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1904–05 United States Senate elections

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1904–05 United States Senate elections
← 1902 & 1903 February 4, 1904 –
April 20, 1905		 1906 & 1907 →
30 of the 90 seats in the United States Senate (as well as special elections)
46 seats needed for a majority
  Majority party Minority party
 
Leader William B. Allison Arthur P. Gorman
(retired)
Party Republican Democratic
Leader since March 4, 1897 March 4, 1903
Leader's seat Iowa Maryland
Seats before 57 33
Seats won 22 5
Seats after 57 32
Seat change Steady Decrease 1
Seats up 23 7
Results of the elections:
     Democratic gain      Democratic hold
     Republican gain      Republican hold
     Legislature failed to elect
Majority Party before election


Republican

Elected Majority Party


Republican

The 1904–05 United States Senate elections were held on various dates in various states, coinciding with President Theodore Roosevelt's landslide election to a full term and the 1904 House of Representatives elections. As these U.S. Senate elections were prior to the ratification of the Seventeenth Amendment in 1913, senators were chosen by state legislatures. Senators were elected over a wide range of time throughout 1904 and 1905, and a seat may have been filled months late or remained vacant due to legislative deadlock.[1] In these elections, terms were up for the senators in Class 1.

Party share of seats remained roughly the same, when including vacancies and appointments, and the Republicans retained a significant majority over the Democrats.

Special elections were held in Indiana and Massachusetts, in the former due to the ascension of Charles Fairbanks to the Vice Presidency and in the latter due to the death of longtime Senator George Hoar.

In Georgia, the legislature failed to elect until shortly after the beginning of the 59th Congress on March 4. In Delaware the legislature deadlocked and did not elect a Senator until June 1906.

Results summary

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Senate party division, 59th Congress (1905–1907)

  • Majority party: Republican (58)
  • Minority party: Democratic (32)
  • Other parties: (0)
  • Total seats: 90

Shifts in Party Control Post-Election

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Despite legislative deadlocks and the long periods of vacancy in some states, the Republican Party's dominance in the Senate was further solidified in these elections. The party’s strong performance in the Senate mirrored President Theodore Roosevelt's landslide victory in the 1904 presidential election. This continuity of Republican control in both the executive and legislative branches contributed to the implementation of Roosevelt's progressive policies, such as trust-busting and railroad regulation, further cementing the party's influence during the early 20th century.

Change in Senate composition

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Before the elections

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At the beginning of 1904.

D1 D2 D3 D4 D5
D15 D14 D13 D12 D11 D10 D9 D8 D7 D6
D16 D17 D18 D19 D20 D21 D22 D23 D24 D25
R56
Retired 		R57
Retired 		D33
Retired 		D32
Ran 		D31
Ran 		D30
Ran 		D29
Ran 		D28
Ran 		D27
Ran 		D26
R55
Retired 		R54
Retired 		R53
Retired 		R52
Retired 		R51
Ran
but died 		R50
Ran 		R49
Ran 		R48
Ran 		R47
Ran 		R46
Ran
Majority →
R36
Ran 		R37
Ran 		R38
Ran 		R39
Ran 		R40
Ran 		R41
Ran 		R42
Ran 		R43
Ran 		R44
Ran 		R45
Ran
R35
Ran 		R34 R33 R32 R31 R30 R29 R28 R27 R26
R16 R17 R18 R19 R20 R21 R22 R23 R24 R25
R15 R14 R13 R12 R11 R10 R9 R8 R7 R6
R1 R2 R3 R4 R5

Result of the general elections

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D1 D2 D3 D4 D5
D15 D14 D13 D12 D11 D10 D9 D8 D7 D6
D16 D17 D18 D19 D20 D21 D22 D23 D24 D25
R56
Gain 		V1
R Loss 		V2
D Loss 		V3
D Loss 		D31
Gain 		D30
Re-elected 		D29
Re-elected 		D28
Re-elected 		D27
Re-elected 		D26
R55
Hold 		R54
Hold 		R53
Hold 		R52
Hold 		R51
Hold 		R50
Hold 		R49
Hold 		R48
Re-elected 		R47
Re-elected 		R46
Re-elected
Majority →
R36
Re-elected 		R37
Re-elected 		R38
Re-elected 		R39
Re-elected 		R40
Re-elected 		R41
Re-elected 		R42
Re-elected 		R43
Re-elected 		R44
Re-elected 		R45
Re-elected
R35
Re-elected 		R34 R33 R32 R31 R30 R29 R28 R27 R26
R16 R17 R18 R19 R20 R21 R22 R23 R24 R25
R15 R14 R13 R12 R11 R10 R9 R8 R7 R6
R1 R2 R3 R4 R5

