guides: Harvard Presidential Insignia: Harvard Charter of 1650".
  10. ^ "Chapter V". Massachusetts Constitution.
  11. ^ "Massachusetts Constitution". malegislature.gov. Retrieved December 26, 2023.
  12. ^ Whitehead, John S. (1973). The Separation of College and State: Columbia, Dartmouth, Harvard, and Yale, 1776-1876. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-01606-2.
  13. ^ Desk, JACKSON WALKER (December 20, 2023). "Congress expanding Harvard probe to include plagiarism allegations against president". WPMI. Retrieved January 4, 2024. {{cite news}}: |last= has generic name (help)
  14. ^ Moody, Josh. "Who Failed Whom at Harvard?". Inside Higher Ed. Retrieved January 9, 2024.
  15. ^ Lorin, Janet (January 10, 2024). "Harvard, MIT Tax Status Probed by Congress Over Antisemitism". Bloomberg News.
  16. ^ "House Panel Probes Harvard, UPenn, Cornell, MIT Tax Exemption". news.bloombergtax.com. Retrieved January 11, 2024.
  17. ^ "Harvard Corporation Rules Thirteen Students Cannot Graduate". Harvard Magazine. May 22, 2024. Retrieved May 23, 2024.
  18. ^ "Harvard Corporation won't give diplomas to 13 students, despite faculty vote". WBUR. May 22, 2024. Retrieved May 23, 2024.
  19. ^ "Harvard University's governing board pulls degrees for 13 pro-Palestinian student protestors". Boston 25 News. May 23, 2024. Retrieved May 27, 2024.
  20. ^ Hilary Burns (May 22, 2024). "Harvard's governing board overrules faculty, bars 13 students who participated in pro-Palestinian encampment from receiving degrees". The Boston Globe. Retrieved May 27, 2024.
  21. ^ https://www.chronicle.com/article/the-harvard-corporation-tries-to-kill-faculty-governance
  22. ^ Dixon, Brandon J.; Parker, Claire E. (June 27, 2017). "The Harvard Corporation, Explained". The Harvard Crimson. Retrieved April 29, 2021.
  23. ^ "Harvard Corporation". Harvard University. Retrieved July 7, 2023.
  24. ^ University, Harvard; william (January 2, 2024). "Statement from the Harvard Corporation: President Gay". Harvard University. Retrieved January 3, 2024.
  25. ^ a b "Two elected to Harvard Corporation". Harvard Gazette. Harvard University. February 11, 2019. Retrieved August 24, 2020.
  26. ^ a b "Kenneth Chenault and Karen Gordon Mills to join Harvard Corporation". Harvard Gazette. Harvard University. February 10, 2014. Retrieved June 15, 2015.
  27. ^ gazettebeckycoleman (February 4, 2024). "Two new Corporation members". Harvard Gazette. Retrieved October 19, 2024.
  28. ^ a b "Harvard Corporation elects two new members". Harvard Gazette. Harvard University. May 23, 2018. Retrieved October 20, 2018.
  29. ^ "New Corporation member named". Harvard Gazette. Harvard University. February 10, 2020. Retrieved August 24, 2020.
  30. ^ "Tracy Palandjian elected to Harvard Corporation". Harvard Gazette. Harvard University. April 4, 2022. Retrieved August 27, 2022.
  31. ^ "Tilghman named to Harvard Corporation". Harvard Gazette. December 7, 2015. Retrieved January 4, 2024.
  32. ^ "Shirley M. Tilghman". Center for Policy Research on Energy and the Environment (C-PREE). Retrieved June 10, 2024.
  33. ^ "Mathews and Wells elected to Harvard Corporation". Harvard Gazette. Harvard University. September 23, 2012. Retrieved August 24, 2020.
  34. ^ "Kenneth Frazier, Joseph Bae to Join Harvard Corporation Ahead of Presidential Search". The Harvard Crimson. Retrieved February 5, 2024.
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