Beginning of the next Congress

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D1 D2 D3 D4 D5
D15 D14 D13 D12 D11 D10 D9 D8 D7 D6
D16 D17 D18 D19 D20 D21 D22 D23 D24 D25
R56 V1 V2 D32
Appointed 		D31 D30 D29 D28 D27 D26
R55 R54 R53 R52 R51 R50 R49 R48 R47 R46
Majority →
R36 R37 R38 R39 R40 R41 R42 R43 R44 R45
R35 R34 R33 R32 R31 R30 R29 R28 R27 R26
R16 R17 R18 R19 R20 R21 R22 R23 R24 R25
R15 R14 R13 R12 R11 R10 R9 R8 R7 R6
R1 R2 R3 R4 R5
Key:
D# Democratic
R# Republican
V# Vacant

Race summaries

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Elections during the 58th Congress

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Special elections

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In these elections, the winners were seated during 1904 or in 1905 before March 4; ordered by election date.

State Incumbent Results Candidates
Senator Party Electoral history
Ohio
(Class 1) 		Mark Hanna Republican 1897 (appointed)
1898 (special)
1898 		Incumbent died February 15, 1904.
New senator elected March 2, 1904.[2]
Republican hold.
Winner was also elected to the next term; see below.
Pennsylvania
(Class 1) 		Matthew Quay Republican 1887
1893
1899 (failure to elect)
1899 (appointed; disqualified)
1901 (special) 		Incumbent died May 28, 1904.
New senator elected January 17, 1905.[citation needed]
Republican hold.
Winner was also elected to the next term; see below.
Massachusetts
(Class 2) 		Winthrop M. Crane Republican 1904 (appointed) Interim appointee elected January 18, 1905.[3]

In this election, the winner was seated March 4, 1905.

State Incumbent Results Candidates
Senator Party Electoral history
Indiana
(Class 3) 		Charles W. Fairbanks Republican 1897
1903 		Incumbent resigned March 3, 1905, to become U.S. Vice President.
New senator elected January 18, 1905 to begin service on the first day of the new Congress.
Republican hold.

Early elections

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In these elections, the winners were seated March 4, 1907, in the 60th Congress; ordered by election date.

State Incumbent Results Candidates
Senator Party Electoral history
Mississippi
(Class 2) 		Anselm J. McLaurin Democratic 1894 (special)
1900 		Incumbent re-elected early January 19, 1904.
Louisiana
(Class 2) 		Murphy J. Foster Democratic 1900 Incumbent re-elected early May 18, 1904.[5]

Races leading to the 59th Congress

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In these general elections, the winners were elected for the term beginning March 4, 1905; ordered by state.

All of the elections involved the Class 1 seats.

State Incumbent Results Candidates
Senator Party Electoral history
California Thomas R. Bard Republican 1900 Incumbent lost renomination
New senator elected January 11, 1905.[3]
Republican hold.
Connecticut Joseph R. Hawley Republican 1881
1887
1893 		Incumbent retired.
New senator elected January 17, 1905.[6]
Republican hold.
Delaware L. Heisler Ball Republican 1903 (special) Incumbent retired.
Legislature failed to elect.
Republican loss.
Seat remained vacant until June 13, 1906.
Florida James Taliaferro Democratic 1899 (special) Legislature failed to elect.
Democratic loss.
Incumbent would be appointed to start the term.
Appointee was later elected to finish the term; see below. 		[data missing]
Indiana Albert J. Beveridge Republican 1899 Incumbent re-elected January 18, 1905.[3]
Maine Eugene Hale Republican 1881
1887
1893
1899 		Incumbent re-elected January 18, 1905.[3]
Maryland Louis E. McComas Republican 1898 Incumbent lost re-election.
New senator elected February 4, 1904.
Democratic gain.
Massachusetts Henry Cabot Lodge Republican 1893
1899 		Incumbent re-elected January 18, 1905.[3]
Michigan Julius C. Burrows Republican 1899 Incumbent re-elected January 18, 1905.[3]
Minnesota Moses E. Clapp Republican 1901 Incumbent re-elected January 18, 1905.[3]
Mississippi Hernando Money Democratic 1897 (appointed)
1899 		Incumbent re-elected January 19, 1904.[8]
Missouri Francis Cockrell Democratic 1874
1881
1887
1893
1899 		Incumbent lost re-election.
Legislature failed to elect.
Democratic loss.[3]
Montana Paris Gibson Democratic 1901 (special) Incumbent retired.
New senator elected January 16, 1905.[3]
Republican gain.
Nebraska Charles H. Dietrich Republican 1901 (special) Incumbent retired.
New senator elected January 17, 1905.
Republican hold.
Nevada William M. Stewart Republican 1887
1893
1899 		Incumbent retired.
New senator elected January 25, 1905.[3]
Republican hold.
New Jersey John Kean Republican 1899 Incumbent re-elected January 2, 1905.
New York Chauncey Depew Republican 1899 Incumbent re-elected January 18, 1905.[3]
North Dakota Porter J. McCumber Republican 1899 Incumbent re-elected January 18, 1905.[3]
Ohio Mark Hanna Republican 1897 (appointed)
1898 (special)
1898 		Incumbent re-elected, but died February 15, 1904.
New senator elected March 2, 1904.[2]
Republican hold.
Winner was also elected to finish the term; see above.
Pennsylvania Philander C. Knox Republican 1904 (appointed)
1905 (special) 		Incumbent re-elected January 18, 1905.[3]
Rhode Island Nelson W. Aldrich Republican 1881 (special)
1886
1892
1898 		Incumbent re-elected January 18, 1905.[3]
Tennessee William B. Bate Democratic 1887
1893
1899 		Incumbent re-elected January 11, 1905.[3]
Texas Charles A. Culberson Democratic 1899 Incumbent re-elected January 25, 1905.[3]
Utah Thomas Kearns Republican 1901 (special) Incumbent retired.
New senator elected January 18, 1905.[3]
Republican hold.
Vermont Redfield Proctor Republican 1891 (appointed)
1892 (special)
1892
1898 		Incumbent re-elected October 18, 1904.[9]
Virginia John W. Daniel Democratic 1887
1893
1899 		Incumbent re-elected January 26, 1904.[4]
Washington Addison G. Foster Republican 1899 Incumbent lost re-election.
New senator elected January 27, 1905.[3]
Republican hold.
West Virginia Nathan B. Scott Republican 1899 Incumbent re-elected January 25, 1905.[3]
Wisconsin Joseph V. Quarles Republican 1899 Incumbent retired.
New senator elected January 25, 1905.[10]
Republican hold.
Wyoming Clarence D. Clark Republican 1895 (special)
1899 		Incumbent re-elected January 25, 1905.[11]

Elections during the 59th Congress

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In these elections, the winners were elected in 1905 after March 4; sorted by election date.

State Incumbent Results Candidates
Senator Party Electoral history
Missouri
(Class 1) 		Vacant Legislature had failed to elect.
New senator elected March 18, 1905.
Republican gain.
Tennessee
(Class 1) 		William B. Bate Democratic 1887
1893
1899
1905 		Incumbent died March 9, 1905, having just been re-elected.
New senator elected March 21, 1905.
Democratic hold.
Florida
(Class 1) 		James Taliaferro Democratic 1899 (special)
1905 (appointed) 		Legislature had failed to elect.
Incumbent was appointed to begin the term.
Interim appointee elected April 20, 1905.
Connecticut
(Class 3) 		Orville H. Platt Republican 1879
1885
1891
1897
1903 		Incumbent died April 21, 1905.
New senator elected May 10, 1905.
Republican hold.

Maryland

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See also: List of United States senators from Maryland
1904 United States Senate election in Maryland
← 1898 February 9, 1904 1910 →
80 members of the Maryland General Assembly
 
Candidate Isidor Rayner Louis E. McComas
Party Democratic Republican
Legislative vote 80 36
Percentage 70.49% 29.51

Isidor Rayner defeated incumbent Louis E. McComas by a margin of 40.98%, or 50 votes for the Class 1 seat.[12]

New York

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Main article: 1905 United States Senate election in New York
See also: List of United States senators from New York and 1904 United States House of Representatives elections in New York

The 1905 election in New York was held on January 17, 1905, by the New York State Legislature. Republican Chauncey M. Depew had been elected to this seat in 1899, and his term would expire on March 3, 1905. At the State election in November 1904, large Republican majorities were elected for a two-year term (1905-1906) in the State Senate, and for the session of 1905 to the Assembly. The 128th State Legislature met from January 3, 1905, on at Albany, New York.

Late in 1904, Ex-Governor Frank S. Black tried to be nominated to succeed Depew. Black was supported by Governor Benjamin B. Odell Jr., but after intense fighting behind the scenes, Odell finally dropped Black and accepted Depew's re-election which had been supported by his fellow Senator Thomas C. Platt and Speaker S. Frederick Nixon. The Republican caucus met on January 16. They re-nominated the incumbent U.S. Senator Chauncey M. Depew unanimously.

The Democratic caucus met also on January 16. They nominated again Smith M. Weed who had been the candidate of the Democratic minority in the U.S. Senate election of 1887.

1905 Democratic caucus for United States Senator result
Candidate First ballot
42
D. Cady Herrick 14

Chauncey M. Depew was the choice of both the Assembly and the State Senate, and was declared elected.

1905 United States Senator election result
Office House Republican Democrat
State Senate
(50 members)
36 Smith M. Weed 13
State Assembly
(150 members)
100 Smith M. Weed 44

Note: The votes were cast on January 17, but both Houses met in a joint session on January 18 to compare nominations, and declare the result.

Pennsylvania

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Main article: 1905 United States Senate election in Pennsylvania
See also: List of United States senators from Pennsylvania and 1904 United States House of Representatives elections in Pennsylvania

The election in Pennsylvania was held on January 17, 1905. Incumbent Philander C. Knox was elected by the Pennsylvania State Assembly to his first full term in the United States Senate.[13]

Republican Matthew Quay was elected by the Pennsylvania General Assembly to the United States Senate in the previous election in January 1901. He served until his death on May 28, 1904.[14] In June 1904, Republican Philander C. Knox was appointed to serve out the remainder of Quay's term, ending on March 4, 1905, when he began a term in his own right.[15]

The Pennsylvania General Assembly, consisting of the House of Representatives and Senate, convened on January 17, 1905, to elect a Senator to serve the term beginning on March 4, 1905. The results of the vote of both houses combined are as follows:

State Legislature Results[13][16]
Party Candidate Votes %
Republican Philander C. Knox (Incumbent) 222 87.40
Democratic James K. P. Hall 23 9.06
N/A Not voting 9 3.54
Totals 254 100.00%

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ "17th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution: Direct Election of U.S. Senators (1913)". National Archives and Records Administration. February 8, 2022.
  2. ^ a b c d "GEN. DICK SUCCEEDS HANNA". The New York Times. March 3, 1904. p. 9.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af The World Almanac and Encyclopedia 1906. New York: The Press Publishing Co. New York World. 1905. p. 108.
  4. ^ a b Tribune Almanac 1905, p. 234.
  5. ^ a b Official Journal of the Proceedings of House of Representatives of the State of Louisiana at the Regular Session of the General Assembly. 1904. p. 76.
  6. ^ a b "BULKELEY IN CONNECTICUT". The New York Times. January 18, 1905. p. 2.
  7. ^ a b "ELECTED LODGE AND W.M. CRANE". Boston Daily Globe. 18 Jan 1905. p. 2.
  8. ^ "Re-elect Senators McLaurin and Money" (PDF). The New York Times. January 20, 1904. p. 5.
  9. ^ a b "SENATOR PROCTOR RE-ELECTED" (PDF). The New York Times. October 19, 1904. p. 1.
  10. ^ "Gov. La Follette Elected Senator". The New York Times. January 25, 1905. p. 5.
  11. ^ "Clark Returned for Another Term". The New York Times. January 25, 1905. p. 5.
  12. ^ "Our Campaigns - MD US Senate Race - Feb 04, 1904". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved 2022-11-05.
  13. ^ a b "U.S. Senate Election - 17 January 1905" (PDF). Wilkes University. Retrieved December 24, 2012.
  14. ^ "QUAY, Matthew Stanley, (1833–1904)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved December 24, 2012.
  15. ^ "KNOX, Philander Chase, (1853–1921)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved December 24, 2012.
  16. ^ "PA US Senate - 1905". OurCampaigns. Retrieved December 22, 2012.

References

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